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Ceramics
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Ceramics for Biomedical Applications
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Ceramics for Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Ceramics (ISSN 2571-6131).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2019) | Viewed by 36964

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Laurent Gremillard

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Guest Editor
Materials: Engineering and Science Laboratory, Univ-Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, France
Interests: biomaterials; ceramics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jérôme Chevalier

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Materials Science Department, MATEIS, University of Lyon, INSA-LYON, UMR CNRS, 5510 Lyon, France
Interests: biomaterials; ceramics; mechanics of materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of ceramics for biomedical applications keeps increasing, as does the number of bioceramic systems being studied in our laboratories. The ecosystem of bioceramics is now much richer than it was 20 or 30 years ago, thanks, in particular, to the development of third-generation biomaterials that combine materials and biological factor to elicit faster healing. However, extensive research on third-generation bioceramics must not omit the first and second generations that are still very much in use and even in growing volumes. Indeed, bioinert ceramics now possess the right properties to replace metals in many load-bearing applications where tribology is an issue. In most cases, bioactive ceramics are now bioactive enough to replace the “gold standard” autologous bone grafts.

Ceramics wishes to publish a Special Issue establishing a state of the art on the research on these three generations of bioceramics. Short communications, full articles and reviews are welcome on any of the following topics (non-exhaustive list):

  • Oxide and non-oxide ceramics and composites for joint replacement: processing, mechanical properties, durability, biocompatibility;
  • Ceramics, glasses and glass ceramics for dental applications: processing, mechanical properties, optical properties, joining, surface treatments;
  • Ceramics, glasses and composites for bone replacement, bone healing or tissue engineering, including cements, organic-inorganic composites, drug-loaded materials;
  • Ceramic and glass coatings for improved biological interactions: new processes, innovative compositions, coatings on metals or polymers;
  • Ceramic nanoparticles for biological applications: drug delivery devices, contrast agents;
  • Novel processing methods for bioceramics: novel syntheses routes, additive fabrication, methods for production of architectured ceramics;
  • Novel testing methods for bioceramics: progresses in mimicking the biological environment of bioceramics, combined mechanical, chemical and biological solicitations.

Dr. Laurent Gremillard
Prof. Jérôme Chevalier
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Ceramics is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biological interactions
  • bone filling
  • dental
  • joint replacement
  • bioceramics and glasses
  • processing
  • characterization
  • properties

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 4932 KiB  
Communication
Is a Zirconia Dental Implant Safe When It Is Available on the Market?
by Katarina Frigan, Jérôme Chevalier, Fei Zhang and Benedikt Christopher Spies
Ceramics 2019, 2(4), 568-577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics2040044 - 12 Oct 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4030
Abstract
The market share of zirconia (ZrO2) dental implants is steadily increasing. This material comprises a polymorphous character with three temperature-dependent crystalline structures, namely monoclinic (m), tetragonal (t) and cubic (c) phases. Special attention is given to the tetragonal phase when maintained [...] Read more.
The market share of zirconia (ZrO2) dental implants is steadily increasing. This material comprises a polymorphous character with three temperature-dependent crystalline structures, namely monoclinic (m), tetragonal (t) and cubic (c) phases. Special attention is given to the tetragonal phase when maintained in a metastable state at room temperature. Metastable tetragonal grains allow for the beneficial phenomenon of Phase Transformation Toughening (PTT), resulting in a high fracture resistance, but may lead to an undesired surface transformation to the monoclinic phase in a humid environment (low-temperature degradation, LTD, often referred to as ‘ageing’). Today, the clinical safety of zirconia dental implants by means of long-term stability is being addressed by two international ISO standards. These standards impose different experimental setups concerning the dynamic fatigue resistance of the final product (ISO 14801) or the ageing behavior of a standardized sample (ISO 13356) separately. However, when evaluating zirconia dental implants pre-clinically, oral environmental conditions should be simulated to the extent possible by combining a hydrothermal treatment and dynamic fatigue. For failure analysis, phase transformation might be quantified by non-destructive techniques, such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) or Raman spectroscopy, whereas Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of cross-sections or Focused Ion Beam (FIB) sections might be used for visualization of the monoclinic layer growth in depth. Finally, a minimum load should be defined for static loading to fracture. The purpose of this communication is to contribute to the current discussion on how to optimize the aforementioned standards in order to guarantee clinical safety for the patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Biomedical Applications)
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14 pages, 4184 KiB  
Article
Osteogenic Enhancement of Zirconia-Toughened Alumina with Silicon Nitride and Bioglass®
by Giuseppe Pezzotti, Elia Marin, Matteo Zanocco, Francesco Boschetto, Wenliang Zhu, Bryan J. McEntire, B. Sonny Bal, Tetsuya Adachi, Toshiro Yamamoto, Narisato Kanamura and Osam Mazda
Ceramics 2019, 2(4), 554-567; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ceramics2040043 - 04 Oct 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3394
Abstract
Alumina (Al2O3) ceramic implants do not stimulate osteoblasts in vivo. Surface alterations targeted at changing the chemistry or topography have been proposed to enhance the bioactivity of alumina. This surface modification is intended to improve oxide bioceramic’s ability to [...] Read more.
Alumina (Al2O3) ceramic implants do not stimulate osteoblasts in vivo. Surface alterations targeted at changing the chemistry or topography have been proposed to enhance the bioactivity of alumina. This surface modification is intended to improve oxide bioceramic’s ability to integrate with the biological environment and, in particular, to rapidly osteointegrate. In this study, the surface of zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) was functionalized using two methods: (i) Surface laser-patterning and successive filling of patterned wells with powder mixtures of bioglass and Si3N4; and, (ii) Si3N4 coating by pulse-laser sintering. Functionalized ZTA surfaces were characterized with vibrational spectroscopy, biological testing, and laser microscopy. Both enhancements resulted in osteoblast activation, a property that is relevant to osteosynthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Biomedical Applications)
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14 pages, 2734 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Kinematic Conditions and Variations in Component Positioning on the Severity of Edge Loading and Wear of Ceramic-on-Ceramic Hip Bearings
by Murat Ali, Mazen Al-Hajjar, John Fisher and Louise M. Jennings
Ceramics 2019, 2(3), 488-501; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ceramics2030037 - 01 Aug 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3146
Abstract
Dynamic separation and direct edge loading of hip replacement bearings can be caused by many factors, including implant positioning, implant design, changes in device over time, surgical variations and patient variations. Such dynamic separation and direct edge loading can lead to increased wear. [...] Read more.
Dynamic separation and direct edge loading of hip replacement bearings can be caused by many factors, including implant positioning, implant design, changes in device over time, surgical variations and patient variations. Such dynamic separation and direct edge loading can lead to increased wear. Different input kinematic conditions have been used for experimental hip simulator studies to produce clinically relevant elliptical contact wear paths between the bearings during gait. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of input kinematics (two axes of rotation simulation conditions (without abduction/adduction) and three axes of rotation simulation conditions (with abduction/adduction and different loading profiles) and variations in component positioning (different levels of medial-lateral translational mismatch at standard and steep cup inclination angles) on the occurrence, severity of edge loading, dynamic separation and wear of size 36 mm ceramic-on-ceramic hip bearings on an electromechanical hip joint simulator. The results showed that, overall, either of the two axes or three axes input profiles were equally valid in providing a suitable preclinical testing method for assessing the occurrence and severity of edge loading and wear under edge loading conditions. In terms of component positioning, as cup inclination and medial-lateral translational mismatch increased, so did dynamic separation, axial load at the rim, severity of edge loading and wear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Biomedical Applications)
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13 pages, 1902 KiB  
Article
Functionalization of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics: Raman Mapping Investigation of Silanization
by David Siniscalco, Maggy Dutreilh-Colas, Zahi Hjezi, Julie Cornette, Nadia El Felss, Eric Champion and Chantal Damia
Ceramics 2019, 2(2), 372-384; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ceramics2020029 - 22 May 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4338
Abstract
Surface modification of bioceramic materials by covalent immobilization of biomolecules is a promising way to improve their bioactivity. This approach implies the use of organic anchors to introduce functional groups on the inorganic surface on which the biomolecules will be immobilized. In this [...] Read more.
Surface modification of bioceramic materials by covalent immobilization of biomolecules is a promising way to improve their bioactivity. This approach implies the use of organic anchors to introduce functional groups on the inorganic surface on which the biomolecules will be immobilized. In this process, the density and surface distribution of biomolecules, and in turn the final biological properties, are strongly influenced by those of the anchors. We propose a new approach based on Raman 2D mapping to evidence the surface distribution of organosilanes, frequently used as anchors on biomaterial surfaces on hydroxyapatite and silicated hydroxyapatite ceramics. Unmodified and silanized ceramic surfaces were characterized by means of contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman mapping. Contact angle measurements and AFM topographies confirmed the surface modification. Raman mapping highlighted the influence of both the ceramic’s composition and silane functionality (i.e., the number of hydrolysable groups) on the silane surface distribution. The presence of hillocks was shown, evidencing a polymerization and/or an aggregation of the molecules whatever the silane and the substrates were. The substitution of phosphate groups by silicate groups affects the covering, and the spots are more intense on SiHA than on HA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Biomedical Applications)
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15 pages, 5119 KiB  
Article
Evidence of Phase Transitions and Their Role in the Transient Behavior of Mechanical Properties and Low Temperature Degradation of 3Y-TZP Made from Stabilizer-Coated Powder
by Frank Kern
Ceramics 2019, 2(2), 271-285; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ceramics2020022 - 03 Apr 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3646
Abstract
The substance 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) has become a commodity for the manufacture of components in biomedical and engineering applications. Materials made from stabilizer-coated rather than co-precipitated starting powders are known for their superior toughness and low temperature ageing resistance. The [...] Read more.
The substance 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) has become a commodity for the manufacture of components in biomedical and engineering applications. Materials made from stabilizer-coated rather than co-precipitated starting powders are known for their superior toughness and low temperature ageing resistance. The reason for this phenomenon is however still not fully understood. In this study, 3Y-TZP materials hot pressed at 1300–1450 °C for 1 h were characterized. It was found that at a sintering temperature of 1375 °C, a transition from fine grain to coarse grain microstructure associated with a shift from tough and ageing resistant to brittle and prone to ageing was observed. The detailed analysis of the phase composition by X-ray diffraction revealed that TZPs consists of up to five crystallographically different phases of zirconia simultaneously whose contents dynamically change with sintering temperature. At low sintering temperature, the predominant phases are a tetragonal phase with low yttria content and large domain size and high tetragonality together with a cubic phase of high yttria content. At high temperature, a tetragonal phase of higher yttria content and lower tetragonality is formed together with a cubic phase of lower yttria content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Biomedical Applications)
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11 pages, 11630 KiB  
Article
Coatings Based on Organic/Non-Organic Composites on Bioinert Ceramics by Using Biomimetic Co-Precipitation
by Tomasz Engelmann, Gaëlle Desante, Norina Labude, Stephan Rütten, Rainer Telle, Sabine Neuss and Karolina Schickle
Ceramics 2019, 2(2), 260-270; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ceramics2020021 - 03 Apr 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3044
Abstract
Bioinert ceramics have been commonly used in the field of orthopedic and dentistry due to their excellent mechanical properties, esthetic look, good biocompatibility and chemical inertness. However, an activation of its bioinert surface could bring additional advantages for better implant-integration in vivo. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Bioinert ceramics have been commonly used in the field of orthopedic and dentistry due to their excellent mechanical properties, esthetic look, good biocompatibility and chemical inertness. However, an activation of its bioinert surface could bring additional advantages for better implant-integration in vivo. Therefore, we introduce an innovative biomimetic co-precipitation technique by using modified simulated body fluid (SBF) to obtain a composite coating made of organic/non-organic components. The zirconia samples were soaked in SBF containing different concentrations of protein (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 g/l). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was applied as a standard protein. During the soaking time, a precipitation of calcium phosphate took place on the substrate surfaces. The proteins were incorporated into the coating during precipitation. Morphology changes of precipitated hydroxyapatite (HAp) due to the presence of proteins were observed on SEM-images. The presence of proteins within the coating was proven by using SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and immunohistochemical analysis. We conclude that it is possible to co-precipitate the organic/non-organic composite on inert ceramic by using the wet-chemistry method. In future studies, BSA could be replaced by targeted proteins appropriate to the application area. This method could create new biomaterials, the surfaces of which could be tailored according to the desires and requirements of their use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Biomedical Applications)
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10 pages, 1545 KiB  
Article
Ammonium Hydroxide Mediated Hydrothermal Crystallization of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium Substrate
by Katarzyna Suchanek, Marcin Perzanowski, Janusz Lekki, Martyna Strąg and Marta Marszałek
Ceramics 2019, 2(1), 180-189; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ceramics2010016 - 19 Mar 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3828
Abstract
Controlled growth of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings on titanium substrate plays an important role in the fabrication of the composites for bone tissue engineering. We describe the synthesis of the crystalline hydroxyapatite coatings on the Ti/TiO2 substrate through a hydrothermal method by using [...] Read more.
Controlled growth of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings on titanium substrate plays an important role in the fabrication of the composites for bone tissue engineering. We describe the synthesis of the crystalline hydroxyapatite coatings on the Ti/TiO2 substrate through a hydrothermal method by using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) and varying concentrations of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) in calcium-phosphate precursor solution. Na2EDTA serves as a chelating agent, while NH4OH is used as an alkaline source and crystal growth modifier. We characterized the HAp coatings using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. We also performed the elemental chemical analysis by means of a particle induced x–ray emission method. Our results show that there is a pH limit for which the hydrothermal deposition of HAp on titanium occurs. Moreover, we observed that NH4OH had a measurable influence on the coating thickness as well as on the size and shape of the HAp crystals. We found that with the increase of NH4OH concentration, the thickness of the Hap layer increases and its morphology changes from irregular flakes to well-defined hexagonal rods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Biomedical Applications)
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18 pages, 6864 KiB  
Article
Calcium Phosphate Powder Synthesized from Calcium Acetate and Ammonium Hydrophosphate for Bioceramics Application
by Tatiana Safronova, Valery Putlayev, Yaroslav Filippov, Tatiana Shatalova, Evgeny Karpushkin, Dmitrii Larionov, Gilyana Kazakova and Yury Shakhtarin
Ceramics 2018, 1(2), 375-392; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ceramics1020030 - 15 Dec 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4852
Abstract
Calcium phosphate powder was synthesized at room temperature from aqueous solutions of ammonium hydrophosphate and calcium acetate without pH adjusting at constant Ca/P molar ratio 1.5. Phase composition of the as-synthesized powder depended on the precursors concentration: At 2.0 M of calcium acetate [...] Read more.
Calcium phosphate powder was synthesized at room temperature from aqueous solutions of ammonium hydrophosphate and calcium acetate without pH adjusting at constant Ca/P molar ratio 1.5. Phase composition of the as-synthesized powder depended on the precursors concentration: At 2.0 M of calcium acetate in the starting solution, poorly crystallized hydroxyapatite was formed, 0.125 M solution of calcium acetate afforded brushite, and the powders synthesized from 0.25–1.0 M calcium acetate solutions were mixtures of the mentioned phases. Firing at 1100 °C led to complete elimination of the reaction by-products, yet the phase composition of the annealed compacted samples was the following: When 2.0 M solution of calcium acetate was used, the obtained ceramics consisted of β-Ca3(PO4)2, whereas at 0.125 to 1.0 M of calcium acetate, the ceramics was a mixture of β-Ca3(PO4)2 and β-Ca2P2O7. Synthesized calcium phosphate powders can be used as the powdered precursors for biocompatible bioresorbable composite ceramics production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Biomedical Applications)
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Review

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9 pages, 1114 KiB  
Review
Direct Laser Interference Patterning of Bioceramics: A Short Review
by Douglas Fabris, Andrés Fabián Lasagni, Márcio C. Fredel and Bruno Henriques
Ceramics 2019, 2(4), 578-586; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ceramics2040045 - 28 Oct 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4237
Abstract
Bioceramics are a great alternative to use in implants due to their excellent biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. Depending on their composition, bioceramics can be classified into bioinert and bioactive, which relate to their interaction with the surrounding living tissue. Surface morphology also [...] Read more.
Bioceramics are a great alternative to use in implants due to their excellent biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. Depending on their composition, bioceramics can be classified into bioinert and bioactive, which relate to their interaction with the surrounding living tissue. Surface morphology also has great influence on the implant biological behavior. Controlled texturing can improve osseointegration and reduce biofilm formation. Among the techniques to produce nano- and micropatterns, laser texturing has shown promising results due to its excellent accuracy and reproducibility. In this work, the use of laser techniques to improve surface morphology of biomaterials is reviewed, focusing on the application of direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) technique in bioceramics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Biomedical Applications)
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