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Catalysts
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Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials
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Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrocatalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2022) | Viewed by 22584

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Vera Bogdanovskaya

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 107076 Moscow, Russia
Interests: oxygen reduction reaction; bioelectrocatalysis; three groups of catalysts; water and aprotic electrolytes; lithium–oxygen battery; carbon materials; carbon nanotube, functionalization; N,P-doping carbon materials; core–shell structure; fuel cell; synthesis and research of electrocatalytic nanocomposite systems; corrosion testing; bifunctional nanocomposite for oxygen reaction; mechanism and path of reaction; requirements for cathode catalyst
Dr. Inna Vernigor

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Interests: electrocatalysts; electrocatalysis; carbon nanotubes; nanocomposite; corrosion testing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The present issue aims to combine in one journal a group of articles devoted to one of the most important areas in the field of catalysis, namely electrocatalysis. Electrocatalysts are among the most popular for practical use, primarily in processes of electrochemical energy and electrochemical sensors. Certain advances have been achieved in the field of electrocatalysts to produce catalysts without the need to use precious metals. These catalysts are similar in activity to platinum catalysts and have high corrosion resistance. They are associated with the use of carbon materials such as graphenes and carbon nanotubes subjected to various types of modification. The widespread use of carbon materials in the creation of nanocomposite electrocatalysts is due to the exceptional properties of carbon materials, such as electrical conductivity, and the ability to change their porous structure, surface size, and the composition of surface groups to increase the activity and stability of the reaction under study. However, until now a number of issues related to the targeted synthesis of nanocomposite catalytic systems have remained unclear.

In this Special Issue of Catalysts, we would like to highlight current achievements in the field of creating effective electrocatalysts, primarily in oxygen reactions, and to focus on establishing patterns that ensure the creation of the necessary properties in the nanocomposite catalytic system under development. Particular attention is focused on the development of new, promising ways to create active, stable, and selective nanocomposite catalysts for electrochemical energy processes and electrochemical sensors. We would like to thank all authors for sending your best papers for consideration in this Special Issue.

Prof. Vera Bogdanovskaya
Dr. Inna Vernigor
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Catalysts is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Synthesis nanocomposites
  • Electrocatalytic activities
  • Carbon materials
  • Carbon nanotubes
  • O,N-catalyst carrier modification
  • Oxygen reaction
  • Water and aprotic electrolyte
  • Corrosion stability
  • Tolerant
  • Oxygen reaction mechanism and path
  • Fuel cell
  • Metal–air battery

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 169 KiB  
Editorial
Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials
by Vera Bogdanovskaya and Inna Vernigor
Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 370; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal13020370 - 08 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 861
Abstract
Carbon materials (CM), including various allotropic forms of carbon, such as graphene, nanotubes, fullerenes, and other porous structures, are widely used in the synthesis of catalysts [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

13 pages, 1155 KiB  
Article
Theoretical and Cyclic Voltammetric Analysis of Asparagine and Glutamine Electrocatalytic Activities for Dopamine Sensing Applications
by Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash, B. E. Kumara Swamy, Roberto Flores-Moreno and Kayim Pineda-Urbina
Catalysts 2023, 13(1), 100; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal13010100 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2180
Abstract
The molecular dynamics and density functional theory (DFT) can be applied to discriminate electrocatalyst’s electron transfer (ET) properties. It will be interesting to discriminate the ET properties of green electrocatalysts such as amino acids. Here, we have used DFT to compare the electrocatalytic [...] Read more.
The molecular dynamics and density functional theory (DFT) can be applied to discriminate electrocatalyst’s electron transfer (ET) properties. It will be interesting to discriminate the ET properties of green electrocatalysts such as amino acids. Here, we have used DFT to compare the electrocatalytic abilities of asparagine and glutamine at the carbon paste electrode interface. Cyclic voltammetric results reveal that the electrocatalytic activities of aspargine are higher than glutamine for dopamine sensing. Dopamine requires less energy to bind with asparagine when compared to glutamine. Additionally, asparagine has higher electron-donating and accepting powers. Therefore, asparagine has a higher electrocatalytic activity than glutamine—the ability for the asparagine and glutamine carbon electrodes to detect dopamine in commercial injection, and to obtain satisfactory results. As a part of the work, we have also studied dopamine interaction with the modified carbon surface using molecular dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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17 pages, 5164 KiB  
Article
Effect of Modifying Carbon Materials with Metal Phthalocynines and Palladium on Their Catalytic Activity in ORR
by Andzhela Vladimirovna Bulanova, Roman Vladimirovich Shafigulin, Kirill Yurievich Vinogradov, Elena Olegovna Tokranova, Evgenia Andreevna Martynenko, Sergey Vladimirovich Vostrikov and Vladimir Vladimirovich Podlipnov
Catalysts 2022, 12(9), 1013; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12091013 - 07 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1459
Abstract
Bimetallic catalysts based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), graphene oxide (GO) and ultradispersed diamonds (UDD) supports for the process of electroreduction of oxygen from alkaline electrolyte were obtained using high-temperature synthesis. The materials were characterized by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron [...] Read more.
Bimetallic catalysts based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), graphene oxide (GO) and ultradispersed diamonds (UDD) supports for the process of electroreduction of oxygen from alkaline electrolyte were obtained using high-temperature synthesis. The materials were characterized by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray structure analysis. The synthesized bimetallic catalysts contain meso- and micropores. Based on the study by Raman spectroscopy, it is shown that high-temperature synthesis of MWCNT with metal phthalocyanines leads to doping of this material with nitrogen and the appearance of significant defects in the structure. Carbon nanotube-based catalysts showed enhanced activity compared to other carbon materials. Moreover, bimetallic catalysts based on cobalt phthalocyanine and palladium (MWCNT_CoPc_Pd) are characterized by higher activity on all carbon supports compared to materials contain on copper and palladium. The specific current density in the diffusion region of the MWCNT_CoPc_Pd catalyst is comparable to a commercial platinum electrode (Pt(20%)/C) and equals to 2.65 mA/cm2. The area of the electrochemically active surface of all the obtained catalysts was calculated from the CV data in a nitrogen atmosphere. The MWCNT_CoPc_Pd catalyst is characterized by high corrosivity: after 2500 revolutions, the current density in the diffusion region decreases by 7%, and, also, an increase in the values of E1/2 and Eonset is observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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14 pages, 3271 KiB  
Article
2D Graphene Sheets as a Sensing Material for the Electroanalysis of Zileuton
by Yogesh M. Shanbhag, Mahesh M. Shanbhag, Shweta J. Malode, S. Dhanalakshmi, Kunal Mondal and Nagaraj P. Shetti
Catalysts 2022, 12(8), 867; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12080867 - 06 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1439
Abstract
Zileuton (ZLT) is an active oral inhibitor of enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, and long-term intake and overdose of ZLT cause adverse effects, leading to critical conditions in patients. This is a well-recognized issue that necessitates a better approach for ZLT sensing. Given the increasing interest [...] Read more.
Zileuton (ZLT) is an active oral inhibitor of enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, and long-term intake and overdose of ZLT cause adverse effects, leading to critical conditions in patients. This is a well-recognized issue that necessitates a better approach for ZLT sensing. Given the increasing interest in ZLT sensing and the limitations of previous techniques, there is a need for a highly sensitive, robust, and fast operation method that is inexpensive and easy to use. Thus, for the sensitive detection and determination of ZLT, an electrochemical sensor based on graphene was fabricated. Graphene has excellent properties, such as high surface area, low toxicity, conductivity, and electroactive conjugation with biomolecules, making it suitable for sensing. The electrocatalytic property of graphene promotes the redox-coupled reaction of ZLT. Electrochemical investigation of the modifier was carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An optimization and analysis of the influence of different parameters on the electrochemical behavior of ZLT were carried out using the CV approach. The scan rate study aided in exploring the physicochemical properties of the electrode process, and two electrons with two protons were found to be involved in the electrooxidation of ZLT. The fabricated sensor showed a wide range of linearity with ZLT, from 0.3 µM to 100.0 µM, and the detection limit was evaluated as 0.03 µM under optimized conditions. The analysis of spiked urine samples, with good recovery values for percent RSD, provided support for the efficiency and applicability of the developed electrode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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13 pages, 1467 KiB  
Article
2D Nanomaterial—Based Electrocatalyst for Water Soluble Hydroperoxide Reduction
by Mariya Pimpilova, Vanina Ivanova-Kolcheva, Maria Stoyanova and Nina Dimcheva
Catalysts 2022, 12(8), 807; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12080807 - 23 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1619
Abstract
Hydroperoxides generated on lipid peroxidation are highly reactive compounds, tend to form free radicals, and their elevated levels indicate the deterioration of lipid samples. A good alternative to the classical methods for hydroperoxide monitoring are the electroanalytical methods (e.g., a catalytic electrode for [...] Read more.
Hydroperoxides generated on lipid peroxidation are highly reactive compounds, tend to form free radicals, and their elevated levels indicate the deterioration of lipid samples. A good alternative to the classical methods for hydroperoxide monitoring are the electroanalytical methods (e.g., a catalytic electrode for their redox-transformation). For this purpose, a series of metal oxides—doped graphitic carbon nitride 2D nanomaterials—have been examined under mild conditions (pH = 7, room temperature) as catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of two water-soluble hydroperoxides: hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Composition of the electrode modifying phase has been optimized with respect to the catalyst load and binding polymer concentration. The resulting catalytic electrode has been characterized by impedance studies, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Electrocatalytic effect of the Co-g-C3N4/Nafion modified electrode on the electrochemical reduction of both hydroperoxides has been proved by comparative studies. An optimal range of operating potentials from −0.215 V to −0.415 V (vs. RHE) was selected with the highest sensitivity achieved at −0.415 V (vs. RHE). At this operating potential, a linear dynamic range from 0.4 to 14 mM has been established by means of constant-potential chronoamperometry with a sensitivity, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that obtained with polymer-covered electrode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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13 pages, 3017 KiB  
Article
Novel CNT Supported Molybdenum Catalyst for Detection of L-Cysteine in Its Natural Environment
by Kadir Selçuk, Hilal Kivrak and Nahit Aktaş
Catalysts 2021, 11(12), 1561; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11121561 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2435
Abstract
In this study, novel carbon nanotube-supported Mo (Mo/CNT) catalysts were prepared with the sodium borohydride reduction method for the detection of L-cysteine (L-Cys, L-C). Mo/CNT catalysts were characterized with scanning electron microscopy with elemental dispersion X-ray (EDX-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance [...] Read more.
In this study, novel carbon nanotube-supported Mo (Mo/CNT) catalysts were prepared with the sodium borohydride reduction method for the detection of L-cysteine (L-Cys, L-C). Mo/CNT catalysts were characterized with scanning electron microscopy with elemental dispersion X-ray (EDX-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrometry (UV-vis), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. The results of these advanced surface characterization techniques revealed that the catalysts were prepared successfully. Electrochemical measurements were employed to construct a voltammetric L-C sensor based on Mo/CNT catalyst by voltammetric techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Further measurements were carried out with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Mo/CNT/GCE exhibited excellent performance for L-C detection with a linear response in the range of 0–150 µM, with a current sensitivity of 200 mA/μM cm2 (0.0142 μA/μM), the lowest detection limit of 0.25 μM, and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3). Interference studies showed that the Mo/CNT/GCE electrode was not affected by D-glucose, uric acid, L-tyrosine, and L-trytophane, commonly interfering organic structures. Natural sample analysis was also accomplished with acetyl L-C. Mo/CNT catalyst is a promising material as a sensor for L-C detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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12 pages, 2188 KiB  
Article
Influence of Chemical Activation Temperatures on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Material Structure, Pore Size Distribution and Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity
by Aleksandrs Volperts, Ance Plavniece, Kätlin Kaare, Galina Dobele, Aivars Zhurinsh and Ivar Kruusenberg
Catalysts 2021, 11(12), 1460; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11121460 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2075
Abstract
The goal of this research was to synthesize activated nitrogen-doped nanocarbons with high specific surface area and adjustable pore size distribution using wood charcoal as a raw material. The resulting carbon materials were tested for possible application as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts in [...] Read more.
The goal of this research was to synthesize activated nitrogen-doped nanocarbons with high specific surface area and adjustable pore size distribution using wood charcoal as a raw material. The resulting carbon materials were tested for possible application as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts in alkaline media. Activated carbons were obtained using a thermochemical activation method with NaOH. Nitrogen was introduced into activated carbons using dicyandiamide solution. It was demonstrated that the content of introduced nitrogen depends on oxygen content in the structure of the activated carbon. The oxygen reduction reaction activity of the activated and nitrogen-doped carbon material was comparable with a commercial 20% Pt/C catalyst. Electrocatalytic properties of the synthesized N-doped wood-derived carbon catalysts may be associated with the highly developed surface area, specific ratio of micro- and mesopores, as well as the high percentage of pyridinic nitrogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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11 pages, 1202 KiB  
Article
Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Surface Properties and Activity in Oxygen Reduction Reaction
by Vera Bogdanovskaya, Inna Vernigor, Marina Radina, Vladimir Sobolev, Vladimir Andreev and Nadezhda Nikolskaya
Catalysts 2021, 11(11), 1354; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11111354 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2159
Abstract
In order to develop highly efficient and stable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that do not contain precious metals, it is necessary to modify carbon nanotubes (CNT) and define the effect of the modification on their activity in the ORR. In this [...] Read more.
In order to develop highly efficient and stable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that do not contain precious metals, it is necessary to modify carbon nanotubes (CNT) and define the effect of the modification on their activity in the ORR. In this work, the modification of CNTs included functionalization by treatment in NaOH or HNO3 (soft and hard conditions, respectively) and subsequent doping with nitrogen (melamine was used as a precursor). The main parameters that determine the efficiency of modified CNT in ORR are composition and surface area (XPS, BET), hydrophilic–hydrophobic surface properties (method of standard contact porosimetry (MSP)) and zeta potential (dynamic light scattering method). The activity of CNT in ORR was assessed following half-wave potential, current density within kinetic potential range and the electrochemically active surface area (SEAS). The obtained results show that the modification of CNT with oxygen-containing groups leads to an increase in hydrophilicity and, consequently, SEAS, as well as the total (overall) current. Subsequent doping with nitrogen ensures further increase in SEAS, higher zeta potential and specific activity in ORR, reflected in the shift of the half-wave potential by 150 mV for CNTNaOH-N and 110 mV for CNTHNO3-N relative to CNTNaOH and CNTHNO3, respectively. Moreover, the introduction of N into the structure of CNTHNO3 increases their corrosion stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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22 pages, 5431 KiB  
Article
Mn-Ni-Co-O Spinel Oxides towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Medium: Mn0.5Ni0.5Co2O4/C Synergism and Cooperation
by Thabo Matthews, Tarekegn Heliso Dolla, Sandile Surprise Gwebu, Tebogo Abigail Mashola, Lihle Tshepiso Dlamini, Emanuela Carleschi, Patrick Ndungu and Nobanathi Wendy Maxakato
Catalysts 2021, 11(9), 1059; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11091059 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2922
Abstract
Mn-doped spinel oxides MnxNi1−xCo2O4 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1) were synthesized using the citric acid-assisted sol–gel method. The Mn0.5Ni0.5Co2O4 (x = 0.5) supported on carbon nanosheets, [...] Read more.
Mn-doped spinel oxides MnxNi1−xCo2O4 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1) were synthesized using the citric acid-assisted sol–gel method. The Mn0.5Ni0.5Co2O4 (x = 0.5) supported on carbon nanosheets, Mn0.5Ni0.5Co2O4/C, was also prepared using the same method employing NaCl and glucose as a template and carbon source, respectively, followed by pyrolysis under an inert atmosphere. The electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity was performed in alkaline media. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to investigate the oxygen reduction performance of MnxNi1−xCo2O4 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1), and Mn0.5Ni0.5Co2O4 was found to be the best-performing electrocatalyst. Upon supporting the Mn0.5Ni0.5Co2O4 on a carbon sheet, the electrocatalytic activity was significantly enhanced owing to its large surface area and the improved charge transfer brought about by the carbon support. Rotating disk electrode studies show that the ORR electrocatalytic activity of Mn0.5Ni0.5Co2O4/C proceeds via a four-electron pathway. Mn0.5Ni0.5Co2O4/C was found to possess E1/2(V) = 0.856, a current density of 5.54 mA cm−2, and a current loss of approximately 0.11% after 405 voltammetric scan cycles. This study suggests that the interesting electrocatalytic performance of multimetallic transition metal oxides can be further enhanced by supporting them on conductive carbon materials, which improve charge transfer and provide a more active surface area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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15 pages, 1424 KiB  
Article
Nanocomposite Cathode Catalysts Containing Platinum Deposited on Carbon Nanotubes Modified by O, N, and P Atoms
by Vera Bogdanovskaya, Inna Vernigor, Marina Radina, Vladimir Andreev and Oleg Korchagin
Catalysts 2021, 11(3), 335; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11030335 - 05 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1784
Abstract
Platinum deposited on dispersed materials has so far been the most demanded catalyst for creating cathodes for a wide range of electrochemical power sources. This paper sets out to investigate the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) modification by O, N, and P atoms [...] Read more.
Platinum deposited on dispersed materials has so far been the most demanded catalyst for creating cathodes for a wide range of electrochemical power sources. This paper sets out to investigate the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) modification by O, N, and P atoms on the structural, electrocatalytic, and corrosion properties of the as-synthesized monoplatinum catalysts. The investigated Pt/CNTmod catalysts showed an increased electrochemically active platinum surface area and electrical conductivity, as well as an increased catalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline electrolytes. The improved characteristics of Pt/CNT catalysts are explained by alterations in the composition and number of groups, which are formed on the CNT surface, and their electronic structure. By the sum of the main characteristics, Pt/CNTHNO3+N and Pt/CNTHNO3+NP are the most promising catalysts for use as cathode materials in alkaline media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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13 pages, 4242 KiB  
Article
A “Superaerophobic” Se-Doped CoS2 Porous Nanowires Array for Cost-Saving Hydrogen Evolution
by Yan Tan, Yijun Yin, Xianhong Yin, Chenghao Lan, Yu Wang, Feilong Hu, Qin Huang and Yan Mi
Catalysts 2021, 11(2), 169; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11020169 - 27 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2429
Abstract
The pursuit of low-cost and high-efficiency catalyst is imperative for the development and utilization of hydrogen energy. Heteroatomic doping which is conducive to the redistribution of electric density is one of the promising strategies to improve catalytic activity. Herein, the Se-doped CoS2 [...] Read more.
The pursuit of low-cost and high-efficiency catalyst is imperative for the development and utilization of hydrogen energy. Heteroatomic doping which is conducive to the redistribution of electric density is one of the promising strategies to improve catalytic activity. Herein, the Se-doped CoS2 porous nanowires array with a superaerophobic surface was constructed on carbon fiber. Due to the electronic modulation and the unique superaerophobic structure, it showed improved hydrogen evolution activity and stability in urea-containing electrolyte. At a current density of 10 mA cm−2, the overpotentials are 188 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 1.46 V for urea oxidation reaction (UOR). When it was set as a cell, the voltage is low as 1.44 V. Meanwhile, the current densities of HER and UOR, as well as of cell remained basically unchanged after a continuous operation for 48 h. This work opens up a new idea for designing of cost-saving hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Materials)
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