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Biomedicines
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Biogenesis and Functions of Blood Platelets
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Biogenesis and Functions of Blood Platelets

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2021) | Viewed by 20209

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Catherine Strassel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
Interests: platelet biogenesis; platelet physiology; megakaryopoiesis; in vitro platelet production

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Blood platelets are anucleated elements. With a diameter of 2 to 3 µm, they are the smallest blood cells. They arise from the fragmentation of their precursors, the megakaryocytes (MKs), cells formed in the bone  marrow from hematopoietic stem cells, which proliferate and differentiate on contact with the hematopoietic niche (mesenchymal  stem cells, endothelial cells, adipocytes, etc.). When in contact with sinusoid vessels, MKs that have reached maturity emit long cytoplasmic extensions, the proplatelets: in the lumen of the vessel and under the force of the blood flow, these proplatelets eventually release platelets. While platelets are mainly involved in stopping bleeding, they are also involved in other functions, such as inflammation, tumorigenesis and immunology. The blood platelets, their biogenesis and their functions will be the focus of this Special Issue, which will provide an overview of the future directions in experimental medicine being pursued in this field of research.

Dr. Catherine Strassel
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 4671 KiB  
Article
Synergy of Human Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles with Secretome Proteins Promotes Regenerative Functions
by Fausto Gueths Gomes, André Cronemberger Andrade, Martin Wolf, Sarah Hochmann, Linda Krisch, Nicole Maeding, Christof Regl, Rodolphe Poupardin, Patricia Ebner-Peking, Christian G. Huber, Nicole Meisner-Kober, Katharina Schallmoser and Dirk Strunk
Biomedicines 2022, 10(2), 238; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines10020238 - 23 Jan 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5527
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma is a promising regenerative therapeutic with controversial efficacy. We and others have previously demonstrated regenerative functions of human platelet lysate (HPL) as an alternative platelet-derived product. Here we separated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from soluble factors of HPL to understand the mode [...] Read more.
Platelet-rich plasma is a promising regenerative therapeutic with controversial efficacy. We and others have previously demonstrated regenerative functions of human platelet lysate (HPL) as an alternative platelet-derived product. Here we separated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from soluble factors of HPL to understand the mode of action during skin-organoid formation and immune modulation as model systems for tissue regeneration. HPL-EVs were isolated by tangential-flow filtration (TFF) and further purified by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) separating EVs from (lipo)protein-enriched soluble fractions. We characterized samples by tunable resistive pulse sensing, western blot, tandem mass-tag proteomics and super-resolution microscopy. We evaluated EV function during angiogenesis, wound healing, organoid formation and immune modulation. We characterized EV enrichment by TFF and SEC according to MISEV2018 guidelines. Proteomics showed three major clusters of protein composition separating TSEC-EVs from HPL clustering with TFF soluble fractions and TFF-EVs clustering with TSEC soluble fractions, respectively. HPL-derived TFF-EVs promoted skin-organoid formation and inhibited T-cell proliferation more efficiently than TSEC-EVs or TSEC-soluble fractions. Recombining TSEC-EVs with TSEC soluble fractions re-capitulated TFF-EV effects. Zeta potential and super-resolution imaging further evidenced protein corona formation on TFF-EVs. Corona depletion on SEC-EVs could be artificially reconstituted by TSEC late fraction add-back. In contrast to synthetic nanoparticles, which commonly experience reduced function after corona formation, the corona-bearing EVs displayed improved functionality. We conclude that permissive isolation technology, such as TFF, and better understanding of the mechanism of EV corona function are required to realize the complete potential of platelet-based regenerative therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogenesis and Functions of Blood Platelets)
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16 pages, 1556 KiB  
Article
The Effect of a Single Freeze–Thaw Cycle on Matrix Metalloproteinases in Different Human Platelet-Rich Plasma Formulations
by Kaitlyn E. Whitney, Grant J. Dornan, Jillian King, Jorge Chahla, Thos A. Evans, Marc J. Philippon, Robert F. LaPrade and Johnny Huard
Biomedicines 2021, 9(10), 1403; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines9101403 - 06 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2705
Abstract
Storing platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for future use is a compelling approach, presuming the retention of biological properties is maintained. However, certain factors in PRP preparations have deleterious effects for the treatment of certain musculoskeletal conditions. The purpose of this study was to measure [...] Read more.
Storing platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for future use is a compelling approach, presuming the retention of biological properties is maintained. However, certain factors in PRP preparations have deleterious effects for the treatment of certain musculoskeletal conditions. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare matrix metalloproteinase protein (MMP) concentrations between fresh and freeze-thawed leukocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP) inactivated (LR-I) and activated (LR-A) preparations, and leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP) inactivated (LP-I) and activated (LP-A) preparations. A volume of 60 mL of whole blood was drawn from 19 healthy donors. LP-I and LR-I samples were processed using a manual extraction and centrifugation methodology. LP-A and LR-A products were activated with 10% CaCl2 and recombinant thrombin. Blood fractions were either immediately assayed and analyzed or stored at −80 °C for 24, 72 and 160 h. Multiplex immunoassay was used to measure MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-10, and MMP-12. MMP-1 concentrations increased in LR-A (p < 0.05) and MMP-9 significantly increased in LR-I (p < 0.05), while MMP-2 significantly decreased in LR-I (p < 0.05) and MMP-3 concentrations significantly decreased in LR-A (p < 0.05). MMP-12 concentrations also significantly decreased in LR-I (p < 0.05) from baseline concentrations. There were no significant differences between LP-A and LP-I preparations and MMP concentrations. MMP-10 concentrations in all PRP samples compared to each freezing time point were also not significantly different. MMPs regulate components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the remodeling phase of musculoskeletal injury. In this study, we observed a significant increase and decrease in MMP concentrations in response to a single freeze–thaw cycle in inactivated PRP and activated PRP preparations. This evidence contributes to the growing body of literature on the optimization of PRP preparation and storage strategies prior to delivery. Our findings suggest that specific PRP preparations after a single freeze–thaw may be more advantageous for certain musculoskeletal applications based on the presence of MMP concentrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogenesis and Functions of Blood Platelets)
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Review

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14 pages, 3324 KiB  
Review
Platelets’ Role in Dentistry: From Oral Pathology to Regenerative Potential
by Serena Bianchi, Diana Torge, Fabiola Rinaldi, Maurizio Piattelli, Sara Bernardi and Giuseppe Varvara
Biomedicines 2022, 10(2), 218; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines10020218 - 20 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2414
Abstract
Platelets are a cellular subgroup of elements circulating in the bloodstream, responsible for the innate immunity and repairing processes. The diseases affecting this cellular population, depending on the degree, can vary from mild to severe conditions, which have to be taken into consideration [...] Read more.
Platelets are a cellular subgroup of elements circulating in the bloodstream, responsible for the innate immunity and repairing processes. The diseases affecting this cellular population, depending on the degree, can vary from mild to severe conditions, which have to be taken into consideration in cases of minor dental procedures. Their secretion of growth factors made them useful in the regenerative intervention. The aim of this review is to examine the platelets from biological, examining the biogenesis of the platelets and the biological role in the inflammatory and reparative processes and clinical point of view, through the platelets’ pathology and their use as platelets concentrates in dental regenerative surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogenesis and Functions of Blood Platelets)
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10 pages, 970 KiB  
Review
Clot Retraction: Cellular Mechanisms and Inhibitors, Measuring Methods, and Clinical Implications
by Ellen E. Jansen and Matthias Hartmann
Biomedicines 2021, 9(8), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9081064 - 21 Aug 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5118
Abstract
Platelets have important functions in hemostasis. Best investigated is the aggregation of platelets for primary hemostasis and their role as the surface for coagulation leading to fibrin- and clot-formation. Importantly, the function of platelets does not end with clot formation. Instead, platelets are [...] Read more.
Platelets have important functions in hemostasis. Best investigated is the aggregation of platelets for primary hemostasis and their role as the surface for coagulation leading to fibrin- and clot-formation. Importantly, the function of platelets does not end with clot formation. Instead, platelets are responsible for clot retraction through the concerted action of the activated αIIbβ3 receptors on the surface of filopodia and the platelet’s contractile apparatus binding and pulling at the fibrin strands. Meanwhile, the signal transduction events leading to clot retraction have been investigated thoroughly, and several targets to inhibit clot retraction have been demonstrated. Clot retraction is a physiologically important mechanism allowing: (1) the close contact of platelets in primary hemostasis, easing platelet aggregation and intercellular communication, (2) the reduction of wound size, (3) the compaction of red blood cells to a polyhedrocyte infection-barrier, and (4) reperfusion in case of thrombosis. Several methods have been developed to measure clot retraction that have been based on either the measurement of clot volume or platelet forces. Concerning the importance of clot retraction in inborn diseases, the failure of clot retraction in Glanzmann thrombasthenia is characterized by a bleeding phenotype. Concerning acquired diseases, altered clot retraction has been demonstrated in patients with coronary heart disease, stroke, bronchial asthma, uremia, lupus erythematodes, and other diseases. However, more studies on the diagnostic and prognostic value of clot retraction with methods that have to be standardized are necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogenesis and Functions of Blood Platelets)
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12 pages, 1086 KiB  
Review
Platelet-Therapeutics to Improve Tissue Regeneration and Wound Healing—Physiological Background and Methods of Preparation
by Ellen E. Jansen, Andreas Braun, Patrick Jansen and Matthias Hartmann
Biomedicines 2021, 9(8), 869; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines9080869 - 22 Jul 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3480
Abstract
Besides their function in primary hemostasis, platelets are critically involved in the physiological steps leading to wound healing and tissue repair. For this purpose, platelets have a complex set of receptors allowing the recognition, binding, and manipulation of extracellular structures and the detection [...] Read more.
Besides their function in primary hemostasis, platelets are critically involved in the physiological steps leading to wound healing and tissue repair. For this purpose, platelets have a complex set of receptors allowing the recognition, binding, and manipulation of extracellular structures and the detection of pathogens and tissue damage. Intracellular vesicles contain a huge set of mediators that can be released to the extracellular space to coordinate the action of platelets as other cell types for tissue repair. Therapeutically, the most frequent use of platelets is the intravenous application of platelet concentrates in case of thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopathy. However, there is increasing evidence that the local application of platelet-rich concentrates and platelet-rich fibrin can improve wound healing and tissue repair in various settings in medicine and dentistry. For the therapeutic use of platelets in wound healing, several preparations are available in clinical practice. In the present study we discuss the physiology and the cellular mechanisms of platelets in hemostasis and wound repair, the methods used for the preparation of platelet-rich concentrates and platelet-rich fibrin, and highlight some examples of the therapeutic use in medicine and dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogenesis and Functions of Blood Platelets)
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