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17 pages, 2724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

1,3-Butadiene Production Using Ash-Based Catalyst

by Adama A. Bojang and Ho Shing Wu

Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal13020258 - 22 Jan 2023

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The production of 1,3-butadiene from ethanol was carried out using ash as a catalyst in combination with Zr and Mg. The catalytic experiments were carried out at 350–400 °C with a different weight hourly space velocity (WHSV). The catalysts that were used were [...] Read more.

The production of 1,3-butadiene from ethanol was carried out using ash as a catalyst in combination with Zr and Mg. The catalytic experiments were carried out at 350–400 °C with a different weight hourly space velocity (WHSV). The catalysts that were used were combined as follows: Ash, Ash:MgO (weight ratio 1:1), Ash:MgO (1:2), Ash:MgO (1:3), and Ash: MgO/ZrO₂ (1:1:1). The characterization of the catalyst was carried out using BET, SEM, XRD, TGA, and XPS, respectively. The yield of 1,3-butadiene using bare ash was 65% at 400 °C and 2.5 h⁻¹ of WHSV. Using the Ash:MgO (1:2) catalyst led to an ethanol conversion rate of 79 % at 350 °C; the yield and selectivity of 1,3-butadiene were 48% and 87.8 %, respectively. Using the Ash:MgO(1:3) catalyst led to a 1,3-butadiene yield of 25% and a selectivity of 82% at 350 °C. The Ash:MgO(1:2) catalyst had a 1,3-butadiene yield of 50% and selectivity of 83%, and the Ash:MgO(1:1) had a 1,3-butadiene yield of 30% and selectivity of 80%, while the Ash:MgO/ZrO₂ (1:1:1) catalyst had a 1,3-butadiene yield of 50% and selectivity of 90.8% at 2.5 h⁻¹ of WHSV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Organic Synthesis)

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26 pages, 12759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Highly Efficient Green and Reusable Cu(II)/Chitosan-Based Catalysts for the Sonogashira, Buchwald, Aldol, and Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions

by Artem P. Dysin, Anton R. Egorov, Omar Khubiev, Roman Golubev, Anatoly A. Kirichuk, Victor N. Khrustalev, Nikolai N. Lobanov, Vasili V. Rubanik, Alexander G. Tskhovrebov and Andreii S. Kritchenkov

Catalysts 2023, 13(1), 203; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal13010203 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2251

Abstract

In this study, new Cu(II)/chitosan-based systems were designed via (i) the treatment of chitosan with sodium sulfate (1a) or sodium acetate (1b); (ii) the coating of 1a or 2a with a sodium hyaluronate layer (2a and 2b, [...] Read more.

In this study, new Cu(II)/chitosan-based systems were designed via (i) the treatment of chitosan with sodium sulfate (1a) or sodium acetate (1b); (ii) the coating of 1a or 2a with a sodium hyaluronate layer (2a and 2b, correspondingly); (iii) the treatment of a cholesterol–chitosan conjugate with sodium sulfate (3a) or sodium acetate (3b); and (iv) the succination of 1a and 1b to afford 4a and 4b or the succination of 2a and 2b to yield 5a and 5b. The catalytic properties of the elaborated systems in various organic transformations were evaluated. The use of copper sulfate as the source of Cu²⁺ ions results in the formation of nanoparticles, while the use of copper acetate leads to the generation of conventional coarse-grained powder. Cholesterol-containing systems have proven to be highly efficient catalysts for the cross-coupling reactions of different types (e.g., Sonogashira, Buchwald–Hartwig, and Chan–Lam types); succinated systems coated with a layer of hyaluronic acid are promising catalysts for the aldol reaction; systems containing inorganic copper(II) salt nanoparticles are capable of catalyzing the nitrile-oxide-to-nitrile 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The elaborated catalytic systems efficiently catalyze the aforementioned reactions in the greenest solvent available, i.e., water, and the processes could be conducted in air. The studied catalytic reactions proceed selectively, and the isolation of the product does not require column chromatography. The product is separated from the catalyst by simple filtration or centrifugation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Organic Synthesis)

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20 pages, 4016 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Stable and Reusable Supported Copper Catalyst for the Selective Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan

by Juan Zelin, Camilo Ignacio Meyer, Hernán Antonio Duarte and Alberto Marchi

Catalysts 2022, 12(11), 1476; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12111476 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1650

Abstract

Synthesis of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) by selective 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) hydrogenation is ecofriendly and industrially important since HMF is obtained from renewable sources, and BHMF is a raw material used for production of biodegradable polymers. Four copper-based catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation (Cu/SiO [...] Read more.

Synthesis of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) by selective 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) hydrogenation is ecofriendly and industrially important since HMF is obtained from renewable sources, and BHMF is a raw material used for production of biodegradable polymers. Four copper-based catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation (Cu/SiO₂-I, Cu/Al₂O₃-I), precipitation–deposition (Cu/SiO₂-PD) and coprecipitation (CuMgAl), and then tested in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of HMF. Metallic phases with large copper particles were obtained by incipient wetness impregnation, while precipitation methods gave highly dispersed metal copper nanoparticles. The pattern found for the concentration and strength of surface acid sites was: CuMgAl > Cu/Al₂O₃-I > Cu/SiO₂-PD > Cu/SiO₂-I. The copper-based catalysts active in HMF hydrogenation are all highly selective to BHMF, but the intrinsic activity and stability depend on metallic copper dispersion and support nature. The catalyst stability becomes poorer in the cases that the metallic phase is formed by large copper particles or interacts with high-acidity supports. Therefore, the catalyst with the highest activity, BHMF yield and stability was Cu/SiO₂-PD. Furthermore, it was found that Cu/SiO₂-PD is reusable in the selective liquid-phase HMF hydrogenation after being submitted to a two-step thermal treatment: (1) calcination under air flow at 673 K; (2) reduction under H₂ flow at 523 K. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Organic Synthesis)

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12 pages, 13625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reusable FeCl₃∙6H₂O/Cationic 2,2′-Bipyridyl Catalytic System for Reduction of Nitroarenes in Water

by Tsai-Yu Hung, Wen-Sheng Peng, Jing-Wen Tang and Fu-Yu Tsai

Catalysts 2022, 12(8), 924; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12080924 - 21 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1743

Abstract

The association of a commercially-available iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃∙6H₂O) with cationic 2,2′-bipyridyl in water was proven to be an operationally simple and reusable catalytic system for the highly-selective reduction of nitroarenes to anilines. This procedure was conducted under [...] Read more.

The association of a commercially-available iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃∙6H₂O) with cationic 2,2′-bipyridyl in water was proven to be an operationally simple and reusable catalytic system for the highly-selective reduction of nitroarenes to anilines. This procedure was conducted under air using 1–2 mol% of catalyst in the presence of nitroarenes and 4 equiv of hydrazine monohydrate (H₂NNH₂∙H₂O) in neat water at 100 °C for 12 h, and provided high to excellent yields of aniline derivatives. After separation of the aqueous catalytic system from the organic product, the residual aqueous solution could be applied for subsequent reuse, without any catalyst retreatment or regeneration, for several runs with only a slight decrease in activity, proving this process eco-friendly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Organic Synthesis)

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11 pages, 1941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Copper Catalyzed Inverse Electron Demand [4+2] Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of Oxazines

by Weiguang Yang, Zitong Zhou, Yu Zhao, Danyang Luo, Xiai Luo, Hui Luo, Liao Cui and Li Li

Catalysts 2022, 12(5), 526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12050526 - 07 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

A copper catalyzed tandem CuAAC/ring cleavage/[4+2] annulation reaction of terminal ynones, sulfonyl azides, and imines has been developed to synthesize the functionalized oxazines under mild conditions. Particularly, the intermediate N-sulfonyl acylketenimines undergo cycloaddition of an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction with imines [...] Read more.

A copper catalyzed tandem CuAAC/ring cleavage/[4+2] annulation reaction of terminal ynones, sulfonyl azides, and imines has been developed to synthesize the functionalized oxazines under mild conditions. Particularly, the intermediate N-sulfonyl acylketenimines undergo cycloaddition of an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction with imines and a series of 1,3-oxazine derivatives were obtained successfully in good yields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Organic Synthesis)

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10 pages, 2588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Synthesis of 2-(1,2,3-Triazoyl) Quinazolinones through Copper-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction

by Manoela Sacramento, Luís Pedro A. Piúma, José Edmilson R. Nascimento, Roberta Cargnelutti, Raquel G. Jacob, Eder João Lenardão and Diego Alves

Catalysts 2021, 11(10), 1170; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11101170 - 27 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2277

Abstract

We describe here our results from the copper-catalyzed three component reaction of 2-azidobenzaldehyde, anthranilamide and terminal alkynes, using Et₃N as base, and DMSO as solvent. Depending on the temperature and amount of Et₃N used in the reactions, 1,2,3-triazolyl-quinazolinones or [...] Read more.

We describe here our results from the copper-catalyzed three component reaction of 2-azidobenzaldehyde, anthranilamide and terminal alkynes, using Et₃N as base, and DMSO as solvent. Depending on the temperature and amount of Et₃N used in the reactions, 1,2,3-triazolyl-quinazolinones or 1,2,3-triazolyl-dihydroquinazolinone could be obtained. When the reactions were performed at 100 °C using 2 equivalents of Et₃N, 1,2,3-triazolyl-dihydroquinazolinone was formed in 82% yield, whereas reactions carried out at 120 °C using 1 equivalent of Et₃N provided 1,2,3-triazolyl-quinazolinones in moderate-to-good yields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Organic Synthesis)

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Review

Jump to: Research

35 pages, 8307 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on the Green Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives and Their Pharmacological Activities

by Monica Nardi, Natividad Carolina Herrera Cano, Svilen Simeonov, Renata Bence, Atanas Kurutos, Rosa Scarpelli, Daniel Wunderlin and Antonio Procopio

Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 392; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal13020392 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6034

Abstract

Benzimidazoles and their derivatives play an extraordinarily significant role as therapeutic agents, e.g., antiulcer, analgesic, and anthelmintic drugs. The organic synthesis of benzimidazoles and derivatives to obtain active pharmacological compounds represents an important research area in organic chemistry. The use of non-environmental organic [...] Read more.

Benzimidazoles and their derivatives play an extraordinarily significant role as therapeutic agents, e.g., antiulcer, analgesic, and anthelmintic drugs. The organic synthesis of benzimidazoles and derivatives to obtain active pharmacological compounds represents an important research area in organic chemistry. The use of non-environmental organic compounds and application high energy synthetic methods, the production of waste, and the application of conventional toxic processes are a problem for the pharmaceutical industry and for these important drugs’ synthesis. The substituted benzimidazoles are summarized in this review to provide insight about their organic synthesis using ecofriendly methods, as well as their pharmacological activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Organic Synthesis)

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38 pages, 5792 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances of Green Catalytic System I₂/DMSO in C–C and C–Heteroatom Bonds Formation

by Jia-Qi Wang, Zhen-Yu Zuo and Wei He

Catalysts 2022, 12(8), 821; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12080821 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3050

Abstract

Developing a green, practical and efficient method for the formation of C–C and C–Heteroatom bonds is an important topic in modern organic synthetic chemistry. In recent years, the I₂/DMSO catalytic system has attracted wide attention because of its green, high efficiency, [...] Read more.

Developing a green, practical and efficient method for the formation of C–C and C–Heteroatom bonds is an important topic in modern organic synthetic chemistry. In recent years, the I₂/DMSO catalytic system has attracted wide attention because of its green, high efficiency, atomic economy, low cost, mild reaction conditions and it is environment-friendly, which is more in line with the requirements of sustainable chemistry. Heteroatom-containing compounds have shown lots of important applications in pharmaceutical synthesis, agrochemicals, material chemistry and organic dyes. At present, the I₂/DMSO catalytic system has been successfully applied to the synthesis of various heteroatom-containing compounds. The C–C and C–Heteroatom bonds have been formed efficiently, which has been proved to be a green and mild catalytic system. In this review, the research achievements of the I₂/DMSO catalytic system in the formation of C–C and C–Heteroatom bonds from 2015 to date are described, and the research area is prospected. This review attempts to reveal the general law of iodine catalysis and lay a foundation for the design of new reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Organic Synthesis)

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18 pages, 963 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Synthesis of Propylene Carbonate by Urea Alcoholysis—Recent Advances

by Łukasz Kotyrba, Anna Chrobok and Agnieszka Siewniak

Catalysts 2022, 12(3), 309; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12030309 - 09 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4354

Abstract

Organic carbonates are considered the chemicals of the future. In particular, propylene carbonate is widely used as a non-reactive solvent, plasticizer, fuel additive, and reagent, especially in the production of environmentally friendly polymers that are not harmful to human health. This paper reviews [...] Read more.

Organic carbonates are considered the chemicals of the future. In particular, propylene carbonate is widely used as a non-reactive solvent, plasticizer, fuel additive, and reagent, especially in the production of environmentally friendly polymers that are not harmful to human health. This paper reviews recent literature findings regarding the development of propylene carbonate synthetic methods starting from propane-1,2-diol and urea. The ammonia formed during the synthesis is recycled to obtain urea from carbon dioxide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Organic Synthesis)

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