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Periodontal Diseases and Oral Biology: Insights from Molecular Perspectives

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A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Translational Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 19474

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Federica Romano

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Guest Editor

Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Periodontology, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
Interests: epidemiology; diagnosis; biomarkers; microbiology; periodontal therapy; periodontal medicine

Prof. Dr. Mario Aimetti

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Guest Editor

Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Periodontology, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
Interests: oral diagnosis; non surgical periodontal therapy; osseous resective surgery; perio-dontal regeneration; implant surgery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Giovanni Nicolao Berta

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Guest Editor

Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
Interests: pharmacology; toxicology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the last two decades, great efforts have been made in developing tools to prevent and diagnose periodontitis in its early stages and to optimize treatment reproducibility. Advances in microfluidics technology have revolutionized molecular biology procedures for enzymatic and DNA analysis, metabolomics and proteomics and have promoted the discovery of new biological markers involved in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Nevertheless, given the complex multifactorial pattern of periodontal diseases, various aspects remain to be explored. We need more scientific knowledge in preventive and personalized medicine to enhance reliability in predicting susceptible individuals, in early disease detection and monitoring, and to identify the most efficient and effective treatment strategy according to an individual patient’s characteristics and needs. Indeed, patient-oriented treatment should be based on the least invasive and most cost-effective interventional approach to minimize the operative trauma whilst still achieving satisfactory results.

This Special Issue has a broad scope, inviting basic, preclinical and clinical research studies related to periodontal disease pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures and treatment modalities tailored to individual needs. As the definitive goal of periodontal treatment is to arrest the inflammatory disease process and to prevent tooth loss, a better understanding of the biologic processes underlying the clinical expression of the disease, as well as of the outcomes associated with its therapy, is fundamental to achieve and maintain periodontal health.

Dr. Federica Romano
Prof. Dr. Mario Aimetti
Prof. Giovanni Nicolao Berta
Guest Editors

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Keywords

periodontal disease
periodontitis
diagnosis
biomarkers
predictors
pathogenesis
oral biology

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Relationship between Periodontitis, Anti-Periodontitis Therapy, and Extra-Oral Cancer Risk: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study

by Sung-Hsiung Chen, Jui-Feng Chen, Yu-Tung Hung, Tzu-Ju Hsu, Ching-Chih Chiu and Shu-Jui Kuo

Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1949; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines11071949 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1221

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the systemic impact of periodontitis, previously considered a local disease, on cancer occurrence. We enrolled 683,854 participants, comparing cancer incidence among those with and without periodontitis and assessing the impact of periodontal treatment on cancer risk. Regardless of gender, age, Charlson comorbidity index, or the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, periodontitis patients had a lower overall cancer risk than controls. However, men with periodontitis had a higher risk of prostate cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10–1.35), and both men and women had a higher risk of thyroid cancer (women: aHR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.04–1.38; men: aHR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.15–1.99). Patients with periodontitis who received treatment showed a reduced cancer risk (aHR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.38–0.44) compared to untreated patients. Proper treatment for periodontitis may lower an individual’s cancer risk more than if they did not have the disease at all, suggesting that periodontitis is a modifiable risk factor for cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Diseases and Oral Biology: Insights from Molecular Perspectives)

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13 pages, 477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systemic Inflammation, Endothelial Function, and Risk of Periodontitis in Overweight/Obese Adults

by Oelisoa M. Andriankaja, Cynthia M. Pérez, Ashwin Modi, Erick L. Suaréz, Barbara A. Gower, Elaine Rodríguez and Kaumudi Joshipura

Biomedicines 2023, 11(6), 1507; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines11061507 - 23 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1121

Abstract

The network interaction between systemic inflammatory mediators, endothelial cell adhesion function, and adiponectin as mediators of the association between metabolic diseases and periodontitis has not been evaluated. The objective of this study is to assess whether the interaction of baseline serum levels of TNF-α, hs-CRP, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and adiponectin leads to periodontitis. Five hundred and ninety-seven overweight/obese (overweight: BMI 25 to <30 kg/m²; obese: >30 kg/m²) adults, aged 40–65 years, with complete 3-year follow-up data were included. Generalized structural equation models with negative binomial regression were used to estimate the regression coefficient (β) for the outcome number of teeth with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥ 4 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP) at 3-year follow-up for a 1 standard deviation unit increase (Δ = +1SD) in each biomarker. After adjusting for multiple covariates, baseline ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 had significant direct effects on increased log-transformed number of teeth with PPD ≥ 4 mm and BOP (β: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.02–0.30; β: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.02–0.30, respectively). Baseline hs-CRP showed a significant indirect effect via ICAM-1 on the log-transformed number of teeth with PPD ≥ 4 mm and BOP (β: 4.84; 95% CI: 0.27–9.42). Thus, elevated serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 have a significant direct effect and increased hs-CRP has a significant indirect effect on the predicted level of periodontitis at the 3-year follow-up among overweight/obese Hispanic adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Diseases and Oral Biology: Insights from Molecular Perspectives)

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17 pages, 15019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gingival Overgrowths Revealing PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome: Report of Novel PTEN Pathogenic Variants

by Samuele Sutera, Daniela Francesca Giachino, Alessandra Pelle, Roberta Zuntini and Monica Pentenero

Biomedicines 2023, 11(1), 81; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines11010081 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1771

Abstract

PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), is a spectrum of disorders caused by mutations of PTEN, in which non-cancerous growths, called hamartomas, develop in different areas of the body, often including the oral mucosa. PHTS also implies a recognized increased risk of malignancies, as PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene capable of inhibiting progression of several cancers. One of the main and most common clinical manifestation of PHTS are gingival overgrowths presenting as warty lumps. The current study describes patients with gingival or mucosal enlargements leading to the diagnosis of PHTS associated to novel PTEN pathogenic variants. Patients referred to us for gingival lumps suggestive of PHTS associated overgrowths were submitted to genetic analysis in the PTEN gene. Two related and two unrelated patients were investigated. PTEN novel pathogenic variant was found in all of them. Two patients also fulfilled diagnostic criteria of Cowden syndrome (CS). Mucocutaneous lesions, and particularly diffuse gingival overgrowths, are both early and major clinical signs revealing a potential diagnosis of PHTS. Further genetic and clinical assessments are needed in order to confirm and clarify the diagnosis within the PHTS spectrum, including, among others, the CS. A correct interpretation of oral clinical features potentially associated to PHTS is mandatory for diagnosis and a surgical approach can be useful just in case of impairment of periodontal health or for aesthetic needs. The increased risk of malignancies associated to PHTS makes a correct diagnosis pivotal to set up an appropriate lifelong surveillance, aiming at secondary cancer prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Diseases and Oral Biology: Insights from Molecular Perspectives)

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14 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

IL-18 Gene rs187238 and rs1946518 Polymorphisms and Expression in Gingival Tissue in Patients with Periodontitis

by Małgorzata Mazurek-Mochol, Magdalena Brzeska, Karol Serwin, Damian Malinowski, Krzysztof Safranow, Edyta Zagrodnik, Iwona Stecewicz and Andrzej Pawlik

Biomedicines 2022, 10(10), 2367; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines10102367 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1227

Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic disease with disturbed balance between the immune and inflammatory response of the host to bacteria. Many studies have shown that proinflammatory cytokines play a significant role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In this study, we examined the association between the IL-18 gene rs187238 and rs1946518 polymorphisms and periodontitis in non-smoking and smoking patients. This study enrolled 200 patients with periodontitis (130 non-smokers and 70 smokers) and 156 control subjects (124 non-smokers and 32 smokers). There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of the rs187238 and rs1946518 IL-18 genotypes and alleles between patients with periodontitis and control subjects, between smoking patients with periodontitis and smoking control subjects, and between non-smoking patients with periodontitis and non-smoking control subjects. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical parameters in relation to the IL18 rs187238 genotypes. In patients with the IL18 rs1946518 GG genotype, we observed increased values of bleeding on probing (BoP) and periodontal probing depth (PPD), compared to subjects with the TT genotype. In patients with periodontitis, we observed statistically significant decreased expression of the IL-18 gene in comparison with healthy subjects (0.231 ± 0.163 vs. 0.663 ± 0.197, p = 0.0008). In addition, the IL-18 gene expression in gingival tissue in patients with periodontitis correlated positively with the number of remaining teeth. The results of our study suggest that the IL-18 rs187238 and rs1946518 polymorphisms are not significant risk indicators of periodontitis in our population. However, in patients with the IL18 rs1946518 GG genotype, we observed increased values of BoP and PPD, compared to subjects with the TT genotype. In addition, in gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis, we have detected decreased expression of IL-18. The gingival expression of IL-18 in patients with periodontitis correlated positively with number of remaining teeth. The above results suggest that IL-18, in addition to its pro-inflammatory effects in periodontal disease, may also exhibit protective properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Diseases and Oral Biology: Insights from Molecular Perspectives)

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12 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing Ionic Profile of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva as Distinctive Signature of Severe Periodontitis

by Federica Romano, Giovanni Iaderosa, Matteo Corana, Stefano Perotto, Giacomo Baima, Federica Di Scipio, Giuliana Abbadessa, Giulia Maria Mariani, Mario Aimetti and Giovanni Nicolao Berta

Biomedicines 2022, 10(3), 687; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines10030687 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1647

Abstract

Although increasing evidence is emerging on the contribution of chemical elements in periodontal health, no studies have concomitantly evaluated the ionic profile in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva in relation to the underlying periodontal status. Our hypothesis is that these biofluids have distinctive ionic content. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the elemental composition of GCF and saliva in order to explore which biological matrix and which combination of elements could discriminate between periodontitis and periodontal health. Twelve ions were analyzed in GCF and unstimulated saliva from 54 subjects (18 periodontally healthy, 18 untreated severe periodontitis and 18 treated severe periodontitis) using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). These analytical techniques were able to determine levels of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), while the other elements were below the detection threshold. Na and K ions were detected at elevated concentration in untreated periodontitis compared with treated periodontitis and healthy periodontium. Ca was increased in untreated periodontitis, but the difference was not significant. In saliva, only Na was significantly associated with periodontitis. The combination of Na and K in GCF enabled the correct assignment of a subject to the periodontitis or healthy group. Based on these preliminary results, GCF demonstrated higher clustering potential than saliva. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Diseases and Oral Biology: Insights from Molecular Perspectives)

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Review

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18 pages, 1612 KiB

Open AccessReview

Periodontitis and Its Inflammatory Changes Linked to Various Systemic Diseases: A Review of Its Underlying Mechanisms

by Ruchi Bhuyan, Sanat Kumar Bhuyan, Jatindra Nath Mohanty, Srijit Das, Norsham Juliana and Izuddin Fahmy Juliana

Biomedicines 2022, 10(10), 2659; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines10102659 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10774

Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gums. The incidence of periodontitis is increasing all over the world. In patients with periodontitis, there is gradual destruction of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone, and later, in advanced stages, there is tooth loss. Different microorganisms, the host’s immune response, and various environmental factors interact in the progression of this chronic inflammatory disease. In the present review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications of periodontitis. We also discuss the association of chronic inflammation found in periodontitis with various other systemic diseases, which include cardiovascular, respiratory, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, cancer, adverse pregnancy, and multiple myeloma, and also highlight microbial carcinogenesis and the microRNAs involved. The latest updates on the molecular mechanism, possible biomarkers, and treatment procedures may be beneficial for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Diseases and Oral Biology: Insights from Molecular Perspectives)

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