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Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life

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A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Therapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 25519

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Carlo Lajolo

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Head and Neck Department, “Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli – IRCCS” – School of Dentistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Interests: Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders; Head and neck cancers; Oral Medicine and pathology; Radiotherapy; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Innovative diagnostic and therapeutic devices; Osteonecrosis of the jaw

Prof. Dr. Gaetano Paludetti

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Director of Head and Neck Department, “Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli – IRCCS”, Largo A. Gemelli, 8. 00168, Rome, Italy
Interests: Head and neck cancers; Plastic and reconstructive surgery; Phoniatrics; Salivary gland tumors

Dr. Romeo Patini

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Guest Editor

Department of Head, Neck and Sense Organs, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
Interests: systematic review; methodology; oral microbiome; dental diseases; regenerative medicine
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Dear Colleagues,

Among head and neck cancers, oral squamous cell carcinomas require a complex multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach due to the complex anatomy and physiology of the affected area.

Despite the achieved improvements in the prognosis of these cancers in recent years, affected subjects suffer heavily from the side effects of therapies and their quality of life is often poor, due to functional and aesthetical impairments. In order to improve life expectancy and quality of life of these patients, a better knowledge of risk factors, biology, clinical procedures (early diagnosis, best therapeutic regimen, supportive care, and early detection of second primary cancers) are fundamental and can be enriched by a personalized medicine approach.

Areas of particular interest are prevention and early diagnosis, correct staging, and integrated clinical therapies that could improve prognosis and quality of life and supportive care.

For this Special Issue, we welcome basic translational and clinical research papers, professional opinions, and reviews in the broad field of oral cancers.

Dr. Carlo Lajolo
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (12 papers)

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13 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Life after Mandibular Reconstruction Using Free Fibula Flap and Customized Plates: A Case Series and Comparison with the Literature

by Jorge Pamias-Romero, Manel Saez-Barba, Alba de-Pablo-García-Cuenca, Pablo Vaquero-Martínez, Joan Masnou-Pratdesaba and Coro Bescós-Atín

Cancers 2023, 15(9), 2582; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers15092582 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1604

Abstract

A single-center retrospective study was conducted to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in 23 consecutive patients undergoing mandibular reconstruction using the computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology, free fibula flap, and titanium patient-specific implants (PSIs). HRQoL was evaluated after at least 12 months of surgery using the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) questionnaire for head and neck cancer patients. In the 12 single question domains, the highest mean scores were found for “taste” (92.9), “shoulder” (90.9), “anxiety” (87.5), and “pain” (86.4), whereas the lowest scores were observed for “chewing” (57.1), “appearance” (67.9), and “saliva” (78.1). In the three global questions of the UW-QOL questionnaire, 80% of patients considered that their HRQoL was as good as or even better than it was compared to their HRQoL before cancer, and only 20% reported that their HRQoL had worsened after the presence of the disease. Overall QoL during the past 7 days was rated as good, very good or outstanding by 81% of patients, respectively. No patient reported poor or very poor QoL. In the present study, restoring mandibular continuity with free fibula flap and patient-specific titanium implants designed with the CAD-CAM technology improved HRQoL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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18 pages, 1239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of T1/2 Tongue Carcinoma with or without Radial Forearm Flap Reconstruction Regarding Post-Therapeutic Function, Survival, and Gender

by Katharina El-Shabrawi, Katharina Storck, Jochen Weitz, Klaus-Dietrich Wolff and Andreas Knopf

Cancers 2023, 15(6), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15061885 - 21 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1215

Abstract

Background: Flap reconstruction is commonly used in advanced tongue carcinoma in order to compensate for the loss of tongue tissue and function. Surprisingly, a large number of reconstructed early-stage tongue cancer can be found. Survival or functional benefits in these cases remain unclear. Methods: A retrospective data analysis of 384 surgically treated tongue carcinoma patients was conducted aiming to find epidemiologic and survival differences between patients with (n = 158) or without flap reconstruction (n = 226). A prospective functional analysis was performed on 55 early-stage tongue cancer patients, 33 without and 22 with radial-forearm flap reconstruction, focusing on post-therapeutic swallowing function as the primary endpoint, speech as the secondary endpoint, xerostomia, quality of life, and mouth opening. Results: Consistent with the current literature, we demonstrated the significantly more frequent use of flap grafts in advanced tongue carcinomas. For the first time, we depicted a higher female ratio in the reconstructed group (p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in survival or functional outcomes between the groups. The none-reconstructed group showed more frequent use of adjuvant C/RT despite presenting fewer N+ stages. Conclusions: The higher female ratio in the reconstruction group is plausible due to the anatomically smaller oral cavity and relatively larger carcinoma in women. A higher presence of close margins in the none-reconstruction group may explain the more frequent use of adjuvant C/RT. Since we found no survival or functional differences between the groups, we propose a critical approach toward flap reconstruction in T1/2 tongue carcinoma. At the same time, proportional aspects and adequate resection margins should be taken into account. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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10 pages, 613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns of Postoperative Trismus Following Mandibulectomy and Fibula Free Flap Reconstruction

by Rex H. Lee, Cara Evans, Joey Laus, Cristina Sanchez, Katherine C. Wai, P. Daniel Knott, Rahul Seth, Ivan H. El-Sayed, Jonathan R. George, William R. Ryan, Chase M. Heaton, Andrea M. Park and Patrick K. Ha

Cancers 2023, 15(2), 536; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers15020536 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1500

Abstract

The factors that contribute to postoperative trismus after mandibulectomy and fibula free flap reconstruction (FFFR) are undefined. We retrospectively assessed postoperative trismus (defined as a maximum interincisal opening ≤35 mm) in 106 patients undergoing mandibulectomy with FFFR, employing logistic regression to identify risk factors associated with this sequela. The surgical indication was primary ablation in 64%, salvage for recurrence in 24%, and osteonecrosis in 12%. Forty-five percent of patients had existing preoperative trismus, and 58% of patients received adjuvant radiation/chemoradiation following surgery. The overall rates of postoperative trismus were 76% in the early postoperative period (≤3 months after surgery) and 67% in the late postoperative period (>6 months after surgery). Late postoperative trismus occurred more frequently in patients with ramus-involving vs. ramus-preserving posterior mandibulotomies (82% vs. 46%, p = 0.004). A ramus-involving mandibulotomy was the only variable significantly associated with trismus >6 months postoperatively on multivariable logistic regression (OR, 7.94; 95% CI, 1.85–33.97; p = 0.005). This work demonstrates that trismus is common after mandibulectomy and FFFR, and suggests that posterior mandibulotomies that involve or remove the ramus may predispose to a higher risk of persistent postoperative trismus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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19 pages, 3737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Precise Medication Strategies for OSCC Based on Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis from a Dynamic Perspective

by Qingkang Meng, Feng Wu, Guoqi Li, Fei Xu, Lei Liu, Denan Zhang, Yangxu Lu, Hongbo Xie and Xiujie Chen

Cancers 2022, 14(19), 4801; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers14194801 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1498

Abstract

At present, most patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are in the middle or advanced stages at the time of diagnosis. Advanced OSCC patients have a poor prognosis after traditional therapy, and the complex heterogeneity of OSCC has been proven to be one of the main reasons. Single-cell sequencing technology provides a powerful tool for dissecting the heterogeneity of cancer. However, most of the current studies at the single-cell level are static, while the development of cancer is a dynamic process. Thus, understanding the development of cancer from a dynamic perspective and formulating corresponding therapeutic measures for achieving precise treatment are highly necessary, and this is also one of the main study directions in the field of oncology. In this study, we combined the static and dynamic analysis methods based on single-cell RNA-Seq data to comprehensively dissect the complex heterogeneity and evolutionary process of OSCC. Subsequently, for clinical practice, we revealed the association between cancer heterogeneity and the prognosis of patients. More importantly, we pioneered the concept of pseudo-time score of patients, and we quantified the levels of heterogeneity based on the dynamic development process to evaluate the relationship between the score and the survival status at the same stage, finding that it is closely related to the prognostic status. The pseudo-time score of patients could not only reflect the tumor status of patients but also be used as an indicator of the effects of drugs on the patients so that the medication strategy can be adjusted on time. Finally, we identified candidate drugs and proposed precision medication strategies to control the condition of OSCC in two respects: treatment and blocking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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14 pages, 4763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trimodal Therapy in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Role of Adjuvant Therapy Following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation and Surgery

by Xiaokun Li, Siyuan Luan, Yushang Yang, Jianfeng Zhou, Qixin Shang, Pinhao Fang, Xin Xiao, Hanlu Zhang and Yong Yuan

Cancers 2022, 14(15), 3721; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers14153721 - 30 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the role of adjuvant therapy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: The study retrospectively reviewed 447 ESCC patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy. Patients were divided into an adjuvant therapy group and no adjuvant therapy group. Propensity score matching was used to adjust the confounding factors. Results: 447 patients with clinical positive lymph nodes and no distant metastasis treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy were eligible for analysis. After propensity score matching, there were 120 patients remaining in each group. Patients receiving adjuvant therapy had a significantly shorter post-resection overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) when compared to patients not receiving adjuvant therapy (log-rank, OS: p = 0.046, DFS: p < 0.001). Receiving adjuvant therapy is not an independently prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio (HR): 1.270, HR: 0.846–1.906, p = 0.249) but a significantly unfavorable independent prognostic factor for DFS (HR: 2.061, HR: 1.436–2.958, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that adjuvant therapy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery could reduce the OS and DFS in patients with ESCC. Therefore, adjuvant therapy is not recommended for ESCC patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy, especially patients without nodal metastases after neoadjuvant therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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17 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Pre-Existing Sarcopenia on Oncological Outcomes for Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Undergoing Curative Surgery: A Propensity Score-Matched, Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study

by Yu-Hsiang Tsai, Wan-Ming Chen, Ming-Chih Chen, Ben-Chang Shia, Szu-Yuan Wu and Chun-Chi Huang

Cancers 2022, 14(13), 3246; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers14133246 - 01 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1400

Abstract

Purpose: The effect of pre-existing sarcopenia on patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) remains unknown. Therefore, we designed a propensity score-matched population-based cohort study to compare the oncological outcomes of patients with OCSCC undergoing curative surgery with and without sarcopenia. Patients and Methods: We included patients with OCSCC undergoing curative surgery and categorized them into two groups according to the presence or absence of pre-existing sarcopenia. Patients in both the groups were matched at a ratio of 2:1. Results: The matching process yielded 16,294 patients (10,855 and 5439 without and with pre-existing sarcopenia, respectively). In multivariate Cox regression analyses, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR, 95% confidence interval [CI]) of all-cause mortality for OCSCC with and without pre-existing sarcopenia was 1.15 (1.11–1.21, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the aHRs (95% CIs) of locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis for OCSCC with and without pre-existing sarcopenia were 1.07 (1.03–1.18, p = 0.0020) and 1.07 (1.03–1.20, p = 0.0148), respectively. Conclusions: Pre-existing sarcopenia might be a significant poor prognostic factor for overall survival, locoregional recurrence, and distant metastasis for patients with OCSCC undergoing curative surgery. In susceptible patients at a risk of OCSCC, sarcopenia prevention measures should be encouraged, such as exercise and early nutrition intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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17 pages, 2024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Health Status in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer before Radiotherapy: Baseline Description of an Observational Prospective Study

by Cosimo Rupe, Alessia Basco, Anna Schiavelli, Alessandra Cassano, Francesco Micciche’, Jacopo Galli, Massimo Cordaro and Carlo Lajolo

Cancers 2022, 14(6), 1411; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers14061411 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1974

Abstract

(1) Background: The general hypothesis that HNC patients show compromised oral health (OH) is generally accepted, but it is not evidence-based. The objective of this baseline report of a prospective observational study was to describe the oral health of a cohort of patients with HNC at the time of dental evaluation prior to radiotherapy (RT). (2) Materials and Methods: Two hundred and thirteen patients affected by HNC who had received an indication for RT were examined with the support of orthopantomography (OPT). The DMFt of all included subjects, their periodontal status and the grade of mouth opening were recorded. (3) Results: A total of 195 patients were ultimately included: 146/195 patients (74.9%) showed poor OH (defined as having a DMFt score ≥ 13 and severe periodontitis). The following clinical characteristics were correlated with poor oral health in the univariate analysis: tumor site, smoking habit and age of the patients (in decades); χ2 test, p < 0.05. (4) Conclusions: This study confirms that the OH of HNC patients is often compromised even before the beginning of cancer treatment and, consequently, highlights how important it is to promptly schedule a dental evaluation at the moment of diagnosis of the cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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16 pages, 2843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Vascular Mimicry in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches

by Roosa Hujanen, Rabeia Almahmoudi, Tuula Salo and Abdelhakim Salem

Cancers 2021, 13(19), 4747; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13194747 - 23 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2310

Abstract

Tissue vasculature provides the main conduit for metastasis in solid tumours including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Vascular mimicry (VM) is an endothelial cell (EC)-independent neovascularization pattern, whereby tumour cells generate a perfusable vessel-like meshwork. Yet, despite its promising clinical utility, there are limited approaches to better identify VM in HNSCC and what factors may influence such a phenomenon in vitro. Therefore, we employed different staining procedures to assess their utility in identifying VM in tumour sections, wherein mosaic vessels may also be adopted to further assess the VM-competent cell phenotype. Using 13 primary and metastatic HNSCC cell lines in addition to murine- and human-derived matrices, we elucidated the impact of the extracellular matrix, tumour cell type, and density on the formation and morphology of cell-derived tubulogenesis in HNSCC. We then delineated the optimal cell numbers needed to obtain a VM meshwork in vitro, which revealed cell-specific variations and yet consistent expression of the EC marker CD31. Finally, we proposed the zebrafish larvae as a simple and cost-effective model to evaluate VM development in vivo. Taken together, our findings offer a valuable resource for designing future studies that may facilitate the therapeutic exploitation of VM in HNSCC and other tumours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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16 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep Disorders and Psychological Profile in Oral Cancer Survivors: A Case-Control Clinical Study

by Roberta Gasparro, Elena Calabria, Noemi Coppola, Gaetano Marenzi, Gilberto Sammartino, Massimo Aria, Michele Davide Mignogna and Daniela Adamo

Cancers 2021, 13(8), 1855; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13081855 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2350

Abstract

Quality of sleep (QoS) and mood may impair oral cancer survivors’ wellbeing, however few evidences are currently available. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prevalence of sleep disorders, anxiety and depression among five-year oral cancer survivors (OC survivors). 50 OC survivors were compared with 50 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and Anxiety (HAM-D, HAM-A), the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Total Pain Rating Index (T-PRI) were administered. The global score of the PSQI, ESS, HAM-A, HAM-D, NRS, T-PRI, was statistically higher in the OC survivors than the controls (p-value: <0.001). QoS of OC survivors was significantly impaired, especially with regard to some PSQI sub-items as the subjective sleep quality, sleep latency and daytime dysfunction (p-value: 0.001, 0.029, 0.004). Moreover, poor QoS was negatively correlated with years of education (p-value: 0.042 *) and positively correlated with alcohol consumption (p-value: 0.049 *) and with the use of systemic medications (p-value: 0.044 *). Sleep disorders and mood disorders are common comorbidities in OC survivors; therefore, early assessment and management before, during and after treatment should be performed in order to improve the quality of life of OC survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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27 pages, 4380 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Is Systemic Immunosuppression a Risk Factor for Oral Cancer? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Romeo Patini, Massimo Cordaro, Denise Marchesini, Francesco Scilla, Gioele Gioco, Cosimo Rupe, Maria Antonietta D’Agostino and Carlo Lajolo

Cancers 2023, 15(12), 3077; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers15123077 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1559

Abstract

Even if the relationship between immunosuppression and increased incidence of systemic cancers is well known, there is less awareness about the risk of developing oral cancer in immunosuppressed patients. The aim of this review was to evaluate the association between immunosuppression and the development of oral cancer. Two authors independently and, in duplicate, conducted a systematic literature review of international journals and electronic databases (MEDLINE via OVID, Scopus, and Web of Science) from their inception to 28 April 2023. The assessment of risk of bias and overall quality of evidence was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and GRADE system. A total of 2843 articles was identified, of which 44 met the inclusion criteria and were included in either the qualitative or quantitative analysis. The methodological quality of the included studies was generally high or moderate. The quantitative analysis of the studies revealed that immunosuppression should be considered a risk factor for the development of oral cancer, with a percentage of increased risk ranging from 0.2% to 1% (95% CI: 0.2% to 1.4%). In conclusion, the results suggest that a constant and accurate follow-up should be reserved for all immunosuppressed patients as a crucial strategy to intercept lesions that have an increased potential to evolve into oral cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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12 pages, 1040 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaws Due to Teeth Extractions during and after Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review

by Carlo Lajolo, Cosimo Rupe, Gioele Gioco, Giuseppe Troiano, Romeo Patini, Massimo Petruzzi, Francesco Micciche’ and Michele Giuliani

Cancers 2021, 13(22), 5798; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13225798 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4832

Abstract

Teeth extractions before or after radiotherapy (RT) could be procedures at high risk for osteoradionecrosis (ORN) onset. This systematic review was performed to investigate the ORN incidence following teeth extractions during and after RT for head and neck (H&N) cancer and to evaluate any other possible risk factor. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA protocol, and the PROSPERO registration number was CRD42018079986. An electronic search was performed on the following search engines: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A cumulative meta-analysis was performed. Results: Two thousand two hundred and eighty-one records were screened, and nine were finally included. This systematic review revealed an ORN incidence of 5.8% (41 patients out of 462, 95% CI = 2.3–9.4); 3 ORN developed in the maxilla. No other clinical risk factors were detected. Conclusion: Post-RT teeth extractions represent a major risk factor for ORN development, especially in the mandible, with a diminishing trend in the last years. Further research on other possible risk factors might improve this evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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15 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Development and Validation of Prognostic Models for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Appraisal of the Literature

by Diana Russo, Pierluigi Mariani, Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio, Lucio Lo Russo, Luca Fiorillo, Khrystyna Zhurakivska, Lorenzo Lo Muzio, Luigi Laino and Giuseppe Troiano

Cancers 2021, 13(22), 5755; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cancers13225755 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2233

Abstract

(1) Background: An accurate prediction of cancer survival is very important for counseling, treatment planning, follow-up, and postoperative risk assessment in patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). There has been an increased interest in the development of clinical prognostic models and nomograms which are their graphic representation. The study aimed to revise the prognostic performance of clinical-pathological prognostic models with internal validation for OSCC. (2) Methods: This systematic review was performed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Reviews chapter on searching, the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, and the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS). (3) Results: Six studies evaluating overall survival in patients with OSCC were identified. All studies performed internal validation, while only four models were externally validated. (4) Conclusions: Based on the results of this systematic review, it is possible to state that it is necessary to carry out internal validation and shrinkage to correct overfitting and provide an adequate performance for optimism. Moreover, calibration, discrimination and nonlinearity of continuous predictors should always be examined. To reduce the risk of bias the study design used should be prospective and imputation techniques should always be applied to handle missing data. In addition, the complete equation of the prognostic model must be reported to allow updating, external validation in a new context and the subsequent evaluation of the impact on health outcomes and on the cost-effectiveness of care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer: The Way to Improve Expectancy and Quality of Life)

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