Coordination Polymers and Metal-Organic Frameworks: Structures and Applications—A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Christoph Janiak on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday

A special issue of Chemistry (ISSN 2624-8549). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemistry of Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 32118

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Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Building 1095, Mattenstrasse 22, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
Interests: light harvesting using inorganic coordination complexes as dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs); development of emissive complexes for application in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs); water splitting and water oxidation catalysts; functional coordination polymers and networks; chemical education
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Dear Friends and Colleagues

This themed issue of Chemistry is in honor of Professor Christoph Janiak on the occasion of his 60th birthday, and celebrates his innovative contributions to the fields of supramolecular chemistry, coordination polymers, networks and metal-organic frameworks, inorganic/organic hybrid materials and inorganic materials from ionic liquids.

Professor Janiak currently holds a Chair in Bioinorganic Chemistry and Catalysis at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf and his research interests span metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), coordination polymers, chirality, supramolecular interactions and metal nanoparticles in ionic liquids. Two of his seminal reviews have influenced many of us working in the fields of heterocyclic chemistry and coordination networks: "A critical account on π–π stacking in metal complexes with aromatic nitrogen-containing ligands" (Dalton Trans. 2000, 3885) and "Engineering coordination polymers towards applications" (Dalton Trans. 2003, 2781), which have been cited close to 6000 times.

I hope that this Special Issue will bring together a wide range of contributions to provide a fitting celebration of the fields of chemistry close to Christoph Janiak's heart, and will give the international inorganic and materials chemistry community an opportunity to celebrate with Christoph on the occasion of his 60th birthday.

Prof. Dr. Catherine Housecroft
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 191 KiB  
Editorial
Coordination Polymers and Metal-Organic Frameworks: Structures and Applications—A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Christoph Janiak on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday
by Catherine E. Housecroft
Chemistry 2021, 3(3), 831-833; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3030060 - 28 Jul 2021
Viewed by 1364
Abstract
This themed issue of Chemistry is in honor of Professor Christoph Janiak on the occasion of his 60th birthday, and celebrates his innovative contributions to the fields of supramolecular chemistry, coordination polymers, networks and metal-organic frameworks, inorganic/organic hybrid materials and inorganic materials from [...] Read more.
This themed issue of Chemistry is in honor of Professor Christoph Janiak on the occasion of his 60th birthday, and celebrates his innovative contributions to the fields of supramolecular chemistry, coordination polymers, networks and metal-organic frameworks, inorganic/organic hybrid materials and inorganic materials from ionic liquids [...] Full article

Research

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6 pages, 819 KiB  
Communication
Electrochemical Switching of First-Generation Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts (DASAs): An Alternative Stimulus for Triene Cyclisation
by Nicholas D. Shepherd, Harrison S. Moore, Jonathon E. Beves and Deanna M. D’Alessandro
Chemistry 2021, 3(3), 728-733; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3030051 - 07 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2202
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are a photo-switch class that undergoes triene cyclisation in response to visible light. Herein, electrochemical oxidation is demonstrated as an effective alternative stimulus for the triene cyclisation commonly associated with photo-switching. Full article
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7 pages, 1654 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Structural Defects on Iodine Adsorption in UiO-66
by John Maddock, Xinchen Kang, Lifei Liu, Buxing Han, Sihai Yang and Martin Schröder
Chemistry 2021, 3(2), 525-531; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3020037 - 12 Apr 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3155
Abstract
Radioactive I2 (iodine) produced as a by-product of nuclear fission poses a risk to public health if released into the environment, and it is thus vital to develop materials that can capture I2 vapour. Materials designed for the capture and storage [...] Read more.
Radioactive I2 (iodine) produced as a by-product of nuclear fission poses a risk to public health if released into the environment, and it is thus vital to develop materials that can capture I2 vapour. Materials designed for the capture and storage of I2 must have a high uptake capacity and be stable for long-term storage due the long half-life of 129I. UiO-66 is a highly stable and readily tuneable metal-organic framework (MOF) into which defect sites can be introduced. Here, a defective form of UiO-66 (UiO-66-FA) was synthesised and the presence of missing cluster moieties confirmed using confocal fluorescence microscopy and gas sorption measurements. The uptake of I2 vapour in UiO-66-FA was measured using thermal gravimetric analysis coupled mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) to be 2.25 g g−1, almost twice that (1.17 g g−1) of the pristine UiO-66. This study will inspire the design of new efficient I2 stores based upon MOFs incorporating structural defects. Full article
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29 pages, 8344 KiB  
Article
New Syntheses, Analytic Spin Hamiltonians, Structural and Computational Characterization for a Series of Tri-, Hexa- and Hepta-Nuclear Copper (II) Complexes with Prototypic Patterns
by Ana Maria Toader, Maria Cristina Buta, Fanica Cimpoesu, Andrei-Iulian Toma, Christina Marie Zalaru, Ludmila Otilia Cinteza and Marilena Ferbinteanu
Chemistry 2021, 3(1), 411-439; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3010031 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2870
Abstract
We present a series of pyrazolato-bridged copper complexes with interesting structures that can be considered prototypic patterns for tri-, hexa- and hepta- nuclear systems. The trinuclear shows an almost regular triangle with a μ3-OH central group. The hexanuclear has identical monomer [...] Read more.
We present a series of pyrazolato-bridged copper complexes with interesting structures that can be considered prototypic patterns for tri-, hexa- and hepta- nuclear systems. The trinuclear shows an almost regular triangle with a μ3-OH central group. The hexanuclear has identical monomer units, the Cu6 system forming a regular hexagon. The heptanuclear can be described as two trinuclear moieties sandwiching a central copper ion via carboxylate bridges. In the heptanuclear system, the pyrazolate bridges are consolidating the triangular faces, which are sketching an elongated trigonal antiprism. The magnetic properties of these systems, dominated by the strong antiferromagnetism along the pyrazolate bridges, were described transparently, outlining the energy levels formulas in terms of Heisenberg exchange parameters J, within the specific topologies. We succeeded in finding a simple Kambe-type resolution of the Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian for the rather complex case of the heptanuclear. In a similar manner, the weak intermolecular coupling of two trimer units (aside from the strong exchange inside triangles) was resolved by closed energy formulas. The hexanuclear can be legitimately proposed as a case of coordination-based aromaticity, since the phenomenology of the six-spins problem resembles the bonding in benzene. The Broken-Symmetry Density Functional Theory (BS-DFT) calculations are non-trivial results, being intrinsically difficult at high nuclearities. Full article
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13 pages, 2691 KiB  
Article
Spin-Crossover 2-D Hofmann Frameworks Incorporating an Amide-Functionalized Ligand: N-(pyridin-4-yl)benzamide
by Xandria Ong, Manan Ahmed, Luonan Xu, Ashley T. Brennan, Carol Hua, Katrina A. Zenere, Zixi Xie, Cameron J. Kepert, Benjamin J. Powell and Suzanne M. Neville
Chemistry 2021, 3(1), 360-372; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3010026 - 01 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3057
Abstract
Two analogous 2-D Hofmann-type frameworks, which incorporate the novel ligand N-(pyridin-4-yl)benzamide (benpy) [FeII(benpy)2M(CN)4]·2H2O (M = Pd (Pd(benpy)) and Pt (Pt(benpy))) are reported. The benpy ligand was explored to facilitate spin-crossover [...] Read more.
Two analogous 2-D Hofmann-type frameworks, which incorporate the novel ligand N-(pyridin-4-yl)benzamide (benpy) [FeII(benpy)2M(CN)4]·2H2O (M = Pd (Pd(benpy)) and Pt (Pt(benpy))) are reported. The benpy ligand was explored to facilitate spin-crossover (SCO) cooperativity via amide group hydrogen bonding. Structural analyses of the 2-D Hofmann frameworks revealed benpy-guest hydrogen bonding and benpy-benpy aromatic contacts. Both analogues exhibited single-step hysteretic spin-crossover (SCO) transitions, with the metal-cyanide linker (M = Pd or Pt) impacting the SCO spin-state transition temperature and hysteresis loop width (Pd(benpy): T½↓↑: 201, 218 K, ∆T: 17 K and Pt(benpy): T½↓↑: 206, 226 K, ∆T: 20 K). The parallel structural and SCO changes over the high-spin to low-spin transition were investigated using variable-temperature, single-crystal, and powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. These studies indicated that the ligand–guest interactions facilitated by the amide group acted to support the cooperative spin-state transitions displayed by these two Hofmann-type frameworks, providing further insight into cooperativity and structure–property relationships. Full article
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11 pages, 3213 KiB  
Article
Fluorescent Detection of Carbon Disulfide by a Highly Emissive and Robust Isoreticular Series of Zr-Based Luminescent Metal Organic Frameworks (LMOFs)
by Ever Velasco, Yuki Osumi, Simon J. Teat, Stephanie Jensen, Kui Tan, Timo Thonhauser and Jing Li
Chemistry 2021, 3(1), 327-337; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3010024 - 01 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3159
Abstract
Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a highly volatile neurotoxic species. It is known to cause atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease and contributes significantly to sulfur-based pollutants. Therefore, effective detection and capture of carbon disulfide represents an important aspect of research efforts for [...] Read more.
Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a highly volatile neurotoxic species. It is known to cause atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease and contributes significantly to sulfur-based pollutants. Therefore, effective detection and capture of carbon disulfide represents an important aspect of research efforts for the protection of human and environmental health. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of two strongly luminescent and robust isoreticular metal organic frameworks (MOFs) Zr63-O)4(OH)8(tcbpe)2(H2O)4 (here termed 1) and Zr63-O)4(OH)8(tcbpe-f)2(H2O)4 (here termed 2) and their use as fluorescent sensors for the detection of carbon disulfide. Both MOFs demonstrate a calorimetric bathochromic shift in the optical bandgap and strong luminescence quenching upon exposure to carbon disulfide. The interactions between carbon disulfide and the frameworks are analyzed by in-situ infrared spectroscopy and computational modelling by density functional theory. These results reveal that both the Zr metal node and organic ligand act as the preferential binding sites and interact strongly with carbon disulfide. Full article
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19 pages, 4840 KiB  
Article
Dimensionality Control in Crystalline Zinc(II) and Silver(I) Complexes with Ditopic Benzothiadiazole-Dipyridine Ligands
by Teodora Mocanu, Nataliya Plyuta, Thomas Cauchy, Marius Andruh and Narcis Avarvari
Chemistry 2021, 3(1), 269-287; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3010020 - 12 Feb 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2511
Abstract
Three 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-based ligands decorated with two pyridyl groups, 4,7-di(2-pyridyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol (2-PyBTD), 4,7-di(3-pyridyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol (3-PyBTD) and 4,7-di(4-pyridyl)-2,1,3 benzothiadiazol (4-PyBTD), generate ZnII and AgI complexes with a rich structural variety: [Zn(hfac)2(2-PyBTD)] 1, [Zn2(hfac)4(2-PyBTD)] 2, [Ag(CF3SO [...] Read more.
Three 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-based ligands decorated with two pyridyl groups, 4,7-di(2-pyridyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol (2-PyBTD), 4,7-di(3-pyridyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol (3-PyBTD) and 4,7-di(4-pyridyl)-2,1,3 benzothiadiazol (4-PyBTD), generate ZnII and AgI complexes with a rich structural variety: [Zn(hfac)2(2-PyBTD)] 1, [Zn2(hfac)4(2-PyBTD)] 2, [Ag(CF3SO3)(2-PyBTD)]23, [Ag(2-PyBTD)]2(SbF6)24, [Ag2(NO3)2(2-PyBTD)(CH3CN)] 5, [Zn(hfac)2(3-PyBTD)] 6, [Zn(hfac)2(4-PyBTD)] 7, [ZnCl2(4-PyBTD)2] 8 and [ZnCl2(4-PyBTD)] 9 (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonato). The nature of the resulting complexes (discrete species or coordination polymers) is influenced by the relative position of the pyridyl nitrogen atoms, the nature of the starting metal precursors, as well as by the synthetic conditions. Compounds 1 and 8 are mononuclear and 2, 3 and 4 are binuclear species. Compounds 6, 7 and 9 are 1D coordination polymers, while compound 5 is a 2D coordination polymer, the metal ions being bridged by 2-PyBTD and nitrato ligands. The solid-state architectures are sustained by intermolecular π–π stacking interactions established between the pyridyl group and the benzene ring from the benzothiadiazol moiety. Compounds 1, 2, 79 show luminescence in the visible range. Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) calculations have been performed on the ZnII complexes 1 and 2 in order to disclose the nature of the electronic transitions and to have an insight on the modulation of the photophysical properties upon complexation. Full article
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13 pages, 5111 KiB  
Article
Neutral and Cationic Chelidonate Coordination Polymers with N,N′-Bridging Ligands
by Rosa Carballo, Ana Belén Lago, Arantxa Pino-Cuevas, Olaya Gómez-Paz, Nuria Fernández-Hermida and Ezequiel M. Vázquez-López
Chemistry 2021, 3(1), 256-268; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3010019 - 11 Feb 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2082
Abstract
The biomolecule chelidonic acid (H2chel, 4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) has been used to build new coordination polymers with the bridging N,N′-ligands 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4-bipy) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpe). Four compounds have been obtained as single crystals: 1D cationic coordination polymers [...] Read more.
The biomolecule chelidonic acid (H2chel, 4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) has been used to build new coordination polymers with the bridging N,N′-ligands 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4-bipy) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpe). Four compounds have been obtained as single crystals: 1D cationic coordination polymers [M(4,4-bipy)(OH2)4]2+ with chelidonate anions and water molecules in the second coordination sphere in 1[Zn(4,4-bipy)(H2O)4]chel·3H2O (2) and in the two pseudopolymorphic 1[Cu(4,4-bipy)(H2O)4]chel·nH2O (n = 3, 4a; n = 6, 4b), and the 2D neutral coordination polymers 2[Zn(chel)(4,4-bipy)(H2O)]·2H2O (1) and 2[Zn(chel)(bpe)(H2O)]·H2O (3) where the chelidonate anion acts as a bridging ligand. The effects of the hydrogen bonds on the crystal packing were analyzed. The role of the water molecules hosted within the crystals lattices was also studied. Full article
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29 pages, 7816 KiB  
Article
Functionalised Terpyridines and Their Metal Complexes—Solid-State Interactions
by Young Hoon Lee, Jee Young Kim, Sotaro Kusumoto, Hitomi Ohmagari, Miki Hasegawa, Pierre Thuéry, Jack Harrowfield, Shinya Hayami and Yang Kim
Chemistry 2021, 3(1), 199-227; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3010016 - 05 Feb 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3348
Abstract
Analysis of the weak interactions within the crystal structures of 33 complexes of various 4′-aromatic derivatives of 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tpy) shows that interactions that exceed dispersion are dominated, as expected, by cation⋯anion contacts but are associated with both ligand–ligand and ligand–solvent contacts, [...] Read more.
Analysis of the weak interactions within the crystal structures of 33 complexes of various 4′-aromatic derivatives of 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tpy) shows that interactions that exceed dispersion are dominated, as expected, by cation⋯anion contacts but are associated with both ligand–ligand and ligand–solvent contacts, sometimes multicentred, in generally complicated arrays, probably largely determined by dispersion interactions between stacked aromatic units. With V(V) as the coordinating cation, there is evidence that the polarisation of the ligand results in an interaction exceeding dispersion at a carbon bound to nitrogen with oxygen or fluorine, an interaction unseen in the structures of M(II) (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru and Cd) complexes, except when 1,2,3-trimethoxyphenyl substituents are present in the 4′-tpy. Full article
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17 pages, 5222 KiB  
Article
Manipulating the Conformation of 3,2′:6′,3″-Terpyridine in [Cu2(μ-OAc)4(3,2′:6′,3″-tpy)]n 1D-Polymers
by Dalila Rocco, Samantha Novak, Alessandro Prescimone, Edwin C. Constable and Catherine E. Housecroft
Chemistry 2021, 3(1), 182-198; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3010015 - 02 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2327
Abstract
We report the preparation and characterization of 4′-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (1), 4′-(4′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (2), 4′-(4′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (3), 4′-(4′-bromo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (4), and 4′-(4′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (5), and their reactions with copper(II) acetate. Single-crystal structures of the [Cu2(μ-OAc)4L] [...] Read more.
We report the preparation and characterization of 4′-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (1), 4′-(4′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (2), 4′-(4′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (3), 4′-(4′-bromo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (4), and 4′-(4′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine (5), and their reactions with copper(II) acetate. Single-crystal structures of the [Cu2(μ-OAc)4L]n 1D-coordination polymers with L = 15 have been determined, and powder X-ray diffraction confirms that the single crystal structures are representative of the bulk samples. [Cu2(μ-OAc)4(1)]n and [Cu2(μ-OAc)4(2)]n are isostructural, and zigzag polymer chains are present which engage in π-stacking interactions between [1,1′-biphenyl]pyridine units. 1D-chains nest into one another to give 2D-sheets; replacing the peripheral H in 1 by an F substituent in 2 has no effect on the solid-state structure, indicating that bifurcated contacts (H...H for 1 or H...F for 2) are only secondary packing interactions. Upon going from [Cu2(μ-OAc)4(1)]n and [Cu2(μ-OAc)4(2)]n to [Cu2(μ-OAc)4(3)]n, [Cu2(μ-OAc)4(4)]n, and [Cu2(μ-OAc)4(5)]n·nMeOH, the increased steric demands of the Cl, Br, or Me substituent induces a switch in the conformation of the 3,2′:6′,3″-tpy metal-binding domain, and a concomitant change in dominant packing interactions to py–py and py–biphenyl face-to-face π-stacking. The study underlines how the 3,2′:6′,3″-tpy domain can adapt to different steric demands of substituents through its conformational flexibility. Full article
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12 pages, 2970 KiB  
Article
Coordination Polymers Constructed from Semi-Rigid N,N′-Bis(3-pyridyl)terephthalamide and Dicarboxylic Acids: Effect of Ligand Isomerism, Flexibility, and Identity
by Chia-Jou Chen, Chia-Ling Chen, Yu-Hsiang Liu, Wei-Te Lee, Ji-Hong Hu, Pradhumna Mahat Chhetri and Jhy-Der Chen
Chemistry 2021, 3(1), 1-12; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3010001 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
Reactions of the semi-rigid N,N′-bis(3-pyridyl)terephthalamide (L) with divalent metal salts in the presence of dicarboxylic acids afforded [Cd(L)0.5(1,2-BDC)(H2O)]n (1,2-H2BDC = benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid), 1, {[Cd(L)1.5(1,3-BDC)(H [...] Read more.
Reactions of the semi-rigid N,N′-bis(3-pyridyl)terephthalamide (L) with divalent metal salts in the presence of dicarboxylic acids afforded [Cd(L)0.5(1,2-BDC)(H2O)]n (1,2-H2BDC = benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid), 1, {[Cd(L)1.5(1,3-BDC)(H2O)]·5H2O}n (1,3-H2BDC = benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid), 2a, {[Cd(1,3-BDC)(H2O)3]·2H2O}n, 2b, {[Cd(L)0.5(1,4-BDC)(H2O)2]·H2O}n (1,4-H2BDC = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid), 3, and [Cu(L)0.5(5-tert-IPA)]n (5-tert-IPA = 5-tert-butylbenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid), 4, which have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 3 are two-dimensional (2D) layers with the bey and the hcb topologies, and 2a and 2b are one-dimensional (1D) ladder and zigzag chain, respectively, while 4 shows a 3-fold interpenetrated three-dimensional (3D) net with the cds topology. The structures of these coordination polymers containing the semi-rigid L ligands are subject to the donor atom positions and the identity of the dicarboxylate ligands, which are in marked contrast to those obtained from the flexible bis-pyridyl-bis-amide ligands that form self-catenated nets. The luminescence of 1 and 3 and thermal properties of complexes 1, 3, and 4 are also discussed. Full article
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

13 pages, 3604 KiB  
Review
Cluster-Based Coordination Polymers of Mn/Fe-Oxo Pivalates and Isobutyrates
by Svetlana Baca and Paul Kögerler
Chemistry 2021, 3(1), 314-326; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemistry3010023 - 24 Feb 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2326
Abstract
Polynuclear coordination clusters can be readily arranged in cluster-based coordination polymers (CCPs) by appropriate bridging linkers. This review provides an overview of our recent developments in exploring structurally well-defined Mn/Fe-oxo pivalate and isobutyrate building blocks in the formation of CCPs assemblies with an [...] Read more.
Polynuclear coordination clusters can be readily arranged in cluster-based coordination polymers (CCPs) by appropriate bridging linkers. This review provides an overview of our recent developments in exploring structurally well-defined Mn/Fe-oxo pivalate and isobutyrate building blocks in the formation of CCPs assemblies with an emphasis on synthetic strategies and magnetic properties. Full article
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