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Children
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The Role of Orthopedics in Child Development
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The Role of Orthopedics in Child Development

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Orthopedics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 10827

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Lyle J. Micheli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Boston Children’s Hospital – Sports Medicine, 319 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Harvard Medical School – Orthopaedic Surgery, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
Interests: orthopaedics; sports medicine; pediatrics; musculoskeletal injury; children; adolescents; growth; injury prevention
Dr. Dai Sugimoto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo 202-0021, Japan, The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
Interests: sports medicine; orthopaedics; pediatrics; musculoskeletal injury; children; adolescents; growth; injury prevention

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The origin of the word orthopaedics comes from the Greek words for “straightening the child.” The earliest orthopedics and orthopedic centers dealt primarily with deformities of the spine feet (clubfeet), and lower extremities (rickets and congenital hip dysplasia). Modern day orthopedics has a much wider base and represents a gradual union of the practitioners of childhood deformity correction, the reduction of fractures, management of extremity, and replacement of arthritic joints.

Orthopaedics in the 21st century consists of a series of subspecialties: hand, lower extremity trauma, upper extremity injury, spine surgery, pediatric orthopedics and sports medicine, and joint replacement. Frequently, a given practitioner may subspecialize in several areas such as pediatrics and sports medicine.

The area of pediatric sports medicine is one of the most recent areas of specialized expertise in musculoskeletal medicine. This encompasses sports trauma to the young athlete, the exercise physiology of the sport’s active child, and the prevention of injury to young athletes.

The interaction disciplines of child development and pediatric orthopedics are fertile areas for translational study. It is known that growth, and in particular the growth spurt, can be a risk factor for musculoskeletal injury. In addition, injuries to the growth plate of the upper or lower extremity can result in a loss of linear bone growth or angular deformity, adversely affecting the child's growth and development.

The role of organized sports exercise in the physical and psychological development of the child is receiving increased attention. Close collaboration of the multiple disciplines and practices addressing the safety and efficacy of childhood exercise and the resulting growth maturation of the whole child is an important goal for all practitioners dealing with the growing child.

Dr. Lyle J. Micheli
Dr. Dai Sugimoto
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Orthopaedics and sports medicine
  • Pediatrics
  • Children and adolescents
  • Growth development

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Editorial

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1 pages, 153 KiB  
Editorial
Key Concepts to Identify the Role of Orthopedics in Child Development
by Dai Sugimoto and Lyle J. Micheli
Children 2022, 9(7), 1079; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children9071079 - 20 Jul 2022
Viewed by 980
Abstract
In order to examine the role of orthopedics in child development, longitudinal study designs are necessary [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Orthopedics in Child Development)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 1684 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Evolution of the Hip and Proximal Femur after Hip Reconstruction in Non-Ambulatory Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Retrospective Radiographic Review
by Norine Ma, Peter Tischhauser, Carlo Camathias, Reinald Brunner and Erich Rutz
Children 2022, 9(2), 164; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children9020164 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2363
Abstract
Background: Hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy (CP) has a higher prevalence in non-ambulatory children. Progression can lead to pain, pelvic obliquity and difficulty with sitting. This can be addressed with hip reconstruction. Our study aims to report the long-term radiological outcomes [...] Read more.
Background: Hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy (CP) has a higher prevalence in non-ambulatory children. Progression can lead to pain, pelvic obliquity and difficulty with sitting. This can be addressed with hip reconstruction. Our study aims to report the long-term radiological outcomes after hip reconstruction, in particular the evolution of femoral head deformity. Methods: A total of 58 hips of non-ambulatory children with CP were evaluated retrospectively using pre-operative, early (median 120 days) and late post-operative (median 8.6 years) anteroposterior standardised radiographs. All the hips were treated with femoral shortening varus derotation osteotomy (VDRO), pelvic osteotomy and an open reduction, if indicated. The radiographical indices measured included the migration percentage (MP), sharp angle, acetabular index, centre-edge angle, neck shaft angle, head shaft angle, pelvic obliquity, femoral head sphericity, femoral head deformity (FHD) and growth plate orientation. Results: Improvements in hip congruency and morphology were evident after reconstructive hip surgery. These were maintained at the late post-operative time point. Median MP improved from 56% (IQR 46–85%) to 0% (IQR 0–15%) at early follow-up. This increased to 12% (IQR 0–20%) at late follow-up. Pre-operatively, FHDs of 14 hips (24%) were classified as grade A (spherical femoral head). This increased to 22 hips (38%) at early follow-up and increased further to 44 hips (76%) at late follow-up. Conclusions: Our study shows that hip reconstruction reduces hip displacement in the long term, indicated by decreased post-operative MP maintained at long-term follow-up. Although non-ambulatory children lack weight-bearing forces promoting bone remodelling, improved femoral head morphology after surgery alters the forces between the acetabulum and the femoral head. Mild femoral head deformity (grades A and B) remained stable and even improved after surgery, postulated to be due to severe osteoporosis allowing remodelling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Orthopedics in Child Development)
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10 pages, 258 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Muscle Tone of the Erector Spinae and the Concave and Convex Sides of Spinal Curvature in Low-Grade Scoliosis among Children
by Jacek Wilczyński
Children 2021, 8(12), 1168; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children8121168 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2729
Abstract
The objective of the present research was to assess the relationship between muscle tone of the erector spinae and the concave and convex sides of spinal curvature in low-grade scoliosis found among children. The study included 251 children, aged 7–8. Examination of the [...] Read more.
The objective of the present research was to assess the relationship between muscle tone of the erector spinae and the concave and convex sides of spinal curvature in low-grade scoliosis found among children. The study included 251 children, aged 7–8. Examination of the spine and body posture was carried out using the Diers Formetric III 4D optoelectronic method. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to assess erector spinae muscle tone. The trial was carried out using the 14-channel Noraxon TeleMyo DTS apparatus. The highest generalised tone (sEMG amplitude) of the erector spinae occurred in the case of scoliosis. The higher the angle of curvature, the greater the erector spinae muscle tone. Regardless of the position adopted during examination of the thoracic spine, greater erector spinae tone (sEMG amplitude) was exhibited on the convex side of the spinal curvature. However, in the area of the lumbar spine, greater tone (sEMG amplitude) of the erector spinae occurred on the curvature’s concave side. The exception was the test performed in a standing position, during which greater muscle tone was noted on the side of the convex curvature. In therapeutic practice, within the thoracic section, too tense erector spinae muscles should be stretched on the convex side of the scoliosis, while in the lumbar region, this should be performed on the concave side. However, each case of scoliosis requires individually tailored treatment. The current research has applicative value and does fill a research gap with regard to erector spinae muscle tone in young children experiencing low-grade scoliosis. The development of scoliosis is associated with asymmetry and an increase in erector spinae tone. The uneven distribution of its tone, occurring on both sides of the spine and in its various segments, causes destabilisation and its abnormal progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Orthopedics in Child Development)
11 pages, 775 KiB  
Article
Association between the Use of Backpack and Static Foot Posture in Schoolchildren with Static Pronated Foot Posture: A 36-Month Cohort Study
by Pilar Alfageme-García, Julián Fernando Calderón-García, Alfonso Martínez-Nova, Sonia Hidalgo-Ruiz, Belinda Basilio-Fernández and Sergio Rico-Martín
Children 2021, 8(9), 800; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/children8090800 - 11 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3667
Abstract
Background: Schoolchildren often spend a lot of time carrying a backpack with school equipment, which can be very heavy. The impact a backpack may have on the pronated feet of schoolchildren is unknown. Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the [...] Read more.
Background: Schoolchildren often spend a lot of time carrying a backpack with school equipment, which can be very heavy. The impact a backpack may have on the pronated feet of schoolchildren is unknown. Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of the backpack use on static foot posture in schoolchildren with a pronated foot posture over 36 months of follow-up. Methods: This observational longitudinal prospective study was based on a cohort of consecutive healthy schoolchildren with pronated feet from fifteen different schools in Plasencia (Spain). The following parameters were collected and measured in all children included in the study: sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, metatarsal formula, foot shape, type of shoes, and type of schoolbag (non-backpack and backpack). Static foot posture was determined by the mean of the foot posture index (FPI). The FPI was assessed again after 36 months. Results: A total of 112 participants used a backpack when going to school. Over the 36-month follow-up period, 76 schoolchildren who had a static pronated foot posture evolve a neutral foot posture. Univariate analysis showed that the schoolchildren using backpacks were at a greater risk of not developing neutral foot (odds ratio [OR]: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.08–4.09). The multivariate analysis provided similar results, where the schoolchildren using a backpack (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.02–3.82) had a significantly greater risk of not developing a neutral foot posture. Conclusions: A weak relationship was found between backpack use and schoolchildren aged from five to eleven years with static pronated feet not developing a neutral foot posture over a follow-up period of 36 months. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Orthopedics in Child Development)
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