Dear Colleagues,

Cancer poses major health and socioeconomic challenges worldwide as the global burden increases, with 19.3 million new cases expected in 2020 and projected to surpass 27 million by 2040. Despite improved molecular diagnostics, surgical, and radiotherapy techniques, the 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with the most aggressive brain cancer in adults remains less than 10%.

A paradigm shift towards more personalised cancer treatment has developed with the identification of measurable immunological, molecular, or radiological features that determine the patient’s prognosis and may represent druggable targets for innovative therapy. Biomarkers may be characterised by cellular markers, type of tumour infiltrating, or resident innate and adaptive immune cells obtained from the biopsy or blood sample, their activity, and molecular or cellular profiles in response to the tumour in situ or a predisposing systemic disease such as allergy or virus infection. Through multimodal MRI and subsequent machine learning algorithms, in particular deep learning-based approaches, trained on large patient population databases, key features (imaging-derived biomarkers) that predict future sites of tumour recurrence or aid generation of innovative treatments for brain cancer may be identified. Biomarkers not only inform the biological behaviour of the tumour and expected outcome for the patient but may predict efficacy of given treatments and expected side effects. Effective treatment modalities harnessing the ability of cytotoxic immune cells to recognize malignant cells with particular genetic mutations, such as adoptive cell transfer of native and engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T- and natural killer (NK-) cells, may emerge.

This Special Issue invites multidisciplinary papers (expert opinion reviews or original data) that characterise the immunoactive brain tumour environment, the interplay between tumour and immune cells, molecular and imaging-based features (including non-invasive radiological examinations as well as microscopic imaging techniques such as imaging mass cytometry from tissue samples) of malignant brain tumours impacting patient outcome, and treatment responses to the tumour in situ or responses generated by predisposing systemic diseases such as allergy or virus infection. This focused issue aims to contribute new knowledge to the burgeoning need to implement effective management of malignant brain cancer.

Prof. Dr. Martha Chekenya
Dr. Eirik Bratland
Prof. Dr. Arvid Lundervold
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

• prognostic and predictive Cellular and molecular markers
• immune response
• neuroimaging
• imaging mass cytometry
• deep learning and AI
• radiomics and radiogenomics
• allergy and brain cancer
• cytomegalovirus and brain cancer
• adaptive memory NK subsets
• microglia
• chimeric antigen receptor T cells
• chimeric antigen receptor NK cells