Buildings

4 pages, 196 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings

by Rita Bento and Ana Simões

Buildings 2021, 11(10), 440; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/buildings11100440 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2482

Abstract

The seismic performance assessment of buildings is a challenging process [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings)

25 pages, 3187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Displacement-Based Seismic Assessment of the Likelihood of Failure of Reinforced Concrete Wall Buildings

by Amirhossein Orumiyehei and Timothy J. Sullivan

Buildings 2021, 11(7), 295; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/buildings11070295 - 06 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3580

Abstract

To strengthen the resilience of our built environment, a good understanding of seismic risk is required. Probabilistic performance-based assessment is able to rigorously compute seismic risk and the advent of numerical computer-based analyses has helped with this. However, it is still a challenging [...] Read more.

To strengthen the resilience of our built environment, a good understanding of seismic risk is required. Probabilistic performance-based assessment is able to rigorously compute seismic risk and the advent of numerical computer-based analyses has helped with this. However, it is still a challenging process and as such, this study presents a simplified probabilistic displacement-based assessment approach for reinforced concrete wall buildings. The proposed approach is trialed by applying the methodology to 4-, 8-, and 12-story case study buildings, and results are compared with those obtained via multi-stripe analyses, with allowance for uncertainty in demand and capacity, including some allowance for modeling uncertainty. The results indicate that the proposed approach enables practitioners to practically estimate the median intensity associated with exceeding a given mechanism and the annual probability of exceeding assessment limit states. Further research to extend the simplified approach to other structural systems is recommended. Moreover, the research highlights the need for more information on the uncertainty in our strength and deformation estimates, to improve the accuracy of risk assessment procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings)

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21 pages, 3903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Simplified Approach for the Seismic Loss Assessment of RC Buildings at Urban Scale: The Case Study of Potenza (Italy)

by Amedeo Flora, Donatello Cardone, Marco Vona and Giuseppe Perrone

Buildings 2021, 11(4), 142; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/buildings11040142 - 01 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

Comprehensive methodologies based on a fully probabilistic approach (i.e., the performance-based earthquake engineering approach, PBEE), represent a refined and accurate tool for the seismic performance assessment of structures. However, those procedures are suitable for building-specific evaluations, appearing extremely time-consuming if applied at the [...] Read more.

Comprehensive methodologies based on a fully probabilistic approach (i.e., the performance-based earthquake engineering approach, PBEE), represent a refined and accurate tool for the seismic performance assessment of structures. However, those procedures are suitable for building-specific evaluations, appearing extremely time-consuming if applied at the urban scale. In the proposed contribution, simplified loss assessment procedure will be applied at the urban scale with reference to the residential building stock of the center of Potenza. After the identification of the main reinforced concrete (RC) structural typologies and the definition of specific archetype building numerical models, the direct estimation of expected annual loss (DEAL) methodology will be applied to derive the EAL (i.e., expected annual loss) of RC buildings, deriving information on the effectively seismic quality (or seismic resilience) of the aforementioned built heritage at urban scale. Similarly, the monetary losses associated with downtime are evaluated. Preliminary considerations on the socio-economic effects of seismic scenarios on the territorial scale are also proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings)

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33 pages, 14527 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Overview on the Nonlinear Static Procedures and Performance-Based Approach on Modern Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with Structural Irregularity

by Abide Aşıkoğlu, Graça Vasconcelos and Paulo B. Lourenço

Buildings 2021, 11(4), 147; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/buildings11040147 - 01 Apr 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4518

Abstract

Performance-based design plays a significant role in the structural and earthquake engineering community to ensure both safety and economic feasibility. Its application to masonry building design/assessment is limited and requires straightforward rules considering the characteristics of masonry behavior. Nonlinear static procedures mainly cover [...] Read more.

Performance-based design plays a significant role in the structural and earthquake engineering community to ensure both safety and economic feasibility. Its application to masonry building design/assessment is limited and requires straightforward rules considering the characteristics of masonry behavior. Nonlinear static procedures mainly cover regular frame system structures, and their application to both regular and irregular masonry buildings require further investigation. The present paper addresses two major issues: (i) the definition of irregularity in masonry buildings, and (ii) the applicability of classical nonlinear static procedures to irregular masonry buildings. It is observed that the irregularity definition is not comprehensive and has different descriptions among the seismic codes as well as among researchers, particularly in the case of masonry buildings. The lack of global language may result in the misuse of the procedures, while adjustments may be essential due to irregularity effects. Therefore, irregularity indices given by different codes and research studies are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of nonlinear static procedures implemented within the framework of the performance-based approach and improvements proposed for its application in masonry buildings is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings)

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19 pages, 6468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Displacement Demand for Nonlinear Static Analyses of Masonry Structures: Critical Review and Improved Formulations

by Gabriele Guerrini, Stylianos Kallioras, Stefano Bracchi, Francesco Graziotti and Andrea Penna

Buildings 2021, 11(3), 118; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/buildings11030118 - 16 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3050

Abstract

This paper discusses different formulations for calculating earthquake-induced displacement demands to be associated with nonlinear static analysis procedures for the assessment of masonry structures. Focus is placed on systems with fundamental periods between 0.1 and 0.5 s, for which the inelastic displacement amplification [...] Read more.

This paper discusses different formulations for calculating earthquake-induced displacement demands to be associated with nonlinear static analysis procedures for the assessment of masonry structures. Focus is placed on systems with fundamental periods between 0.1 and 0.5 s, for which the inelastic displacement amplification is usually more pronounced. The accuracy of the predictive equations is assessed based on the results from nonlinear time-history analyses, carried out on single-degree-of-freedom oscillators with hysteretic force–displacement relationships representative of masonry structures. First, the study demonstrates some limitations of two established approaches based on the equivalent linearization concept: the capacity spectrum method of the Dutch guidelines NPR 9998-18, and its version outlined in FEMA 440, both of which overpredict maximum displacements. Two codified formulations relying on inelastic displacement spectra are also evaluated, namely the N2 method of Eurocode 8 and the displacement coefficient method of ASCE 41-17: the former proves to be significantly unconservative, while the latter is affected by excessive dispersion. A non-iterative procedure, using an equivalent linear system with calibrated optimal stiffness and equivalent viscous damping, is then proposed to overcome some of the problems identified earlier. A recently developed modified N2 formulation is shown to improve accuracy while limiting the dispersion of the predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings)

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20 pages, 9861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with Timber Diaphragms

by Igor Tomić, Francesco Vanin, Ivana Božulić and Katrin Beyer

Buildings 2021, 11(5), 205; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/buildings11050205 - 14 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3236

Abstract

Though flexible diaphragms play a role in the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings, the effect of the connections between floors and walls is rarely discussed or explicitly modelled when simulating the response of such buildings. These flexible diaphragms are most commonly timber [...] Read more.

Though flexible diaphragms play a role in the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings, the effect of the connections between floors and walls is rarely discussed or explicitly modelled when simulating the response of such buildings. These flexible diaphragms are most commonly timber floors made of planks and beams, which are supported on recesses in the masonry walls and can slide when the friction resistance is reached. Using equivalent frame models, we capture the effects of both the diaphragm stiffness and the finite strength of wall-to-diaphragm connections on the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings. To do this, we use a newly developed macro-element able to simulate both in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of the masonry walls and non-linear springs to simulate wall-to-wall and wall-to-diaphragm connections. As an unretrofitted case study, we model a building on a shake table, which developed large in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. We then simulate three retrofit interventions: Retrofitted diaphragms, connections, and diaphragms and connections. We show that strengthening the diaphragm alone is ineffective when the friction capacity of the wall-to-diaphragm connection is exceeded. This also means that modelling an unstrengthened wall-to-diaphragm connection as having infinite stiffness and strength leads to unrealistic box-type behaviour. This is particularly important if the equivalent frame model should capture both global in-plane and local out-of-plane failure modes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings)

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29 pages, 12224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Modelling Approaches for the Seismic Assessment of Complex URM Buildings: The Podestà Palace in Mantua, Italy

by Sergio Lagomarsino, Stefania Degli Abbati, Daria Ottonelli and Serena Cattari

Buildings 2021, 11(7), 269; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/buildings11070269 - 24 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1735

Abstract

This study investigated seismic assessments of the Podestà Palace in Mantua (Italy). This masonry palace has a complex geometrical configuration that resulted from the addition of various units stratified over centuries. This feature makes seismic assessment challenging from a modelling perspective due to [...] Read more.

This study investigated seismic assessments of the Podestà Palace in Mantua (Italy). This masonry palace has a complex geometrical configuration that resulted from the addition of various units stratified over centuries. This feature makes seismic assessment challenging from a modelling perspective due to the interaction among units. Here, an integrated use of three modelling strategies characterised by a different computational effort and degree of accuracy was employed: (i) the Structural Element Model, according to the Equivalent Frame Approach, to study the global response of the whole structure and to estimate the mutual dynamic interactions among units; (ii) the Macro-Block Model, to assess the out-of-plane response of facades prone to the activation of local mechanisms; and (iii) the Finite Element Model, to deepen the seismic response of some critical parts, highlighted by a global analysis but also roughly described by the Equivalent Frame Model. This integrated approach consists in the use of results achieved from one modelling approach as input for another. For example, the floor spectra estimated by (i) were used to define the seismic input in (ii); for assessing the most critical portions, more accurate models were addressed (as in case (iii)). The comprehensive interpretation of the seismic behaviour obtained by these models also allowed us to address more rationally possible strengthening solutions, such as the in-plane stiffening of vaults (particularly spread in the building), aimed to guarantee a better redistribution of seismic actions in such a complex building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings)

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22 pages, 8945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Portuguese Adobe Buildings

by Samar Momin, Holger Lovon, Vitor Silva, Tiago Miguel Ferreira and Romeu Vicente

Buildings 2021, 11(5), 200; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/buildings11050200 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3446

Abstract

Adobe construction represents 5.3% of the total Portuguese building stock according to the latest National Housing Census. The distribution of these adobe buildings is scattered across the country, with higher density in the central region and in Algarve in the south, where the [...] Read more.

Adobe construction represents 5.3% of the total Portuguese building stock according to the latest National Housing Census. The distribution of these adobe buildings is scattered across the country, with higher density in the central region and in Algarve in the south, where the seismic hazard is highest. A large proportion of these buildings are still in use for residential and commercial purposes and are of historical significance, contributing to the cultural heritage of the country. Adobe buildings are known to exhibit low seismic resistance due to their brittle behavior, thus making them vulnerable to ground shaking and more prone to structural damage that can potentially cause human fatalities. Three buildings with one-story, two-stories, and two-stories plus an attic were numerically modeled using solid and contact elements. Calibration and validation of material properties were carried out following experimental results. A set of 30 ground motion records with bi-directional components were selected, and non-linear time-history analyses were performed until complete collapse occurred. Two novel engineering demand parameters (EDPs) were used, and damage thresholds were proposed. Finally, fragility and fatality vulnerability functions were derived. These functions can be used directly in seismic risk assessment studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings)

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