Corrosion and Protection of Metals and Alloys in the Energy and Carbon Abatement Sectors: Arduous and Extreme Environments

A special issue of Corrosion and Materials Degradation (ISSN 2624-5558).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 15238

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Corrosion Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Surfaces, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Interests: corrosion science and engineering; electrochemistry and electrochemical techniques for corrosion research; corrosion in extreme and challenging environments (oil and gas, nuclear, geothermal, carbon capture and storage, acidising); stress-corrosion cracking and embrittlement; corrosion in concrete; corrosion inhibition and corrosion control (chemical inhibitors, coatings, functional surfaces); corrosion and erosion modelling; bespoke systems and flow cell design for corrosion experimentation (in-situ measurement, monitoring and analysis in extreme aqueous environments)

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Co-Guest Editor
Institute of Functional Surfaces, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Interests: corrosion mechanims; material degradation; extreme temperatures; carbon dioxide corrosion; hydrogen sulphide corrosion; electrochemical methods; renewable energy; solar energy; nuclear energy; geothermal energy; oil and gas
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Co-Guest Editor
Jacobs
Interests: corrosion in energy production; localised corrosion of stainless steels; stress corrosion cracking; nuclear waste management; electrochemical test methods in corrosion science

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Co-Guest Editor
LBBC Baskerville
Interests: high pressure, high temperature corrosion; CO2 corrosion; H2S corrosion; molten-salt corrosion; corrosion products; chemical inhibition

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Co-Guest Editor
Institute of Functional Surfaces, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Interests: CO2 corrosion; erosion-corrosion; computational fluid dynamics modelling; corrosion inhibition; electrochemical techniques; nanoparticles

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The energy and carbon abatement sectors present an incredibly diverse and complex range of material degradation challenges.

There remains no doubt that many corrosion management challenges continue to exist for mature industries, such as oil and gas, particularly as the industry moves towards deeper wells and more aggressive environments for hydrocarbon extraction. However, as the world undergoes an energy transition, the recent increased uptake of alternative energy, such as nuclear, solar, and geothermal, and/or carbon abatement technologies, such as carbon capture and storage, have presented new challenges.

With the introduction of these low-carbon technologies, it is clear that there is a growing requirement for innovation in the context of material design and corrosion protection to enable engineering infrastructure to withstand some particularly arduous environments, whilst also maintaining affordability.

We would, therefore, like to invite you to submit your work to this Special Issue on “Corrosion and Protection of Metals and Alloys in the Energy and Carbon Abatement Sectors: Arduous and Extreme Environments”. In the midst of the energy transition, we feel that this Special Issue is particularly timely as it acknowledges the current and rising material degradation challenges across the energy sector, as well as the requirement for development of innovative technologies in the area of corrosion control.

This Special Issue will focus on enhancing our understanding of metallic material degradation and its control in demanding environments, with particular emphasis on the energy and carbon abatement sectors. Focus will be directed towards systems that operate under conditions in which corrosion control can be particularly challenging, i.e., high temperatures, high pressures, and aggressive electrolytes.

The intention is for this Special Issue to facilitate knowledge exchange in the context of understanding, predicting, or controlling material degradation between different industrial processes, thus spawning new ideas, encouraging innovation, and promoting advancements across disciplines.

In particular, the topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • advances in materials—development of new metallic materials and material technology, with particular emphasis on understanding or evaluating a material’s performance in its envisaged environment.
  • corrosion control using corrosion inhibitors—the study of the applications and mechanisms of chemical inhibitors, particularly for high-temperature (>150 °C) applications.
  • corrosion in nuclear systems—encompassing light, heavy, and generation IV nuclear reactors.
  • corrosion in renewables—with particular emphasis on solar and geothermal energy.
  • corrosion in supercritical systems—evaluating the degradation of materials in supercritical environments, in particular supercritical carbon dioxide (as part of carbon capture and storage systems).
  • development of novel techniques/methodologies to link laboratory measurements with the field—methods (in situ or laboratory) that provide an improved understanding of degradation processes and/or facilitate improved translation to the field.

Dr. Richard Barker
Dr. Frederick Pessu
Dr. James Hesketh
Dr. Daniel Burkle
Dr. Joshua Owen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Corrosion and Materials Degradation is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 7574 KiB  
Article
Impact of Chloride on the Environmentally-Assisted Crack Initiation Behaviour of Low-Alloy Steel under Boiling Water Reactor Conditions
by Stefan Ritter and Hans-Peter Seifert
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2022, 3(2), 178-191; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cmd3020010 - 23 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2499
Abstract
Low-alloy reactor pressure vessel steels have a rather low susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in a boiling water reactor (BWR) environment if the high-temperature water contains no anionic impurities. Recent investigations revealed that under oxidizing BWR normal water chemistry (NWC) conditions extremely [...] Read more.
Low-alloy reactor pressure vessel steels have a rather low susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in a boiling water reactor (BWR) environment if the high-temperature water contains no anionic impurities. Recent investigations revealed that under oxidizing BWR normal water chemistry (NWC) conditions extremely small amounts of chloride, can cause very high SCC growth rates in these materials. Therefore, the effect of continuous and temporary chloride additions on the crack initiation behaviour was explored by a series of constant extension rate tensile (CERT) and constant load tests in high-temperature water. In an NWC environment, containing ≥2 ppb of chloride, strain-induced corrosion cracking (SICC) initiation occurred briefly after the onset of plastic yielding and at much smaller strains than in high-purity water. On the other hand, under reducing hydrogen water chemistry conditions with up to 700 ppb chloride, no SICC was detected up to very high strains. CERT experiments, with moderate short-term chloride transients before and during the loading, showed that even serious mechanical loading transients, one day after returning to high-purity water, did not result in early SICC initiation. Full article
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21 pages, 3573 KiB  
Article
Sulfide Stress Cracking of C-110 Steel in a Sour Environment
by Sagar Tale, Ramadan Ahmed, Rida Elgaddafi and Catalin Teodoriu
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2021, 2(3), 376-396; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cmd2030020 - 05 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3917
Abstract
The scope of this study includes modeling and experimental investigation of sulfide stress cracking (SSC) of high-strength carbon steel. A model has been developed to predict hydrogen permeation in steel for a given pressure and temperature condition. The model is validated with existing [...] Read more.
The scope of this study includes modeling and experimental investigation of sulfide stress cracking (SSC) of high-strength carbon steel. A model has been developed to predict hydrogen permeation in steel for a given pressure and temperature condition. The model is validated with existing and new laboratory measurements. The experiments were performed using C-110 grade steel specimens. The specimens were aged in 2% (wt.) brine saturated with mixed gas containing CH4, CO2, and H2S. The concentration H2S was maintained constant (280 ppm) while varying the partial pressure ratio of CO2 (i.e., the ratio of partial pressure of CO2 to the total pressure) from 0 to 15%. The changes occurring in the mechanical properties of the specimens were evaluated after exposure to assess material embrittlement and SSC corrosion. Besides this, the cracks developed on the surface of the specimens were examined using an optical microscope. Results show that the hydrogen permeation, and subsequently SSC resistance, of C-110 grade steel were strongly influenced by the Partial Pressure Ratio (PPR) of CO2 when the PPR was between 0 and 5%. The PPR of CO2 had a limited impact on the SSC process when it was between 10 and 15 percent. Full article
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19 pages, 4112 KiB  
Article
Differentiation of SCC Susceptibility with EIS of Alloy 182 in High Temperature Water
by Rik-Wouter Bosch and Marc Vankeerberghen
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2021, 2(3), 341-359; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cmd2030018 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1925
Abstract
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out in high temperature water with Ni-based Alloy-182. The aim was to correlate the EIS results with differences in Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) susceptibility that is present around the Ni-NiO transition. There was a clear difference [...] Read more.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out in high temperature water with Ni-based Alloy-182. The aim was to correlate the EIS results with differences in Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) susceptibility that is present around the Ni-NiO transition. There was a clear difference between the EIS results at and away from the Ni-NiO transition. To make a more quantitative correlation a simple equivalent circuit was used to fit the experimental data. A clear correlation between the CPE exponent (n) and the SCC susceptibility could be obtained. Additionally, it was shown that the high frequency arc of the EIS data was related to the diffuse double layer Full article
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32 pages, 19932 KiB  
Article
Influence of Boronizing on Steel Performance under Erosion-Abrasion-Corrosion Conditions Simulating Downhole Oil Production
by Eugene Medvedovski, Gerardo Leal Mendoza and Giovanny Vargas
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2021, 2(2), 293-324; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cmd2020016 - 05 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3290
Abstract
Downhole heavy oil production and oil sand processing are associated with severe damage and failures of production equipment components, e.g., production tubing and pumping systems, due to erosion-corrosion resulting in processing losses, production downtime, high maintenance and replacement cost. Protective coatings (layers) on [...] Read more.
Downhole heavy oil production and oil sand processing are associated with severe damage and failures of production equipment components, e.g., production tubing and pumping systems, due to erosion-corrosion resulting in processing losses, production downtime, high maintenance and replacement cost. Protective coatings (layers) on the production components mostly fabricated from low-alloy steels can be applied to minimize these problems. In the present work, the performance of hard boronized coating on carbon steel obtained through the thermal diffusion process and consisted of two iron boride layers (FeB and Fe2B) was studied in synergistic erosion-abrasion-corrosion conditions simulating oil production environment in comparison with bare steel. Special wear testing equipment was designed and fabricated. In this testing, the inner surface of tubular sections was subjected to high velocity erosive flows of water-oil slurries containing silica sand and salts combined with rotating and oscillating motions of steel pony rods. Structural examination of the studied materials’ surfaces and their profilometry after wear testing were conducted. The iron boride coating demonstrated significantly higher performance in abrasion and erosion-abrasion-corrosion conditions compared to bare carbon steel due to its high hardness, high chemical inertness, dual-layer architecture and diffusion-induced bonding with the substrate. The boronized steel tubing and casing with inner surface protection can be effectively employed in the most critical operation conditions. Full article
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17 pages, 5671 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Deposition Time and Heating Temperature on the Structure of Chromium Silicides Synthesized by Pack Cementation Process
by Evangelia Tarani, Dimitrios Stathokostopoulos, Sofia A. Tsipas, Konstantinos Chrissafis and George Vourlias
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2021, 2(2), 210-226; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cmd2020012 - 11 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2215
Abstract
Transition metal silicides have attracted great interest for their potential use in optoelectronic devices, photovoltaic cells, and thermoelectric conversion elements because of their high melting point, high oxidation resistance, and satisfactory thermoelectric properties. This study focuses on the effect of the deposition time [...] Read more.
Transition metal silicides have attracted great interest for their potential use in optoelectronic devices, photovoltaic cells, and thermoelectric conversion elements because of their high melting point, high oxidation resistance, and satisfactory thermoelectric properties. This study focuses on the effect of the deposition time and the heating temperature on the morphology and structure of the chromium silicides synthesized by the pack cementation method. A series of experiments were carried out at various temperatures (1000–1150 °C) with different deposition times (15–120 min). The morphology and the chemical composition of the samples were determined using SEM with an EDS analyzer. The structure determination and phase identification were performed by XRD analysis. The examination of the as-formed materials was completed by performing thermal stability tests. The most suitable conditions for producing CrSi2 sample with satisfactory properties and simultaneously minimizing the cost and production time are listed. It was found that the sample synthesized at 1000 °C for 15 min during the chromizing step, in combination with the siliconizing step at 1000 °C for 60 min, presents the best thermal stability and these selected temperatures offer appropriate, economical, and repeatable results. Full article
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