Electrochemical Immunosensor

A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrochemical Devices and Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2021) | Viewed by 21985

Special Issue Editor

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4625, USA
Interests: electrochemical biosensors; materials science; regenerative medicine

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Electrochemical immunosensors are based on the interactions between antibody and antigen. Antibody or antigen can both be analytes in this type of biosensor. Due to strong affinity and binding forces between antibody and antigen, immunosensors are highly selective and sensitive. Different types of electrochemical transducers are used for signal measurements such as potentiometry, amperometry, impedimetric, and conductometry. Among the immunosensors, electrochemical immunosensors can be miniaturized and used for point-of-care testing due to its simplicity.

The Special Issue will be a forum for the latest research activities in the field of the electrochemical biosensors and their applications.
Both review articles and research papers are welcome.

Dr. Mehmet Senel
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • immunosensors
  • electroanalysis
  • immunoassays
  • biomarker
  • label-free
  • labeled

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1869 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Development of an Immunosensor for Detection Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for Environmental Analysis
by Samia Alsefri, Thanih Balbaied and Eric Moore
Chemosensors 2021, 9(11), 307; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors9110307 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2466
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a highly toxic family of synthetic chemical compounds. PCBs are widely spread in the environment and their toxicity can cause serious ailments to living organisms such as cancer; therefore, developing a device for the detection of PCBs in the [...] Read more.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a highly toxic family of synthetic chemical compounds. PCBs are widely spread in the environment and their toxicity can cause serious ailments to living organisms such as cancer; therefore, developing a device for the detection of PCBs in the environment is significant. In this paper, polyclonal primary anti-PCB antibodies were immobilized onto a gold screen-printed electrode with the purpose of creating an electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of Aroclor 1254. It was modified with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) and the activation of the carboxylic acid terminal was performed by cross-linking 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hyrodsuccinmide (NHS) on the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurement were employed to characterize SAM development on the gold electrode. Using a competitive assay, a 0.09 ng/mL−1 limit of detection and a linear range of 0.101–220 ng/mL−1 were determined. The self-assembled monolayers (SAM) were successful in encapsulating the PCBs on the immunosensor. The electrochemical detection showed better resolution when compared to traditional methods such as the ELISA optical technique. The novel electrochemical immunosensor approach that is discussed in this paper has the potential to offer rapid sample screening in a portable, disposable format and could contribute to the effective control and prevention of PCBs in the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Immunosensor)
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13 pages, 4106 KiB  
Article
Label Free, Lateral Flow Prostaglandin E2 Electrochemical Immunosensor for Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis
by Antra Ganguly, Tahmineh Ebrahimzadeh, Philippe E. Zimmern, Nicole J. De Nisco and Shalini Prasad
Chemosensors 2021, 9(9), 271; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors9090271 - 19 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3859
Abstract
A label-free, rapid, and easy-to-use lateral flow electrochemical biosensor was developed for urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis in resource challenged areas. The sensor operates in non-faradaic mode and utilizes Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for quantification of Prostaglandin E2, a diagnostic and prognostic urinary biomarker [...] Read more.
A label-free, rapid, and easy-to-use lateral flow electrochemical biosensor was developed for urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis in resource challenged areas. The sensor operates in non-faradaic mode and utilizes Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for quantification of Prostaglandin E2, a diagnostic and prognostic urinary biomarker for UTI and recurrent UTI. To achieve high sensitivity in low microliter volumes of neat, unprocessed urine, nanoconfinement of assay biomolecules was achieved by developing a three-electrode planar gold microelectrode system on top of a lateral flow nanoporous membrane. The sensor is capable of giving readouts within 5 min and has a wide dynamic range of 100–4000 pg/mL for urinary PGE2. The sensor is capable of discriminating between low and high levels of PGE2 and hence is capable of threshold classification of urine samples as UTI positive and UTI negative. The sensor through its immunological response (directly related to host immune response) is superior to the commercially available point-of-care UTI dipsticks which are qualitative, have poor specificity for UTI, and have high false-positive rates. The developed sensor shows promise for rapid, easy and cost-effective UTI diagnosis for both clinical and home-based settings. More accurate point-of-care UTI diagnosis will improve patient outcomes and allow for timely and appropriate prescription of antibiotics which can subsequently increase treatment success rates and reduce costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Immunosensor)
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11 pages, 2129 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Detection of Prostate Cancer Biomarker PCA3 Using Specific RNA-Based Aptamer Labelled with Ferrocene
by Alexei Nabok, Hisham Abu-Ali, Sarra Takita and David P. Smith
Chemosensors 2021, 9(4), 59; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors9040059 - 24 Mar 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4463
Abstract
This paper reports on a feasibility study of electrochemical in-vitro detection of prostate cancer biomarker PCA3 (prostate cancer antigen 3) in direct assay with specific RNA aptamer labelled with a redox group (ferrocene) and immobilized on a screen-printed gold electrode surface. The cyclic [...] Read more.
This paper reports on a feasibility study of electrochemical in-vitro detection of prostate cancer biomarker PCA3 (prostate cancer antigen 3) in direct assay with specific RNA aptamer labelled with a redox group (ferrocene) and immobilized on a screen-printed gold electrode surface. The cyclic voltammograms and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods yield encouraging results on the detection of PCA3 in a range of concentrations from 1 μg/mL down to 0.1 ng/mL in buffer solutions. Both anodic and cathodic current values in cyclic voltammograms measurements and charge transfer resistance values in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments correlate with the PCA3 concentration in the sample. Kinetics studies of the binding of the PCA3 to our aptamer demonstrated high specificity of the reaction with a characteristic affinity constant of approximately 4·1010 molar. The results of this work provide a background for the future development of novel, highly sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic methodologies for prostate cancer detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Immunosensor)
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19 pages, 5851 KiB  
Article
An Impedance Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Aflatoxin B1 Monitoring in Pistachio Matrices
by Michail D. Kaminiaris, Sophie Mavrikou, Maria Georgiadou, Georgia Paivana, Dimitrios I. Tsitsigiannis and Spyridon Kintzios
Chemosensors 2020, 8(4), 121; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors8040121 - 30 Nov 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3010
Abstract
Aflatoxins are highly toxic fungal secondary metabolites that often contaminate food and feed commodities. An electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was fabricated by immobilizing monoclonal AFB1 antibodies onto a screen-printed gold electrode that was modified [...] Read more.
Aflatoxins are highly toxic fungal secondary metabolites that often contaminate food and feed commodities. An electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was fabricated by immobilizing monoclonal AFB1 antibodies onto a screen-printed gold electrode that was modified with carbo-methyldextran by N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide cross-linking. An electrochemical interfacial modelling of biomolecular recognition was suggested and reasonably interpreted. Impedance technology was employed for the quantitative determination of AFB1. The limit of detection concentration of AFB1 for standard solutions and spiked pistachio samples was 0.5 ng/mL and 1 ng/mL, respectively. The immunosensor was able to successfully determine AFB1 concentrations in the range of 4.56–50.86 ng/mL in unknown pistachio samples. Comparative chromatographic analysis revealed that AFB1 concentrations that were higher than 345 ng/mL were not within the immunosensor’s upper limits of detection. Selectivity studies against Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin M1 demonstrated that the proposed AFB1 immunosensor was able to differentiate between these other fungal mycotoxins. The novel electrochemical immunosensor approach has the potential for rapid sample screening in a portable, disposable format, thus contributing to the requirement for effective prevention and the control of aflatoxin B1 in pistachios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Immunosensor)
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Review

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30 pages, 6234 KiB  
Review
Addressing the Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Low-Dimensional-Materials-Based FET Immunosensors: A Review
by Ernane de Freitas Martins, Luis Francisco Pinotti, Cecilia de Carvalho Castro Silva and Alexandre Reily Rocha
Chemosensors 2021, 9(7), 162; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors9070162 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2700
Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors (EI) have been widely investigated in the last several years. Among them, immunosensors based on low-dimensional materials (LDM) stand out, as they could provide a substantial gain in fabricating point-of-care devices, paving the way for fast, precise, and sensitive diagnosis of [...] Read more.
Electrochemical immunosensors (EI) have been widely investigated in the last several years. Among them, immunosensors based on low-dimensional materials (LDM) stand out, as they could provide a substantial gain in fabricating point-of-care devices, paving the way for fast, precise, and sensitive diagnosis of numerous severe illnesses. The high surface area available in LDMs makes it possible to immobilize a high density of bioreceptors, improving the sensitivity in biorecognition events between antibodies and antigens. If on the one hand, many works present promising results in using LDMs as a sensing material in EIs, on the other hand, very few of them discuss the fundamental interactions involved at the interfaces. Understanding the fundamental Chemistry and Physics of the interactions between the surface of LDMs and the bioreceptors, and how the operating conditions and biorecognition events affect those interactions, is vital when proposing new devices. Here, we present a review of recent works on EIs, focusing on devices that use LDMs (1D and 2D) as the sensing substrate. To do so, we highlight both experimental and theoretical aspects, bringing to light the fundamental aspects of the main interactions occurring at the interfaces and the operating mechanisms in which the detections are based. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Immunosensor)
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22 pages, 2707 KiB  
Review
Metal Nanoparticle and Quantum Dot Tags for Signal Amplification in Electrochemical Immunosensors for Biomarker Detection
by Anton Popov, Benediktas Brasiunas, Asta Kausaite-Minkstimiene and Almira Ramanaviciene
Chemosensors 2021, 9(4), 85; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/chemosensors9040085 - 18 Apr 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4276
Abstract
With the increasing importance of healthcare and clinical diagnosis, as well as the growing demand for highly sensitive analytical instruments, immunosensors have received considerable attention. In this review, electrochemical immunosensor signal amplification strategies using metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and quantum dots (Qdots) as tags [...] Read more.
With the increasing importance of healthcare and clinical diagnosis, as well as the growing demand for highly sensitive analytical instruments, immunosensors have received considerable attention. In this review, electrochemical immunosensor signal amplification strategies using metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and quantum dots (Qdots) as tags are overviewed, focusing on recent developments in the ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers. MNPs and Qdots can be used separately or in combination with other nanostructures, while performing the function of nanocarriers, electroactive labels, or catalysts. Thus, different functions of MNPs and Qdots as well as recent advances in electrochemical signal amplification are discussed. Additionally, the methods most often used for antibody immobilization on nanoparticles, immunoassay formats, and electrochemical methods for indirect biomarker detection are overviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Immunosensor)
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