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Clean Technol.
Special Issues
Water and Wastewater Treatment
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Water and Wastewater Treatment

A special issue of Clean Technologies (ISSN 2571-8797).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2020) | Viewed by 29355

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Barbusiński

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Guest Editor
Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: water and wastewater technology; biological processes; advanced oxidation processes (AOPs); deammonification; nitrogen removal in a side stream; circular economy in a wastewater treatment plant; the recovery of raw materials from wastewater and sludge; the energy self-sufficiency of WWTPs; innovative technologies for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater; technologies and devices reducing the nuisance of WWTPs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Maciej Thomas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
Interests: advanced oxidation processes (AOPs); the application of ferrate (VI) for the removal of organic compounds from water and wastewater; industrial wastewater treatment technology; novel environmentally friendly coagulants; the removal of heavy metal ions; general analytical chemistry; green chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Krzysztof Filipek

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Guest Editor
Krzysztof Filipek Advisory Company, Wroblewskiego 8/27, 41-106 Siemianowice Slaskie, Poland
Interests: water and wastewater treatment; sludge processing; wastewater re-usage; process engineering; risk analysis; formal and legal regulations of water and wastewater management

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Currently, there is a need for rapid progress and development in almost all industries and areas of human activity. For this reason, there is a strong need for the elaboration of numerous new technologies, as well as the development of existing innovative technologies. Such activities also include the field ​​broadly considered as environmental engineering, in particular, problems related to water and wastewater treatment. Until recently, only “wasted water” was considered as wastewater, and the purpose of purification was to remove organic contaminants, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus, and additionally from industrial wastewater, specific impurities. Nowadays, wastewater is more often recognized as a source of energy and valuable resources. Such an approach is consistent with the assumptions of circular economy ideas that could be applied in wastewater treatment plants by means of energy production and its optimized consumption and the recovery of important raw materials, e.g., phosphorous, nitrogen, and water from wastewater and sludge. In the near future, it could also be possible to recover bioplastic materials (polyhydroxyalkanoates; PHAs) and to produce hydrogen (the fuel of the future). Therefore, nowadays, modern wastewater treatment plants should not be considered only as facilities protecting water ecosystems, but also as technological−energetic plants and objects for recovering important raw materials.

Moreover, there are some new challenges to be met by the wastewater treatment plants, e.g., the removal of pharmaceuticals. Currently, the purification processes carried out in wastewater treatment plants are not adapted to remove impurities such as, e.g., endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). Therefore, in the nearest future, it is necessary to modernize the technological systems of treatment plants and to use more effective treatment techniques, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), membrane processes, adsorption, etc.

It is also important to introduce the abovementioned advanced methods to facilitate effective treatment of industrial wastewater. The intensification of activities leading to the use of treated industrial wastewater for re-use as process water is particularly important.

Additionally, for this Special Issue of Clean Technologies, we are happy to welcome publications on the following topics:

  • Application of environmentally friendly oxidizing agents, e.g., K2FeO4, to remove some specific impurities from industrial wastewater;
  • Application of management tools to reduce environmental impact of wastewater treatment plants;
  • Use of new solutions in the field of potable water treatment in order to remove micropollutants dangerous to human health.

Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Barbusiński
Dr. Maciej Thomas
Dr. Krzysztof Filipek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Clean Technologies is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. Free publication for well-prepared manuscripts submitted before 31 December 2019. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy self-sufficiency of WWTP
  • intensification of biogas production and use
  • nitrogen removal in a side stream
  • deammonification in the main stream
  • recovery of raw materials from wastewater and sludge
  • wastewater re-usage as process water
  • removal of micropollutants from water and wastewater
  • advanced oxidation processes

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

6 pages, 209 KiB  
Editorial
Water and Wastewater Treatment: Selected Topics
by Krzysztof Barbusiński and Krzysztof Filipek
Clean Technol. 2022, 4(1), 91-96; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cleantechnol4010007 - 14 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2336
Abstract
Currently, there is a real need for rapid progress and development in almost all industries and areas of human activity [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Treatment)

Research

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11 pages, 1662 KiB  
Article
Waste Ochre for Control of Phosphates and Sulfides in Digesters at Wastewater Treatment Plants with Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
by Svetlana Öfverström, Åsa Davidsson, Salar Haghighatafshar, Hamse Kjerstadius and Jes la Cour Jansen
Clean Technol. 2020, 2(1), 116-126; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cleantechnol2010008 - 06 Mar 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3506
Abstract
Ochre, waste iron sludge from the treatment of iron rich groundwater for potable use, makes up a significant waste problem. Furthermore, wastewater treatment plants with enhanced biological phosphorus removal and the digestion of sludge are in lack of iron for the prevention of [...] Read more.
Ochre, waste iron sludge from the treatment of iron rich groundwater for potable use, makes up a significant waste problem. Furthermore, wastewater treatment plants with enhanced biological phosphorus removal and the digestion of sludge are in lack of iron for the prevention of hydrogen sulfide production and the release of phosphorous during anaerobic digestion. Thus, the addition of ochre to anaerobic digestion is a potential beneficial reuse of ochre. Sludge from wastewater treatment plants with enhanced biological phosphorus removal was used for the experiments. Batch and continuous pilot-scale tests were performed for the mesophilic digestion of primary and waste-activated sludge with different doses of ochre. Two different doses of ochre corresponding to molar ratios of 1 and 2 moles Fe3+/mole P released in the batch test resulted in 29% and 57% reductions of phosphates respectively in the sludge liquor compared to the control sludge without inhibiting the digestion process. In the pilot experiment, the dosing of ochre at both a high and low dose (molar ratios of 1.6 and 0.8 Fe3+/S2−, respectively) resulted in an immediate drop in the H2S concentration (from >2000 ppm down to 570 ppm), while the control reactor still produced biogas with a high hydrogen sulfide concentration. The inhibition of the digestion process was observed (accumulation of acetate) at the higher dose. In a second pilot scale experiment, lower doses of ochre were tested continuously (1.5 and 0.75 mole Fe3+/mole Preleased) to avoid any inhibition, while evaluating the phosphate precipitation. A reduction of phosphates in sludge liquor (33% and 66% for the low and high doses respectively) was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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17 pages, 5598 KiB  
Article
Lomefloxacin—Occurrence in the German River Erft, Its Photo-Induced Elimination, and Assessment of Ecotoxicity
by Melanie Voigt, Benjamin Hentschel, Nina Theiss, Christina Savelsberg, Indra Bartels, Anna Nickisch-Hartfiel and Martin Jaeger
Clean Technol. 2020, 2(1), 74-90; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cleantechnol2010006 - 11 Feb 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2731
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in waters represent a worldwide problem of today. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are being researched for elimination of the ecological hazard. Among the substances, the fluoroquinolone antibiotic lomefloxacin was selected for investigation in this study. Lomefloxacin (LOM) was found in the German [...] Read more.
Pharmaceuticals in waters represent a worldwide problem of today. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are being researched for elimination of the ecological hazard. Among the substances, the fluoroquinolone antibiotic lomefloxacin was selected for investigation in this study. Lomefloxacin (LOM) was found in the German river Erft. Near and far ultraviolet (UVA, UVC) radiation were used as AOPs and compared for efficiency depending on pH, water matrix, and catalysts. Chemical kinetics description revealed that UVC at pH 8–9 led to the fastest degradation of LOM. The catalysts hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide had only limited influence on the degradation rate. Seven novel transformation products were structurally identified by high-resolution higher-order mass spectrometry. Ecotoxicity of the novel and known compounds was assessed by quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. In addition, irradiation time dependent minimal, and half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (MIC, IC50) of LOM solutions were determined and suggested as ecotoxicological hazard indicators. From MIC and kinetic rate constants, the irradiation time required for compound and activity removal could be predicted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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21 pages, 6209 KiB  
Article
Stimulating Nitrogen Biokinetics with the Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide to Secondary Effluent Biofiltration
by Liron Friedman, Hadas Mamane, Kartik Chandran, Martin Jekel, Haim Cikurel, Uwe Hübner, Michael Elgart, Shlomi Dagan, Jorge Santo-Domingo and Dror Avisar
Clean Technol. 2020, 2(1), 53-73; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cleantechnol2010005 - 01 Feb 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3743
Abstract
Tertiary wastewater treatment could provide a reliable source of water for reuse. Amongst these types of wastewater treatment, deep-bed filtration of secondary effluents can effectively remove particles and organic matter; however, NH4+ and NO2− are not easily removed. This [...] Read more.
Tertiary wastewater treatment could provide a reliable source of water for reuse. Amongst these types of wastewater treatment, deep-bed filtration of secondary effluents can effectively remove particles and organic matter; however, NH4+ and NO2− are not easily removed. This study examined the feasibility of stimulating microbial activity using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a bio-specific and clean oxygen source that leaves no residuals in the water and is advantageous upon aeration due to the solubility limitations of the oxygen. The performance of a pilot bio-filtration system at a filtration velocity of 5–6 m/h, was enhanced by the addition of H2O2 for particle, organic matter, NH4+, and NO2− removal. Hydrogen peroxide provided the oxygen demand for full nitrification. As a result, influent concentrations of 4.2 ± 2.5 mg/L N-NH4+ and 0.65 ± 0.4 mg/L N-NO2 were removed during the short hydraulic residence time (HRT). In comparison, filtration without H2O2 addition only removed up to 0.6 mg/L N-NH4+ and almost no N-NO2−. A DNA metagenome analysis of the functional genes of the media biomass reflected a significant potential for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification activity. It is hypothesized that the low biodegradability of the organic carbon and H2O2 addition stimulated oxygen utilization in favor of nitrification, followed by the enhancement of anoxic activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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Review

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18 pages, 17449 KiB  
Review
Removal of Odors (Mainly H2S and NH3) Using Biological Treatment Methods
by Krzysztof Barbusiński, Anita Parzentna-Gabor and Damian Kasperczyk
Clean Technol. 2021, 3(1), 138-155; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cleantechnol3010009 - 17 Feb 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10173
Abstract
This study reviews the available and most commonly used methods of gas deodorization. Comparing various methods of odor removal, undoubtedly biological methods of pollution degradation have an advantage over others—chemical and physical. This advantage is manifestedmainly in ecological and economic terms. The possibility [...] Read more.
This study reviews the available and most commonly used methods of gas deodorization. Comparing various methods of odor removal, undoubtedly biological methods of pollution degradation have an advantage over others—chemical and physical. This advantage is manifestedmainly in ecological and economic terms. The possibility of using biological methods to remove H2S and NH3, as the most common emitted by the municipal sector companies, was analyzed in terms of their removal efficiency. The method of bio-purification of air in biotrickling filters is more advantageous than the others, due to the high effectiveness of VOCs and odors degradation, lack of secondary pollutants, and economic aspects—it is a method competitive to the commonly used air purification method in biofilters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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25 pages, 1568 KiB  
Review
Review of Methods for Assessing the Impact of WWTPs on the Natural Environment
by Joanna Bąk, Krzysztof Barbusiński and Maciej Thomas
Clean Technol. 2021, 3(1), 98-122; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cleantechnol3010007 - 01 Feb 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5435
Abstract
Environmental management in facilities such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) allows for the implementation of the Deming cycle, and thus the constant improvement of the mitigation of the environmental impact. The correct diagnosis of the current state of functioning of the WWTPs, the [...] Read more.
Environmental management in facilities such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) allows for the implementation of the Deming cycle, and thus the constant improvement of the mitigation of the environmental impact. The correct diagnosis of the current state of functioning of the WWTPs, the identification of aspects that may have a measurable impact on the environment, and their assessment are of key importance. The article discusses the possible causes of the impact of WWTPs on the natural environment. Among other problems, such issues as energy consumption, noise and the formation of bioaerosols and odor nuisances were taken into account. Different ways of assessing the impact of wastewater treatment plants on the environment were collated, taking into account the need to assess not only the technological process itself but also the buildings during their use. The results of methods for assessing the environmental impact of wastewater treatment plants in selected countries were also compared. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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