Dear Colleagues,

Cancer of the urological sphere is a disease continuously growing in numbers in the statistics of tumor malignancies in Western countries. Although this fact is mainly due to the contemporary increase in the life expectancy of the people in these geographic areas, many other factors do also contribute to this growth. Urological cancer is a complex and varied disease of different organs and mainly affects the male population. In fact, kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer are regularly included in the top-ten list of the most frequent neoplasms in males in most statistics. The female population, however, has also increasingly found itself affected by renal and bladder cancer in the last decade. Considering these facts altogether, urological cancer is a problem of major concern in developed societies. This Topic Issue of Cancers intends to shed some light on the complexity of this field, and will consider all useful and appropriate contributions that scientists and clinicians may provide in order to improve urological cancer knowledge for patients’ benefit. The following paragraphs display only a partial view of this complexity.

Renal cancer is probably the best example of inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity in oncology, and remains a hot topic for clinicians and researchers worldwide. A precise histological and molecular characterization of the papillary group of renal cancer and a better profiling of immunotherapy in clear cell renal cell carcinomas are two of the most challenging areas today.

Prostate cancer is also a polyhedral disease. The correct definition of the so-called clinically insignificant disease; the dilemma of choosing not only between active clinical surveillance versus the focal therapy, but also between radical surgery versus radical radiotherapy; the management of the oligometastatic patient; and the richness of the genomic and epigenomic events underlying this disease will attract the attention of many urologists, pathologists, and basic researchers.

Cancer of the urinary tract also needs a more precise definition, as well as the investigation of several key points. The precise identification of the molecular routes involved; the diagnostic pathological criteria in the grey zones; the dilemma of T1G3 management; and the possible treatment options between superficial, nonmuscle-invasive, and muscle-invasive diseases will be particularly welcomed in this Issue.

Germ cell tumors of the testes still remain a puzzling problem in terms of conceptual tumorigenesis, with several grey zones having an impact in clinics. Basic researchers will find the perfect ground to venture deep into the borderland between anaplastic seminoma and embryonal carcinoma, as well as other poorly understood issues.

Dr. José I. López
Dr. Claudia Manini
Collection Editors

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