Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Photocatalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 27930

Special Issue Editors

Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
Interests: Adsorption and removal of pollutants from wastewater; Study of photocatalytic processes for degradation of harmful substances; Realization of thin films by Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaefer deposition techniques; Study and chemical-physical characterization of photosensitizing molecules for applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT); Study and application of supramolecular chemistry.

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photocatalysts are extensively investigated for their promising properties in the generation of hydrogen by the water-splitting process, air purification, production of CH4 by CO2 reduction, inactivation of microorganisms and disinfection of water, degradation of various classes of organic and inorganic contaminants such as pesticides, dyes, drugs, etc. The structural features of photocatalysts can be further tuned to improve their stability, light absorption efficiency and photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the synthesis of innovative composite nanocatalysts makes these materials easily recoverable and recyclable for subsequent runs.

Due to the interesting potentiality of photocatalysts, original studies of new and efficient catalytic devices for environmental applications are highly desirable.

Dr. Paola Semeraro
Prof. Dr. Roberto Comparelli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Catalysts is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Synthesis and application of photocatalysts in environmental remediation
  • Physical and chemical characterizations of photocatalysts
  • Functionalization procedures and surface modifications of photocatalysts
  • Photocatalysis reaction mechanisms
  • Environmental safety
  • Wastewater treatment

Published Papers (11 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 171 KiB  
Editorial
Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry
by Paola Semeraro and Roberto Comparelli
Catalysts 2024, 14(3), 174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal14030174 - 28 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 625
Abstract
The removal of contaminants from wastewater, which are produced by human activities, and the development of new means of renewable energy production are the main issues that need to be addressed to solve environmental problems [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

18 pages, 7717 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Investigation of CuFe2O4 for the Degradation of Dyes under Visible Light
by Thayane Portela Oliveira, Samuel Filgueiras Rodrigues, Gleison Neres Marques, Rayssa Cristina Viana Costa, Charlyanne Gabriela Garçone Lopes, Clodualdo Aranas, Jr., Alex Rojas, José Hilton Gomes Rangel and Marcelo Moizinho Oliveira
Catalysts 2022, 12(6), 623; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12060623 - 06 Jun 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2547
Abstract
The CuFe2O4 photocatalysts were synthesized by the solution combustion synthesis method, followed by heat treatment at a temperature range of 400 to 1100 °C. Later, they were characterized for application in the photodegradation of synthetic dyes under visible radiation. The [...] Read more.
The CuFe2O4 photocatalysts were synthesized by the solution combustion synthesis method, followed by heat treatment at a temperature range of 400 to 1100 °C. Later, they were characterized for application in the photodegradation of synthetic dyes under visible radiation. The X-ray diffraction results showed the presence of cubic and tetragonal phases of CuFe2O4 and secondary phases of Fe2O3 and CuO, at low temperatures. The infrared spectrum profile confirms the formation of the phases pointed out in the XRD. For most specimens, the scanning electron microscopy examination revealed a morphology similar to porous flakes and a quasi-spherical shape. On the other hand, samples heat-treated at 1100 °C displayed a plate-like morphology. The specimens’ band gap ranged from 1.49 to 1.58 eV, indicating that the material is a semiconductor. Regarding the photocatalytic efficiency, the 400 °C heat-treated samples showed better activity when the visible irradiation was used over the green malachite and rhodamine B dyes. The solution degradation rates on the first and former dyes were 56.60% and 84.30%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2637 KiB  
Article
Fabrication and Characterization of a Marine Wet Solar Cell with Titanium Dioxide and Copper Oxides Electrodes
by Htoo Nay Wunn, Shinichi Motoda and Motoaki Morita
Catalysts 2022, 12(1), 99; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12010099 - 15 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2023
Abstract
One of the effective ways of utilizing marine environments is to generate energy, power, and hydrogen via the effect of photocatalysts in the seawater. Since the ocean is vast, we are able to use its large area, but the power generation system must [...] Read more.
One of the effective ways of utilizing marine environments is to generate energy, power, and hydrogen via the effect of photocatalysts in the seawater. Since the ocean is vast, we are able to use its large area, but the power generation system must be of low cost and have high durability against both force and corrosion. In order to meet those requirements, this study focuses on the fabrication of a novel marine wet solar cell composed of a titanium dioxide photoanode and a copper oxide photocathode. These electrodes were deposited on type 329J4L stainless steel, which possesses relative durability in marine environments. This study focuses on the characterization of the photocatalytic properties of electrodes in seawater. Low-cost manufacturing processes of screen-printing and vacuum vapor deposition were applied to produce the titanium dioxide and copper oxides electrodes, respectively. We investigated the photopotential of the electrodes, along with the electrochemical properties and cell voltage properties of the cell. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) of the copper oxides electrode was analyzed in association with the loss of photocatalytic effect in the copper oxides electrode. Although the conversion efficiency of the wet cell was less than 1%, it showed promising potential for use in marine environments with low-cost production. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the cell was also conducted, from which impedance values regarding the electrical properties of electrodes and their interfaces of charge-transfer processes were obtained. This study focuses on the early phase of the marine wet solar cell, which should be further studied for long-term stability and in actual marine environmental applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5684 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Ficus elastica Mediated Zinc Oxide-Zirconium Dioxide Nanocatalyst at Elevated Calcination Temperature: Physicochemical Study
by Sirajul Haq, Humma Afsar, Israf Ud Din, Pervaiz Ahmad, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Hamid Osman, Sultan Alamri, Muhammad Imran Shahzad, Nadia Shahzad, Wajid Rehman and Muhammad Waseem
Catalysts 2021, 11(12), 1481; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11121481 - 03 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2054
Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine 6G dye was achieved using a Ficus elastica (F. elastic) leaf extract mediated zinc oxide-zirconium dioxide nanocatalyst (ZnO-ZrO2 NC) under stimulated solar light, resulting in a substantial increase in photocatalytic activity at the highest calcination temperature. The [...] Read more.
The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine 6G dye was achieved using a Ficus elastica (F. elastic) leaf extract mediated zinc oxide-zirconium dioxide nanocatalyst (ZnO-ZrO2 NC) under stimulated solar light, resulting in a substantial increase in photocatalytic activity at the highest calcination temperature. The crystal phase and crystallite size were determined using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and the degree of crystallinity was observed to rise with increasing calcination temperature. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used to investigate the elemental composition and purity of ZnO-ZrO2 NC. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the surface morphology, and the morphological characteristics were altered when the calcination temperature was varied. For the ZnO-ZrO2 NC calcined at 100, 300, 600, and 900 °C, the average grain size determined from SEM images is 79.56 nm, 98.78 (2) nm, 54.86 (2) nm, and 67.43 (2) nm, respectively. Using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) data, the optical band gap energy was calculated using a Tauc’s plot. The ZnO in ZnO-ZrO2 NC calcined at 100, 300, 600, and 900 °C had band gap energies of 3.31, 3.36, 3.38, and 3.29 eV. Similarly, ZrO2 in ZnO-ZrO2 NC calcined at 100, 300, 600, and 900 °C had band gap energies of 3.96, 3.99, 3.97, and 4.01 eV, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the presence of various functional groups. The photocatalytic activity was also examined in relation to calcination temperature, pH, starting concentration, and catalyst dosage. Enhanced photocatalytic activity was observed at pH 11 and 15 ppm initial concentration with a catalyst dose of 25 mg. The photocatalytic activity of the sample calcined at 900 °C was the highest, with 98.94 percent of the dye mineralized in 330 min at a degradation rate of 0.01261/min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3573 KiB  
Article
Photo-Fenton Oxidation of Methyl Orange Dye Using South African Ilmenite Sands as a Catalyst
by Alicia Levana Butt, John Kabangu Mpinga and Shepherd Masimba Tichapondwa
Catalysts 2021, 11(12), 1452; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11121452 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2000
Abstract
In this study, the viability of South African ilmenite sands as a catalyst in the photo-Fenton-like degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye was investigated. The mineralogy and other properties of the material were characterized. Complete decolorization occurred under acidic conditions (pH < 4) [...] Read more.
In this study, the viability of South African ilmenite sands as a catalyst in the photo-Fenton-like degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye was investigated. The mineralogy and other properties of the material were characterized. Complete decolorization occurred under acidic conditions (pH < 4) in the presence of ilmenite and H2O2. Light irradiation accelerated the rate of reaction. Parameter optimization revealed that a pH of 2.5, UVB irradiation, 2 g/L catalyst loading, and a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 1.0 mM were required. Under these conditions, complete decolorization was observed after 45 min. Degradation kinetics were best described by the pseudo-first order (PFO) model. Rate constants of 0.095 and 0.034 min−1 were obtained for 5 and 20 mg/L MO concentrations, respectively. A 37% total organic carbon removal was observed after 60 min. This suggests a stepwise MO degradation pathway with intermediate formation rather than complete mineralization. Although iron leaching was detected, the mineralogy of the catalyst recovered after the reaction was similar to the fresh catalyst. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5331 KiB  
Article
Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline in Aqueous Solution Using Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles
by Murendeni P. Ravele, Opeyemi A. Oyewo, Sam Ramaila, Lydia Mavuru and Damian C. Onwudiwe
Catalysts 2021, 11(10), 1238; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11101238 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2410
Abstract
In this paper, spherical-shaped pure phase djurleite (Cu31S16) and roxbyite (Cu7S4) nanoparticles were prepared by a solvothermal decomposition of copper(II) dithiocarbamate complex in dodecanthiol (DDT). The reaction temperature was used to control the phases of [...] Read more.
In this paper, spherical-shaped pure phase djurleite (Cu31S16) and roxbyite (Cu7S4) nanoparticles were prepared by a solvothermal decomposition of copper(II) dithiocarbamate complex in dodecanthiol (DDT). The reaction temperature was used to control the phases of the samples, which were represented as Cu31S16 (120 °C), Cu31S16 (150 °C), Cu7S4 (220 °C), and Cu7S4 (250 °C) and were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and absorption spectroscopy. The samples were used as photocatalysts for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible light irradiation. The results of the study showed that Cu7S4 (250 °C) exhibited the best activity in the reaction system with the TC degradation rate of up to 99% within 120 min of light exposure, while the Cu31S16 (120 °C) system was only 46.5% at the same reaction condition. In general, roxbyite Cu7S4 (250 °C) could be considered as a potential catalyst for the degradation of TC in solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5378 KiB  
Article
Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B and Methylene Orange Using TiO2-ZrO2 as Nanocomposite
by Víctor Ruíz-Santoyo, Virginia F. Marañon-Ruiz, Rafael Romero-Toledo, Oscar Arturo González Vargas and Alejandro Pérez-Larios
Catalysts 2021, 11(9), 1035; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11091035 - 27 Aug 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3149
Abstract
The present research reports the synthesis of ZrO2-doped TiO2 photocatalysts at different ZrO2 contents (1, 3 and 5% wt.) synthesized by the sol–gel method. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, [...] Read more.
The present research reports the synthesis of ZrO2-doped TiO2 photocatalysts at different ZrO2 contents (1, 3 and 5% wt.) synthesized by the sol–gel method. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the ZrO2-doped TiO2 was investigated against the dyes methyl orange and rhodamine B through mineralization studies. The ZrO2-doped TiO2 samples presented a semiglobular-ovoid agglomerate shape around 500–800 nm. The samples presented high crystallinity of the TiO2 anatase phase, XPS suggested the formation of Zr–O–Ti bonds and the samples were classified as mesoporous materials with slight changes in the optical features in comparison with pure TiO2. Our study shows that the ZrO2-doped TiO2 composites exhibited a higher photocatalytic activity than just utilizing the synthetized TiO2 and a commercial P25. The different degradation behaviors are attributed to differences in the textural properties, and to the different optical absorptions of the samples due to structural defects created by the level of doping of Zr4+ ions into the TiO2 lattice. Reaction kinetics parameters were calculated by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, and a third run cycle of the ZrO2-doped TiO2 at 1% wt. achieved a photocatalytic degradation of 78.1 and 75.5% for RhB and MO, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3110 KiB  
Article
Controlled Synthesis of CuS and Cu9S5 and Their Application in the Photocatalytic Mineralization of Tetracycline
by Murendeni P. Ravele, Opeyemi A. Oyewo and Damian C. Onwudiwe
Catalysts 2021, 11(8), 899; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11080899 - 25 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2823
Abstract
Pure-phase Cu2−xS (x = 1, 0.2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by the thermal decomposition of copper(II) dithiocarbamate as a single-source precursor in oleylamine as a capping agent. The compositions of the Cu2−xS nanocrystals varied from CuS [...] Read more.
Pure-phase Cu2−xS (x = 1, 0.2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by the thermal decomposition of copper(II) dithiocarbamate as a single-source precursor in oleylamine as a capping agent. The compositions of the Cu2−xS nanocrystals varied from CuS (covellite) through the mixture of phases (CuS and Cu7.2S4) to Cu9S5 (digenite) by simply varying the temperature of synthesis. The crystallinity and morphology of the copper sulfides were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which showed pure phases at low (120 °C) and high (220 °C) temperatures and a mixture of phases at intermediate temperatures (150 and 180 °C). Covellite was of a spherical morphology, while digenite was rod shaped. The optical properties of these nanocrystals were characterized by UV−vis–NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Both samples had very similar absorption spectra but distinguishable fluorescence properties and exhibited a blue shift in their band gap energies compared to bulk Cu2−xS. The pure phases were used as catalysts for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible-light irradiation. The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic activity of the digenite phase exhibited higher catalytic degradation of 98.5% compared to the covellite phase, which showed 88% degradation within the 120 min reaction time using 80 mg of the catalysts. The higher degradation efficiency achieved with the digenite phase was attributed to its higher absorption of the visible light compared to covellite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4427 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Ag-TiO2/Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+,Dy3+ Photocatalyst on Phosphor Beads and Its Photoreaction Characteristics
by Seong-Rak Eun, Shielah Mavengere and Jung-Sik Kim
Catalysts 2021, 11(2), 261; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11020261 - 15 Feb 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2615
Abstract
Long-lasting Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+,Dy3+ phosphor beads were prepared with inorganic sodium silicate binders and coated to support Ag-doped TiO2 catalyst by the sol–gel coating method. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that Ag [...] Read more.
Long-lasting Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+,Dy3+ phosphor beads were prepared with inorganic sodium silicate binders and coated to support Ag-doped TiO2 catalyst by the sol–gel coating method. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that Ag and TiO2 were loaded on the bead surface. Photocatalytic degradation of toluene volatile organic compound was evaluated under ultraviolet and visible light through 410 nm filters. The photocatalyst/phosphor beads of Ag-TiO2/Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+,Dy3+ decorated with 0.035 M Ag in N2 and N2-H2 atmospheres exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiencies compared with beads heat treated in air. A low amount of Ag impregnation and the reducing atmosphere of N2/N2-H2 were beneficial for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency because Ag-doping in TiO2 imparted low energy levels for visible light sensitization. The synthesized powder-free beads possess compressive strength for possible applications, and easy recovery of the photocatalysts is beneficial for preventing any secondary pollution of nano-powders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 10797 KiB  
Article
Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Cr(VI) Reduction by Lead Molybdate Wrapped with D-A Conjugated Polymer under Visible Light
by Ding Liu, Yin Wang, Xiao Xu, Yonggang Xiang, Zixin Yang and Pei Wang
Catalysts 2021, 11(1), 106; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11010106 - 13 Jan 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1571
Abstract
Well-designed composite photocatalysts are of increasing concern due to their enhanced catalytic performance compared to a single component. Here, a photocatalyst composed of PbMoO4 (PMO) and poly-benzothiadiazole (BBT, a D-A-conjugated polymer) was successfully synthesized by BBT polymerization on the surface of the [...] Read more.
Well-designed composite photocatalysts are of increasing concern due to their enhanced catalytic performance compared to a single component. Here, a photocatalyst composed of PbMoO4 (PMO) and poly-benzothiadiazole (BBT, a D-A-conjugated polymer) was successfully synthesized by BBT polymerization on the surface of the PMO. The resultant BBT-PMO with a heterojunction structure represented an enhanced ability to reduce highly toxic heavy metal Cr(VI) from water under visible light irradiation. The 16.7% BBT-PMO(N, nanoscale) showed the best performance. The corresponding kobs over the 16.7% BBT-PMO(N) was 26-fold (or 53-fold) of that over the pure BBT (or pristine PMO(N)), and this activity was maintained after four cycles. The reasons for its good performance are discussed in detail based on the experimental results. Moreover, the synthesis of the BBT in situ of the PMO also altered the morphology of the BBT component, increasing the specific surface area of the BBT-PMO(N) and endowing it with the ability to adsorb Cr(VI). Additionally, the photocatalyst was also environmentally friendly as such a wrapped structure could sustain the high stability of the PMO without dissociation. This work provides a good strategy for efficient photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction by designing an organic–inorganic hybrid system with high redox capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

15 pages, 866 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Use of Semiconductors as Catalysts in the Photocatalytic Inactivation of Microorganisms
by Elzahraa A. Elgohary, Yasser Mahmoud A. Mohamed, Hossam A. El Nazer, Oussama Baaloudj, Mohammed S. S. Alyami, Atef El Jery, Aymen Amine Assadi and Abdeltif Amrane
Catalysts 2021, 11(12), 1498; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11121498 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4215
Abstract
Obtaining clean and high-quality water free of pathogenic microorganisms is a worldwide challenge. Various techniques have been investigated for achieving an effective removal or inactivation of these pathogenic microorganisms. One of those promising techniques is photocatalysis. In recent years, photocatalytic processes used semiconductors [...] Read more.
Obtaining clean and high-quality water free of pathogenic microorganisms is a worldwide challenge. Various techniques have been investigated for achieving an effective removal or inactivation of these pathogenic microorganisms. One of those promising techniques is photocatalysis. In recent years, photocatalytic processes used semiconductors as photocatalysts. They were widely studied as a green and safe technology for water disinfection due to their high efficiency, being non-toxic and inexpensive, and their ability to disinfect a wide range of microorganisms under UV or visible light. In this review, we summarized the inactivation mechanisms of different waterborne pathogenic microorganisms by semiconductor photocatalysts. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of semiconductors photocatalysts, especially titanium dioxide, under visible light is limited and hence needs further improvements. Several strategies have been studied to improve their efficiencies which are briefly discussed in this review. With the developing of nanotechnology, doping with nanomaterials can increase and promote the semiconductor’s photocatalytic efficiency, which can enhance the deactivation or damage of a large number of waterborne pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we present an overview of antimicrobial effects for a wide range of nano-photocatalysts, including titanium dioxide-based, other metal-containing, and metal-free photocatalysts. Promising future directions and challenges for materials research in photocatalytic water disinfection are also concluded in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Photocatalysts in Environmental Chemistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop