Impact of Cancer Cachexia on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle: Role of Exercise Training

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Pathophysiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2021) | Viewed by 15319

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Interests: exercise intolerance; diaphragm; skeletal muscle function; muscle atrophy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Physical Education and Sport - USP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Interests: exercise training; cancer and cardiac cachexia; skeletal muscle function; cardiac function and structure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are delighted to present this Special Issue, which will address the important topic “Impact of Cancer Cachexia on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle: Role of Exercise Training. It is well known that cancer results in cardiac and skeletal muscle atrophy, which severely affects function and quality of life. However, the interaction between cancer and the onset of striated muscle atrophy at the physiological, cellular, and molecular levels remains poorly understood, with limited therapeutic approaches firmly established. In particular, while evidence indicates that cancer can induce both cardiac and skeletal muscle remodeling, whether this occurs at a similar rate and is mediated by the same or distinct signaling pathways is poorly explored.

One of the most effective interventions for attenuating cancer cachexia is exercise training. While we now understand the broad benefits associated with exercise in cancer, we still have a poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved at the molecular level. Improved knowledge of how exercise modulates key signaling pathways involved in muscle atrophy/hypertrophy such as the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems will be important for developing drug targets that may be beneficial for patients in whom physical exertion is not possible. In this Special Issue, we invite investigators to contribute narrative reviews or original research articles. Articles should improve our understanding of how exercise counters the effects of cancer-related skeletal and/or cardiac muscle atrophy. Potential topics include but are not limited to the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which exercise regulate:

  • Immunological, inflammatory, and redox processes;
  • Anabolic and catabolic signaling, including their crosstalk;
  • Energy balance and metabolic homeostasis;
  • Interaction between cancer and cardiac failure.

Collectively, we aim to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in cancer cachexia alongside identifying potential drug targets of the future.

Dr. Scott Bowen
Prof. Patricia Brum 
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • atrophy
  • cachexia
  • cancer
  • cardiac muscle
  • exercise
  • heart failure
  • skeletal muscle
  • risk factors

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 4520 KiB  
Article
Aerobic Exercise Training and In Vivo Akt Activation Counteract Cancer Cachexia by Inducing a Hypertrophic Profile through eIF-2α Modulation
by Marcelo G. Pereira, Vanessa A. Voltarelli, Gabriel C. Tobias, Lara de Souza, Gabriela S. Borges, Ailma O. Paixão, Ney R. de Almeida, Thomas Scott Bowen, Marilene Demasi, Elen H. Miyabara and Patricia C. Brum
Cancers 2022, 14(1), 28; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers14010028 - 22 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2975
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial and devastating syndrome characterized by severe skeletal muscle mass loss and dysfunction. As cachexia still has neither a cure nor an effective treatment, better understanding of skeletal muscle plasticity in the context of cancer is of great importance. [...] Read more.
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial and devastating syndrome characterized by severe skeletal muscle mass loss and dysfunction. As cachexia still has neither a cure nor an effective treatment, better understanding of skeletal muscle plasticity in the context of cancer is of great importance. Although aerobic exercise training (AET) has been shown as an important complementary therapy for chronic diseases and associated comorbidities, the impact of AET on skeletal muscle mass maintenance during cancer progression has not been well documented yet. Here, we show that previous AET induced a protective mechanism against tumor-induced muscle wasting by modulating the Akt/mTORC1 signaling and eukaryotic initiation factors, specifically eIF2-α. Thereafter, it was determined whether the in vivo Akt activation would induce a hypertrophic profile in cachectic muscles. As observed for the first time, Akt-induced hypertrophy was able and sufficient to either prevent or revert cancer cachexia by modulating both Akt/mTORC1 pathway and the eIF-2α activation, and induced a better muscle functionality. These findings provide evidence that skeletal muscle tissue still preserves hypertrophic potential to be stimulated by either AET or gene therapy to counteract cancer cachexia. Full article
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19 pages, 27081 KiB  
Article
Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on MyomiRs Expression in Cachectic and Non-Cachectic Cancer Mice
by João Lucas Penteado Gomes, Gabriel Cardial Tobias, Tiago Fernandes, André Casanova Silveira, Carlos Eduardo Negrão, Roger Chammas, Patrícia Chakur Brum and Edilamar Menezes Oliveira
Cancers 2021, 13(22), 5728; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13225728 - 16 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2027
Abstract
We investigated the effects of AET on myomiRs expression in the skeletal muscle and serum of colon cachectic (CT26) and breast non-cachectic (MMTV-PyMT) cancer mice models. Colon cancer decreased microRNA-486 expression, increasing PTEN in tibialis anterior muscle (TA), decreasing the PI3K/mTOR protein pathway, [...] Read more.
We investigated the effects of AET on myomiRs expression in the skeletal muscle and serum of colon cachectic (CT26) and breast non-cachectic (MMTV-PyMT) cancer mice models. Colon cancer decreased microRNA-486 expression, increasing PTEN in tibialis anterior muscle (TA), decreasing the PI3K/mTOR protein pathway, body and muscle wasting, fibers’ cross-sectional area and muscle dysfunction, that were not preserved by AET. In contrast, breast cancer decreased those muscle functions, but were preserved by AET. In circulation, the downregulation of microRNA-486 and -206 in colon cancer, and the downregulation of microRNA-486 and upregulation of microRNA-206 expression in breast cancer might be good cancer serum biomarkers. Since the microRNA-206 is skeletal muscle specific, their expression was increased in the TA, serum and tumor in MMTV, suggesting a communication among these three compartments. The AET prevents these effects on microRNA-206, but not on microRNA-486 in MMTV. In conclusion, cancer induced a downregulation of microRNA-486 expression in TA and serum of CT26 and MMTV mice and these effects were not prevented by AET; however, to MMTV, the trained muscle function was preserved, probably sustained by the downregulation of microRNA-206 expression. Serum microRNA-206 is a potential biomarker for colon (decreased) and breast (increased) cancer to monitor the disease evolution and the effects promoted by the AET. Full article
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Review

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15 pages, 1455 KiB  
Review
Impact of Cancer Cachexia on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle: Role of Exercise Training
by Cláudia Bordignon, Bethânia S. dos Santos and Daniela D. Rosa
Cancers 2022, 14(2), 342; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers14020342 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3578
Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that presents with, among other characteristics, progressive loss of muscle mass and anti-cardiac remodeling effect that may lead to heart failure. This condition affects about 80% of patients with advanced cancer and contributes to worsening patients’ tolerance to [...] Read more.
Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that presents with, among other characteristics, progressive loss of muscle mass and anti-cardiac remodeling effect that may lead to heart failure. This condition affects about 80% of patients with advanced cancer and contributes to worsening patients’ tolerance to anticancer treatments and to their premature death. Its pathogenesis involves an imbalance in metabolic homeostasis, with increased catabolism and inflammatory cytokines levels, leading to proteolysis and lipolysis, with insufficient food intake. A multimodal approach is indicated for patients with cachexia, with the aim of reducing the speed of muscle wasting and improving their quality of life, which may include nutritional, physical, pharmacologic, and psychological support. This review aims to outline the mechanisms of muscle loss, as well as to evaluate the current clinical evidence of the use of physical exercise in patients with cachexia. Full article
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27 pages, 2043 KiB  
Review
Chemotherapy-Induced Myopathy: The Dark Side of the Cachexia Sphere
by Dean G. Campelj, Craig A. Goodman and Emma Rybalka
Cancers 2021, 13(14), 3615; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13143615 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5897
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a debilitating multi-factorial wasting syndrome characterised by severe skeletal muscle wasting and dysfunction (i.e., myopathy). In the oncology setting, cachexia arises from synergistic insults from both cancer–host interactions and chemotherapy-related toxicity. The majority of studies have surrounded the cancer–host interaction [...] Read more.
Cancer cachexia is a debilitating multi-factorial wasting syndrome characterised by severe skeletal muscle wasting and dysfunction (i.e., myopathy). In the oncology setting, cachexia arises from synergistic insults from both cancer–host interactions and chemotherapy-related toxicity. The majority of studies have surrounded the cancer–host interaction side of cancer cachexia, often overlooking the capability of chemotherapy to induce cachectic myopathy. Accumulating evidence in experimental models of cachexia suggests that some chemotherapeutic agents rapidly induce cachectic myopathy, although the underlying mechanisms responsible vary between agents. Importantly, we highlight the capacity of specific chemotherapeutic agents to induce cachectic myopathy, as not all chemotherapies have been evaluated for cachexia-inducing properties—alone or in clinically compatible regimens. Furthermore, we discuss the experimental evidence surrounding therapeutic strategies that have been evaluated in chemotherapy-induced cachexia models, with particular focus on exercise interventions and adjuvant therapeutic candidates targeted at the mitochondria. Full article
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