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Chemosensors
Special Issues
Chemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring
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Chemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring

A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 26955

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Michele Penza

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department for Sustainability, Division of Sustainable Materials, Laboratory Functional Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Applications-Brindisi Research Center, Km 706, Strada Statale 7, Appia, I-72100 Brindisi, Italy
Interests: sensor materials; functional materials; gas sensors; air quality sensor systems; sensor technology development; environmental measurements; urban air quality sensor networks; smart cities applications; environmental sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Vasu Kilaru

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
U.S. E.P.A.,Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, USA
Interests: platforms for data analytics and visualization for sensor data; sensor data & metadata standards; use ofontologies and semantic web technologies for exposure science
Mr. Ron Williams

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
US EPA Emerging Technologies Project Lead National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Interests: environmental monitoring techniques; exposure monitoring; emerging sensor technologies; sensor performance; air quality sensor applications; urban air quality monitoring

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Air quality monitoring based on emerging low-cost sensor technologies has become increasingly popular for several applications, such as citizen science, community sensing, public health protection, environmental information needs, and smart city planning.

Wireless sensor networks used in air quality monitoring generally take advantage of simple deployment, cost-effective arrangement, low-power consumption, possibly battery-free, but periodical calibration, on-site maintenance and qualified staff are necessary for long-term operation.

Current sensor technologies include numerous types of transducers and system configurations, evolving quickly with different open questions and considerable challenges, sometimes unknown to the users. Understanding the limitations and capabilities of current sensor technologies for air quality monitoring is a key issue to ensure good data quality in reporting. The evaluation of sensor performance for air quality monitoring by networked low-cost sensor-systems is crucial for future applications in real scenarios and the Internet of Things context.

This Special Issue will focus on understanding sensor technology, gas sensors, particulate matter sensors, greenhouse gas devices, sensor-nodes, hardware innovations, data communications, system integration, sensor evaluation, processing/corrections algorithms, new solutions, and applications for air pollution problems. Proper calibration techniques are necessary, both in the laboratory and in field applications of single sensors and networked sensor-systems. Wireless sensor networks combined with modelling and chemical weather forecasting will be given special attention in the context of smart city applications, case-studies of air quality experimental campaigns and environmental measurements in urban hot spots.

In this Special Issue, we intend to invite front-line researchers and authors to submit original researches and review articles on exploring Chemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Low cost air quality sensors
  • Gas sensors
  • PM sensors and detectors
  • GHG sensors
  • Sensor system nodes
  • System development
  • Sensor algorithms and calibration
  • Wireless sensor networks
  • Urban air pollution monitoring
  • Environmental measurements
  • Air quality sensor performance evaluation
  • Chemical weather forecasting and modelling
  • Citizen science and community sensing
  • Smart cities applications
  • Air quality sensor IoT applications
  • Case-studies of air quality campaigns
  • New concepts and trends in air quality
Dr. Michele Penza
Dr. Vasu Kilaru
Mr. Ron Williams
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Chemosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Low cost air quality sensors
  • Gas sensors
  • PM sensors and detectors
  • GHG sensors
  • Sensor system nodes
  • System development
  • Sensor algorithms and calibration
  • Wireless sensor networks
  • Urban air pollution monitoring
  • Environmental measurements
  • Air quality sensor performance evaluation
  • Chemical weather forecasting and modelling
  • Citizen science and community sensing
  • Smart cities applications
  • Air quality sensor IoT applications
  • Case-studies of air quality campaigns
  • New concepts and trends in air quality

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 6464 KiB  
Article
Nanocrystalline Oxides NixCo3−xO4: Sub-ppm H2S Sensing and Humidity Effect
by Kseniya Prikhodko, Abulkosim Nasriddinov, Svetlana Vladimirova, Marina Rumyantseva and Alexander Gaskov
Chemosensors 2021, 9(2), 34; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors9020034 - 07 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2195
Abstract
In this work, p-type oxide semiconductors, Co3O4 and complex oxides NixCo3−xO4 (x = 0.04, 0.07, 0.1), were studied as materials for sub-ppm H2S sensing in the temperature range of 90–300 [...] Read more.
In this work, p-type oxide semiconductors, Co3O4 and complex oxides NixCo3−xO4 (x = 0.04, 0.07, 0.1), were studied as materials for sub-ppm H2S sensing in the temperature range of 90–300 °C in dry and humid air. Nanocrystalline Co3O4 and NixCo3−xO4 (x = 0.04, 0.07, 0.1) were prepared by coprecipitation of cobalt and nickel oxalates from nitrate solutions and further annealing at 300 °C. The surface reactivity of the obtained materials toward H2S both in dry and humid atmosphere (relative humidity at 25 °C R.H. = 60%) was investigated using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Sensor measurements showed a decrease in sensor signal toward 1 ppm H2S with an increase in Ni content because of a decrease in chemisorbed surface oxygen species. On the other hand, sensor signal increases for all samples with increasing the relative humidity that depends on reactivity of the surface hydroxyl groups, which stimulate the decomposition of surface sulfites and provide better surface regeneration at higher temperature. This assumption was additionally confirmed by the faster saturation of the conductivity curve and a decrease in the sensor response time in humid air. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring)
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21 pages, 4161 KiB  
Article
On-Line Gaseous Formaldehyde Detection Based on a Closed-Microfluidic-Circuit Analysis
by Anaïs Becker, Christina Andrikopoulou, Pierre Bernhardt, Claire Trocquet and Stéphane Le Calvé
Chemosensors 2020, 8(3), 57; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors8030057 - 28 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2890
Abstract
This paper describes a compact microfluidic analytical device in a closed-circuit developed for the detection of low airborne formaldehyde levels. The detection is based on the passive trapping of gaseous formaldehyde through a microporous tube into the acetylacetone solution, the derivative reaction of [...] Read more.
This paper describes a compact microfluidic analytical device in a closed-circuit developed for the detection of low airborne formaldehyde levels. The detection is based on the passive trapping of gaseous formaldehyde through a microporous tube into the acetylacetone solution, the derivative reaction of formaldehyde with acetylacetone to form 3,5-Diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) and the detection of DDL by fluorescence. The recirculation mode of the analytical device means that the concentration measurement is carried out by quantification of the signal increase in the liquid mixture over time, the instantaneous signal increase rate being proportional to the surrounding gaseous formaldehyde concentration. The response of this novel microdevice is found to be linear in the range 0–278 µg m−3. The reagent volume needed is flexible and depends on the desired analytical resolution time and the concentration of gaseous formaldehyde in the environment. Indeed, if either the gaseous concentration of formaldehyde is high or the reagent volume is low, the fluorescence signal of this recirculating liquid solution will increase very rapidly. Consequently, the sensitivity simultaneously depends on both the reagent volume and the temporal resolution. Considering a reagent volume of 6 mL, the hourly and daily detection limits are 2 and 0.08 µg m−3, respectively, while the reagent autonomy is more than 4 days the airborne formaldehyde concentration does not exceed 50 µg m−3 as it is usually the case in domestic or public indoor environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring)
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23 pages, 6800 KiB  
Article
Formaldehyde and Total VOC (TVOC) Commercial Low-Cost Monitoring Devices: From an Evaluation in Controlled Conditions to a Use Case Application in a Real Building
by Valérie Goletto, Geneviève Mialon, Timothé Faivre, Ying Wang, Isabelle Lesieur, Nathalie Petigny and SnehaSruthi Vijapurapu
Chemosensors 2020, 8(1), 8; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors8010008 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7109
Abstract
Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major indoor pollutants with multiple origins. Standard methods exist to measure them that require analytical expertise and provide, at best, an average value of their concentrations. There is a need to monitor them continuously during periods [...] Read more.
Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major indoor pollutants with multiple origins. Standard methods exist to measure them that require analytical expertise and provide, at best, an average value of their concentrations. There is a need to monitor them continuously during periods of several days, weeks, or even months. Recently, portable devices have become available. Two categories of portable devices are considered in this research paper: connected objects for the general public (price <500 €) and monitoring portable devices for professional users (price in the range >500 to 5000 €). The ISO method (ISO 16000-29) describes the standard for VOC detector qualification. It is quite complex and is not well adapted for a first qualitative evaluation of these low-cost devices. In this paper, we present an experimental methodology used to evaluate commercial devices that monitor formaldehyde and/or total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) under controlled conditions (23 °C, 50–65% relative humidity (RH)). We conclude that none of the connected objects dedicated to the general public can provide reliable data in the conditions tested, not even for a qualitative evaluation. For formaldehyde monitoring, we obtained some promising results with a portable device dedicated to professional users. In this paper, we illustrate, with a real test case in an office building, how this device was used for a comparative analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring)
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18 pages, 3968 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Gas-Sensor Chips Based on Silicon–Carbon Films Obtained by Electrochemical Deposition
by Tatiana N. Myasoedova, Mikhail N. Grigoryev, Nina K. Plugotarenko and Tatiana S. Mikhailova
Chemosensors 2019, 7(4), 52; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors7040052 - 30 Oct 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3069
Abstract
In this study, we designed two types of gas-sensor chips with silicon–carbon film, doped with CuO, as the sensitive layer. The first type of gas-sensor chip consists of an Al2O3 substrate with a conductive chromium sublayer of ~10 nm thickness [...] Read more.
In this study, we designed two types of gas-sensor chips with silicon–carbon film, doped with CuO, as the sensitive layer. The first type of gas-sensor chip consists of an Al2O3 substrate with a conductive chromium sublayer of ~10 nm thickness and 200 Ω/□ surface resistance, deposited by magnetron sputtering. The second type was fabricated via the electrochemical deposition of a silicon–carbon film onto a dielectric substrate with copper electrodes formed by photoelectrochemical etching. The gas sensors are sensitive to the presence of CO and CH4 impurities in the air at operating temperatures above 150 °C, and demonstrated p- (type-1) and n-type (type-2) conductivity. The type-1 gas sensor showed fast response and recovery time but low sensitivity, while the type-2 sensor was characterized by high sensitivity but longer response and recovery time. The silicon–carbon films were characterized by the presence of the hexagonal 6H SiC polytype with the impurities of the rhombohedral 15 R SiC phase. XRD analysis revealed the presence of a CuO phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring)
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11 pages, 2181 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Sensor Response Characteristics of 3 Commercial Metal Oxide Sensors for Detection of BTEX and Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Organic Vapors
by Gabriel Yurko, Javad Roostaei, Timothy Dittrich, Lanyu Xu, Michael Ewing, Yongli Zhang and Gina Shreve
Chemosensors 2019, 7(3), 40; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors7030040 - 27 Aug 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5327
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the sensor response characteristics of three commercial Internet of Things (IoT) compatible metal oxide (MOx) sensors in preparation for the development of field-scale sensor networks for the real-time monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to examine the sensor response characteristics of three commercial Internet of Things (IoT) compatible metal oxide (MOx) sensors in preparation for the development of field-scale sensor networks for the real-time monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments located in proximity to brownfield sites. Currently, there is limited examination of such sensor responses to relevant mixtures of target VOCs, such as the common petrochemicals benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), as well as chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH) contaminants such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) which are frequently associated with deterioration of indoor air quality. To address this, a study of three commercial metal oxide (MOx) sensors (SGP30, BME680, and CCS811) was undertaken to examine the sensor response characteristics of individual components as well as mixtures of each of the target BTEX and CAH chemicals over relevant indoor air concentrations within the operating range of the MOx sensors (0–6000 ppb). Our investigation revealed similar response patterns to those previously reported for the thick film MOx sensor to most individual target VOCs, however, response trends for mixtures were more difficult to discern. In general, the MOx sensors we examined demonstrated similar magnitude responses to the CAHs as BTEX compounds indicating reliable detection of CAHs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring)
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24 pages, 3847 KiB  
Article
The Kansas City Transportation and Local-Scale Air Quality Study (KC-TRAQS): Integration of Low-Cost Sensors and Reference Grade Monitoring in a Complex Metropolitan Area. Part 1: Overview of the Project
by Sue Kimbrough, Stephen Krabbe, Richard Baldauf, Timothy Barzyk, Matthew Brown, Steven Brown, Carry Croghan, Michael Davis, Parikshit Deshmukh, Rachelle Duvall, Stephen Feinberg, Vlad Isakov, Russell Logan, Tim McArthur and Amy Shields
Chemosensors 2019, 7(2), 26; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors7020026 - 27 May 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5235
Abstract
Emissions from transportation sources can impact local air quality and contribute to adverse health effects. The Kansas City Transportation and Local-Scale Air Quality Study (KC-TRAQS), conducted over a 1-year period, researched emissions source characterization in the Argentine, Turner, and Armourdale, Kansas (KS) neighborhoods [...] Read more.
Emissions from transportation sources can impact local air quality and contribute to adverse health effects. The Kansas City Transportation and Local-Scale Air Quality Study (KC-TRAQS), conducted over a 1-year period, researched emissions source characterization in the Argentine, Turner, and Armourdale, Kansas (KS) neighborhoods and the broader southeast Kansas City, KS area. This area is characterized as a near-source environment with impacts from large railyard operations, major roadways, and commercial and industrial facilities. The spatial and meteorological effects of particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), and black carbon (BC) pollutants on potential population exposures were evaluated at multiple sites using a combination of regulatory grade methods and instrumentation, low-cost sensors, citizen science, and mobile monitoring. The initial analysis of a subset of these data showed that mean reference grade PM2.5 concentrations (gravimetric) across all sites ranged from 7.92 to 9.34 µg/m3. Mean PM2.5 concentrations from low-cost sensors ranged from 3.30 to 5.94 µg/m3 (raw, uncorrected data). Pollution wind rose plots suggest that the sites are impacted by higher PM2.5 and BC concentrations when the winds originate near known source locations. Initial data analysis indicated that the observed PM2.5 and BC concentrations are driven by multiple air pollutant sources and meteorological effects. The KC-TRAQS overview and preliminary data analysis presented will provide a framework for forthcoming papers that will further characterize emission source attributions and estimate near-source exposures. This information will ultimately inform and clarify the extent and impact of air pollutants in the Kansas City area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring)
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