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Catalysts
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Multicomponent Catalytic Reactions under Green Conditions
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Multicomponent Catalytic Reactions under Green Conditions

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Catalytic Reaction Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 10544

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Giovanna Bosica

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
Interests: organic synthesis; green chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis; one-pot and multicomponent reactions; natural products; heterocyclic compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Multicomponent Reactions (MCRs), where three or more starting materials are combined together and mostly incorporated in the final product, have a long history and brilliant future in green chemistry. MCRs are precious tools in the hands of a green synthetic chemist. The proper selection of the starting materials, the reaction conditions and the catalyst offer an even greener approach than traditional multicomponent reactions that were originally developed more than a century ago with no awareness of green chemistry principles. In fact, the efficiency, together with both the atom and step economy balance intrinsic to MCRs, can be further improved in addition to the overall greenness of the reaction when MCRs are combined with other environmentally benign synthetic methodologies including shorter and less solvent-intensive purification techniques.

Submissions to this Special Issue on “Multicomponent Reactions under Green Conditions” are welcome in the form of original research papers, reviews or communications that highlight the state of research in the development of novel or revisited Multicomponent Reactions under green conditions, ranging from heterogeneous catalysis to green solvents or solventless conditions, microwave and ultrasound-assisted reactions or any other environmentally-friendly C–C and C–heteroatom bond-forming methodologies following the principles of green and sustainable synthesis.

Prof. Dr. Giovanna Bosica
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Catalysts is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • multicomponent reaction
  • green chemistry
  • supported and unsupported catalysts
  • microwave
  • ultrasonication
  • green solvents
  • solventless conditions
  • biocatalysis
  • environmentally-friendly C–C and C–heteroatom bond formation
  • heterocyclic
  • acyclic
  • one-pot reactions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 11345 KiB  
Article
Polymer-Supported Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes and Their Catalytic Applications in One-Pot Multicomponent Reactions Producing Biologically Active 2,4,5-Trisubstituted-1H-imidazoles
by Mannar R. Maurya, Monojit Nandi, Akhil Patter, Fernando Avecilla and Kaushik Ghosh
Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 615; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal13030615 - 19 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1766
Abstract
Two new monobasic tridentate O⁀N⁀N donor ligands, HL1 (I) and HL2 (II) have been obtained in two steps by reacting phenylhydrazine and salicylaldehyde or 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde and then reacting the resulting compounds with 2-chloromethylbenzimidazole in the [...] Read more.
Two new monobasic tridentate O⁀N⁀N donor ligands, HL1 (I) and HL2 (II) have been obtained in two steps by reacting phenylhydrazine and salicylaldehyde or 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde and then reacting the resulting compounds with 2-chloromethylbenzimidazole in the presence of triethylamine. The reaction of [VIVO(acac)2] with these ligands in a 1:1 molar ratio in dry methanol led to the formation of homogeneous oxidovanadium(IV) complexes [VIVO(acac)L1] (1) and [VIVO(acac)L2] (2). Immobilization of these complexes on chloromethylated polystyrene (PS-Cl) cross-linked with divinyl benzene resulted in corresponding polymer-supported heterogeneous complexes PS-[VIVO(acac)L1] (3) and PS-[VIVO(acac)L2] (4). Ligands (I and II), homogeneous complexes (1 and 2) and heterogeneous complexes (3 and 4) have been characterized using elemental analysis and various spectroscopic techniques. A single crystal X-ray diffraction study of I and 1 further confirms their structures. The oxidation state IV of vanadium in these complexes was assured by recording their EPR spectra while heterogeneous complexes were further characterized using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). All vanadium complexes have been explored for their catalytic potential to one-pot-three-component reactions (reagents: benzil, ammonium acetate and various aromatic aldehydes) for the efficient synthesis of 2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole derivatives (nine examples). Various reaction conditions have been optimized to obtain a maximum yield (up to 96%) of catalytic products. It has been found that heterogeneous complexes show excellent catalytic activity and are recyclable up to five catalytic cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multicomponent Catalytic Reactions under Green Conditions)
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17 pages, 7517 KiB  
Article
Solvent-Free, One-Pot, Multicomponent Synthesis of Xanthene Derivatives
by Giovanna Bosica, Riccardo De Nittis and Ryan Borg
Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 561; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal13030561 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1787
Abstract
An efficient and environmentally benign one-pot condensation of cyclic diketones, aldehydes and naphthols was achieved with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2-2-2]octane supported on Amberlyst-15 as a novel catalyst, producing a variety of benzoxanthenones in good to excellent yields. The advantages of this multicomponent reaction include the use [...] Read more.
An efficient and environmentally benign one-pot condensation of cyclic diketones, aldehydes and naphthols was achieved with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2-2-2]octane supported on Amberlyst-15 as a novel catalyst, producing a variety of benzoxanthenones in good to excellent yields. The advantages of this multicomponent reaction include the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, solventless conditions and a simple methodology that is atom-economical and results in low E-factor values. A total of 17 xanthene derivatives, including two novel molecules, were synthesized and then characterized. Aromatic aldehydes carrying an electron-withdrawing group provided excellent yields. Appreciable results were also obtained using aliphatic aldehydes. The catalyst is fully recyclable and can be reused up to six times. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multicomponent Catalytic Reactions under Green Conditions)
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13 pages, 3407 KiB  
Article
Continuous Flow Photochemical Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-arylmethylene Isoxazole-5(4H)-ones through Organic Photoredox Catalysis and Investigation of Their Larvicidal Activity
by Ana Beatriz S. Sampaio, Mônica Shigemi S. Mori, Lorena C. Albernaz, Laila S. Espindola, Carlos Eduardo M. Salvador and Carlos Kleber Z. Andrade
Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 518; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal13030518 - 03 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1436
Abstract
Isoxazole-5(4H)-ones are heteropentacycle compounds found in several bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical and agrochemical properties. A well-known multicomponent reaction between β-ketoester, hydroxylamine, and aromatic aldehydes leads to 3-methyl-4-arylmethylene isoxazole-5(4H)-ones, in mild conditions. The initial purpose of this work was to investigate whether the reaction [...] Read more.
Isoxazole-5(4H)-ones are heteropentacycle compounds found in several bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical and agrochemical properties. A well-known multicomponent reaction between β-ketoester, hydroxylamine, and aromatic aldehydes leads to 3-methyl-4-arylmethylene isoxazole-5(4H)-ones, in mild conditions. The initial purpose of this work was to investigate whether the reaction might be induced by light, as described in previous works. Remarkable results were obtained using a high-power lamp, reducing reaction times compared to methodologies that used heating or catalysis. Since there are many examples of successful continuous flow heterocycle synthesis, including photochemical reactions, the study evolved to run the reaction in flow conditions and scale up the synthesis of isoxazolones using a photochemical reactor set-up. Eight different compounds were obtained, and among them, three showed larvicidal activity on immature forms of Aedes aegypti in tests that investigated its growth inhibitory character. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reactions occur through organic photoredox catalysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multicomponent Catalytic Reactions under Green Conditions)
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19 pages, 12047 KiB  
Article
Polymer-Supported Dioxidovanadium(V) Complex-Based Heterogeneous Catalyst for Multicomponent Biginelli Reaction Producing Biologically Active 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones
by Mannar R. Maurya, Akhil Patter, Devesh Singh and Kaushik Ghosh
Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 234; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal13020234 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1648
Abstract
Dioxidovanadium(V) complex [VVO2(sal-aebmz)] (1) (where Hsal-aebmz = Schiff base derived from the condensation of salicylaldehyde and 2-aminoethylbenzimidazole) has been immobilized on chloromethylated polystyrene (PS-Cl) cross-linked with divinylbenzene to obtain [VVO2(sal-aebmz)]@PS (2), [...] Read more.
Dioxidovanadium(V) complex [VVO2(sal-aebmz)] (1) (where Hsal-aebmz = Schiff base derived from the condensation of salicylaldehyde and 2-aminoethylbenzimidazole) has been immobilized on chloromethylated polystyrene (PS-Cl) cross-linked with divinylbenzene to obtain [VVO2(sal-aebmz)]@PS (2), a heterogeneous complex. Both complexes, after characterization, have been used as catalysts to explore a single pot multicomponent (benzaldehyde or its derivatives, urea and ethyl acetoacetate) Biginelli reaction producing biologically active 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-one (DHPM)-based biomolecules under solvent-free conditions in the presence of H2O2 as a green oxidant. Various reaction conditions such as amounts of catalyst and oxidant, temperature, time, and solvent have been optimized to obtain the maximum yield of DHPMs. The polymer-immobilized complex has been found to show excellent catalytic activity, giving ca. 95% yield of DHPMs under the optimized reaction conditions selectively. Oxidant plays an important role in enhancing the yield of DHPMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multicomponent Catalytic Reactions under Green Conditions)
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Review

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30 pages, 8297 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Multicomponent Reactions Catalysed under Operationally Heterogeneous Conditions
by Giovanna Bosica and Roderick Abdilla
Catalysts 2022, 12(7), 725; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12070725 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3167
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have been gaining significance and attention over the past decade because of their ability to furnish complex products by using readily available and simple starting materials while simultaneously eliminating the need to separate and purify any intermediates. More so, most [...] Read more.
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have been gaining significance and attention over the past decade because of their ability to furnish complex products by using readily available and simple starting materials while simultaneously eliminating the need to separate and purify any intermediates. More so, most of these products have been found to exhibit diverse biological activities. Another paradigm shift which has occurred contemporarily is the switch to heterogeneous catalysis, which results in additional benefits such as the reduction of waste and an increase in the safety of the process. More importantly, it allows the user to recover and reuse the catalyst for multiple runs. In summary, both methodologies adhere to the principles of green chemistry, a philosophy which needs to become overarchingly enshrined. The plethora of reactions and catalysts which have been developed gives hope that chemists are slowly changing their ideology. As a result, this review attempts to discuss multicomponent reactions catalysed by operationally heterogeneous catalysts in the past 10 years. In this review, a further distinction is made between the MCRs which lead to the formation of heterocycles and those which do not. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multicomponent Catalytic Reactions under Green Conditions)
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