Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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18 pages, 4613 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning Modeling and Run-to-Run Control of an Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition Spatial Reactor
by Matthew Tom, Henrik Wang, Feiyang Ou, Gerassimos Orkoulas and Panagiotis D. Christofides
Coatings 2024, 14(1), 38; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14010038 - 27 Dec 2023
Viewed by 830
Abstract
Semiconducting materials require stringent design specifications that make their fabrication more difficult and prone to flaws that are costly and damaging to their computing and electrical properties. Area-selective atomic layer deposition is a process that addresses concerns associated with design imperfections but requires [...] Read more.
Semiconducting materials require stringent design specifications that make their fabrication more difficult and prone to flaws that are costly and damaging to their computing and electrical properties. Area-selective atomic layer deposition is a process that addresses concerns associated with design imperfections but requires substantial monitoring to ensure that process regulation is maintained. This work proposes a run-to-run controller with an exponentially weighted moving average method for an area-selective atomic layer deposition rotary reactor by adjusting the rotation speed of the substrate to control the growth per cycle of the wafer, which is calculated through a multiscale model with machine learning integration for pressure field generation and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to increase computational efficiency. Results indicate that the run-to-run controller was able to bring the process to the setpoint when subjected to moderate pressure and kinetic shift disturbances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Chemical Vapor Deposition)
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17 pages, 8339 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Polymer-Based Electrospun Nanofibers for Flexible Electronic Applications
by Gopiraman Mayakrishnan, Ramkumar Vanaraj, Takayasu Kitauchi, Rajakumar Kanthapazham, Seong Cheol Kim and Ick Soo Kim
Coatings 2024, 14(1), 35; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14010035 - 27 Dec 2023
Viewed by 706
Abstract
This study was undertaken to synthesize and characterize PVDF/CB (polyvinylidene fluoride/carbon block) nanofiber composites for flexible, wearable electronic applications. Nanofibers were produced by electrospinning method and used to produce thin films. Fiber surface morphologies were investigated by FE-SEM and HR-TEM, crystalline structures by [...] Read more.
This study was undertaken to synthesize and characterize PVDF/CB (polyvinylidene fluoride/carbon block) nanofiber composites for flexible, wearable electronic applications. Nanofibers were produced by electrospinning method and used to produce thin films. Fiber surface morphologies were investigated by FE-SEM and HR-TEM, crystalline structures by FT-IR and P-XRD, and thermal characteristics by TGA and DSC. The prepared materials are thermally stable up to 390 °C. Mechanical properties were ascertained using tensile characteristics, and results showed that the addition of carbon black (CB) powder to PVDF polymer solution decreased Young’s modulus values and reduced the dielectric constant of PVDF nanofiber films. The obtained dielectric constants of nanofibers loaded with various concentrations of CB were found from 1.4 to 2.0. Flexible electronics materials are essential for the production of wearable electronics and various biomedical engineering applications. The PVDF/CB nanofibers containing 1% showed maximum Young’s moduli of 101.29 ± 15.94. Nanofiber thin films offer various advantages, including simplicity of manufacture, low power consumption, flexibility, and exceptional stability, all of which are crucial for flexible, wearable device applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Electrocatalysis and Energy Storage)
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25 pages, 3792 KiB  
Review
Structural Damage Detection Based on Static and Dynamic Flexibility: A Review and Comparative Study
by Xi Peng, Qiuwei Yang, Fengjiang Qin and Binxiang Sun
Coatings 2024, 14(1), 31; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14010031 - 26 Dec 2023
Viewed by 624
Abstract
Material damage in structures must be detected in a timely manner to prevent engineering accidents. Damage detection based on structural flexibility has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its simplicity and practicality. This article provides a detailed overview of damage detection [...] Read more.
Material damage in structures must be detected in a timely manner to prevent engineering accidents. Damage detection based on structural flexibility has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its simplicity and practicality. This article provides a detailed overview of damage detection methods based on structural flexibility. Depending on the calculation method and data used, flexibility-based methods can be divided into the following categories: flexibility difference, flexibility derivative index, flexibility sensitivity, flexibility decomposition, static flexibility, and combinations of flexibility with other methods. The basic principles and main calculation formulas of various flexibility methods are explained, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. For the method using flexibility difference, the advantage is that the calculation is very simple and does not require the construction of a finite element model of the structure. The disadvantage is that it requires the measurement of modal data of the intact structure, and this method cannot quantitatively assess the degree of damage. For the method using the flexibility derivative index, the advantage is that it only requires the modal data of the damaged structure to locate the damage, but this method is particularly sensitive to noise in the data and is prone to misjudgment. For methods based on flexibility sensitivity and flexibility decomposition, the advantage is that they can simultaneously obtain the location and degree of damage in the structure, but the disadvantage is that they require the establishment of accurate finite element models in advance. Static flexibility methods can compensate for the shortcomings of dynamic flexibility methods, but they usually affect the normal use of the structure during static testing. Combining flexibility-based methods with advanced intelligent algorithms and other methods can further improve their accuracy and efficiency in identifying structural damage. Finally, this article discusses the challenges that have not yet been solved among damage detection methods based on structural flexibility. Full article
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9 pages, 2574 KiB  
Article
Atomic Layer Deposition for Tailoring Tamm Plasmon-Polariton with Ultra-High Accuracy
by Mantas Drazdys, Ernesta Bužavaitė-Vertelienė, Darija Astrauskytė and Zigmas Balevičius
Coatings 2024, 14(1), 33; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings14010033 - 26 Dec 2023
Viewed by 786
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the potential capability to control Tamm plasmon-polaritons (TPP) by applying atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a highly precise technique for plasmonic applications. Applications in plasmonics usually require tens of nanometers or less thick layers; thus, ALD is a [...] Read more.
In this study, we demonstrate the potential capability to control Tamm plasmon-polaritons (TPP) by applying atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a highly precise technique for plasmonic applications. Applications in plasmonics usually require tens of nanometers or less thick layers; thus, ALD is a very suitable technique with monolayer-by-monolayer growth of angstrom resolution. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and polarized reflection intensity identified the TPP resonances in the photonic band gap (PBG) formed by periodically alternating silicon oxide and tantalum oxide layers. The sub-nanometer control of the Al2O3 layer by ALD allows precise tailoring of TPP resonances within a few nanometers of spectral shift. The employing of the ALD method for the fabrication of thin layers with sub-nanometer thickness accuracy in more complex structures proves to be a versatile platform for practical applications where tunable plasmonic resonances of high quality are required. Full article
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14 pages, 3501 KiB  
Article
Physicomechanical Properties of Gypsum with Mineral Additions at Elevated Temperatures
by Junjie Wang and Engui Liu
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2091; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13122091 - 15 Dec 2023
Viewed by 835
Abstract
Gypsum, from either nature or industrial by-products, can be a lower-cost and cleaner alternative binder to Portland cement used in construction projects, such as affordable housing in developing countries. Although various building products have successfully used gypsum as the binder, some drawbacks of [...] Read more.
Gypsum, from either nature or industrial by-products, can be a lower-cost and cleaner alternative binder to Portland cement used in construction projects, such as affordable housing in developing countries. Although various building products have successfully used gypsum as the binder, some drawbacks of this material have still been claimed, for example, in the aspects of mechanical strength and some other physical properties. Using mineral additions to gypsum seems to be a possible solution to create composite gypsum with improved properties. This work has investigated the possibility of two common minerals (silica flour and talc powder) in modifying composite gypsum’s physical and mechanical performance at elevated temperatures (100–1100 °C), including hydration, strength, thermal conduction and stability, and microstructure. The results suggest that 10% gypsum replacement by silica flour or talc powder modifies gypsum’s physical and mechanical properties, with silica flour performing better than talc powder. The performance of composite gypsum at elevated temperatures depends on the treatment temperature and reflects the combined effects of gypsum phase change and the filler effects of silica flour or talc powder. Thermal treatment at ≤200 °C increased the thermal resistance of all gypsum boards but decreased their compressive strength. Thermal treatment at ≥300 °C significantly increased the compressive strength of gypsum with silica flour and talc powder but induced intensive microcracks and thus failed the thermal insulation. This investigation indicates that silica flour can potentially raise the mechanical performance of gypsum. At the same time, talc powder can hold water and lubricate, which may help with the continuous hydration of gypsum phases and the rheology of its mixtures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effective Coating Barriers for Protection of Reinforced Concrete)
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17 pages, 7792 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Plasma Spray Parameters on the Quality of Al-Ni Coatings
by Shenglian Wang, Shuang Chen, Ming Liu, Qinghua Huang, Zimo Liu, Xin Li and Shaofeng Xu
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2063; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13122063 - 09 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 897
Abstract
The plasma spray method is widely utilized for enhancing wear, surface fatigue, and corrosion properties through coating. The mechanical and surface characteristics of the resulting coating are contingent upon various spraying parameters, including arc current, working current, spraying distance, and plasma gun traversing [...] Read more.
The plasma spray method is widely utilized for enhancing wear, surface fatigue, and corrosion properties through coating. The mechanical and surface characteristics of the resulting coating are contingent upon various spraying parameters, including arc current, working current, spraying distance, and plasma gun traversing speed. This study investigates the impact of these manufacturing parameters on the porosity, hardness, and bond strength of a coating produced from an Al-Ni alloy applied to a Q235 steel substrate. An extensive experimental program was conducted to analyze the influence of these parameters on the coating properties. Consequently, a preferred combination of parameters, identified through a comprehensive evaluation method, yielded greater performance benefits compared to the orthogonal experimental groups. Full article
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27 pages, 4410 KiB  
Review
Protecting Street Art from Outdoor Environmental Threats: What Are the Challenges?
by Laura Pagnin, Nicolò Guarnieri, Francesca Caterina Izzo, Sara Goidanich and Lucia Toniolo
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2044; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13122044 - 05 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1021
Abstract
Street Art is an artistic expression in constant development, whose interest has grown in recent years among society, public administrations, conservators, and heritage scientists. This growing awareness has given rise to a series of debates between professionals with the intent to expand the [...] Read more.
Street Art is an artistic expression in constant development, whose interest has grown in recent years among society, public administrations, conservators, and heritage scientists. This growing awareness has given rise to a series of debates between professionals with the intent to expand the knowledge relating to conservation practices and possible protection solutions. Additionally, the paint materials used by contemporary artists are in constant development; therefore, difficulty has emerged in the identification of their degradation processes when exposed to environmental conditions and in the consequent selection of a specific protection system. This review presents an overview of the recent literature and experiences in the field of knowledge and preservation of Street Art, focusing on the type and nature of paint formulations, the main deterioration processes of painted artworks in outdoor conditions, and the most recent advances in materials and methods for the conservation and protection of Street Art. This review aims to emphasise how the approach to the challenge of preservation of Street Art is complex, aspiring to the need for optimised diagnostic protocols for the development of innovative and effective protective coatings. This paper is a starting point to provide suggestions and indications for the development of further research projects within the framework of preservation and protection of contemporary muralism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Polymer Coatings and Films)
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16 pages, 5968 KiB  
Article
Self-Healing UV-Curable Urethane (Meth)acrylates with Various Soft Segment Chemistry
by Paulina Bednarczyk, Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska, Joanna Klebeko, Joanna Rokicka, Yongping Bai and Zbigniew Czech
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2045; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13122045 - 05 Dec 2023
Viewed by 842
Abstract
This study explores the synthesis and evaluation of UV-curable urethane (meth)acrylates (UA) incorporating a Diels–Alder adduct (HODA), diisocyanate, poly(ethylene glycol), and hydroxy (meth)acrylate. Six UAs, distinguished by the soft segment of polymer chains, underwent comprehensive characterization using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Real-time monitoring [...] Read more.
This study explores the synthesis and evaluation of UV-curable urethane (meth)acrylates (UA) incorporating a Diels–Alder adduct (HODA), diisocyanate, poly(ethylene glycol), and hydroxy (meth)acrylate. Six UAs, distinguished by the soft segment of polymer chains, underwent comprehensive characterization using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Real-time monitoring of the UV-curing process and analysis of self-healing properties were performed. The research investigates the influence of various molecular weights of PEGs on the self-healing process, revealing dependencies on photopolymerization kinetics, microstructure, thermal properties, and thermoreversibility of urethane (meth)acrylates. This work provides valuable insights into the development of UV-curable coatings with tailored properties for potential applications in advanced materials. Full article
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62 pages, 10199 KiB  
Review
Electrochemical Detection of Hormones Using Nanostructured Electrodes
by Naila Haroon and Keith J. Stine
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2040; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13122040 - 04 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1697
Abstract
Hormones regulate several physiological processes in living organisms, and their detection requires accuracy and sensitivity. Recent advances in nanostructured electrodes for the electrochemical detection of hormones are described. Nanostructured electrodes’ high surface area, electrocatalytic activity, and sensitivity make them a strong hormone detection [...] Read more.
Hormones regulate several physiological processes in living organisms, and their detection requires accuracy and sensitivity. Recent advances in nanostructured electrodes for the electrochemical detection of hormones are described. Nanostructured electrodes’ high surface area, electrocatalytic activity, and sensitivity make them a strong hormone detection platform. This paper covers nanostructured electrode design and production using MOFs, zeolites, carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, and 2D materials such as TMDs, Mxenes, graphene, and conducting polymers onto electrodes surfaces that have been used to confer distinct characteristics for the purpose of electrochemical hormone detection. The use of aptamers for hormone recognition is producing especially promising results, as is the use of carbon-based nanomaterials in composite electrodes. These materials are optimized for hormone detection, allowing trace-level quantification. Various electrochemical techniques such as SWV, CV, DPV, EIS, and amperometry are reviewed in depth for hormone detection, showing the ability for quick, selective, and quantitative evaluation. We also discuss hormone immobilization on nanostructured electrodes to improve detection stability and specificity. We focus on real-time monitoring and tailored healthcare with nanostructured electrode-based hormone detection in clinical diagnostics, wearable devices, and point-of-care testing. These nanostructured electrode-based assays are useful for endocrinology research and hormone-related disease diagnostics due to their sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability. We conclude with nanotechnology–microfluidics integration and tiny portable hormone-detection devices. Nanostructured electrodes can improve hormone regulation and healthcare by facilitating early disease diagnosis and customized therapy. Full article
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22 pages, 5029 KiB  
Article
Novel Method for Assessing the Protection Lifetime of Building Coatings against Fungi
by Justyna Szulc, Michał Komar, Iwona Kata, Krzysztof Szafran and Beata Gutarowska
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2026; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13122026 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 651
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for evaluating the service life of building coatings. In Stage 1, we assessed existing methods for determining the degree of fungal overgrowth on building materials (visual assessment, culture method, luminometric ATP (adenosine-5’-triphosphate) [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for evaluating the service life of building coatings. In Stage 1, we assessed existing methods for determining the degree of fungal overgrowth on building materials (visual assessment, culture method, luminometric ATP (adenosine-5’-triphosphate) measurement, and spectrophotometric assessment of colour changes). Laboratory tests were carried out for 19 types of facade coating (mineral and silicone with/without primer, silicone paint, biocides) and 7 fungal strains (moulds Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium melanogenum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium sp., Penicillium citrinum, and the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). The number of fungi on the facade coatings after 28 days of incubation was 1.7 × 105–4.6 × 105 CFUs (colony-forming units)/sample. The ATP content was 12 RLUs–30333 RLUs (relative light units). Colour change was ΔE > 5 depending on the coating type and fungal strain. A high or very high correlation was found between the ATP concentration (RLUs), colour change (ΔE), and the results of the culture method (CFUs/sample). In Stage 2, a new methodology for evaluating the protection lifetime of building coatings against fungi was developed, taking into account environmental conditions (impact of ultraviolet radiation, precipitation, presence of organic matter on the surface, quantitative and qualitative composition of bioaerosol). The developed method consists of one research cycle conducted in the laboratory, corresponding to one year under natural conditions. Preliminary verification showed the model to be compatible with long-term observations (3 years) of fungal growth on the facade coatings under real environmental conditions. The novel method could be used to design biodeterioration control and protection strategies for both new and cultural heritage buildings. Full article
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17 pages, 6534 KiB  
Article
The Effect of CO2 Laser Engraving on the Surface Structure and Properties of Spruce Wood
by Jozef Kúdela, Michal Andrejko and Ivan Kubovský
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2006; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13122006 - 26 Nov 2023
Viewed by 759
Abstract
This work appraises the influence of CO2 laser irradiation on mass loss, morphology, chemical changes and discolouration of spruce wood surfaces. The amount of energy applied to the surface was expressed as the total irradiation dose, which was demonstrated to have a [...] Read more.
This work appraises the influence of CO2 laser irradiation on mass loss, morphology, chemical changes and discolouration of spruce wood surfaces. The amount of energy applied to the surface was expressed as the total irradiation dose, which was demonstrated to have a strong impact on increasing wood weight loss. Along with increasing mass loss, surface roughness also increased, resulting from the differences in density between the early wood and late wood. The evaluated roughness parameters increased linearly with increasing irradiation dose and mass loss. At the maximum irradiation dose, the Ra parameter value parallel to the fibre direction showed a 6-fold increase; perpendicular to the grain, the increase was as much as 33.5-fold. Similar differences were also observed for the parameter Rz. At the lowest laser power and the lowest raster density, the engraved spruce wood surface exhibited some evidence of discolouration (ΔE* ≅ 9). An additional increase in the amount of supplied energy clearly resulted in a novel surface colour compared to the original (ΔE* = 12). The chemical analysis of the wood surface revealed that the discolouration was mainly caused by heat-induced cleavage of C=O groups in the lignin and hemicellulose structures. Part of these structures (so-called chromophores) are responsible for the natural colour of the wood as well as for colour changes caused by engraving. The detected dependences of the wood mass loss and colour values on the total radiation dose are the basis for achieving targeted modifications of spruce wood surfaces using a laser beam. Full article
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15 pages, 6706 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Solvent Type on the Colloidal Stability and the Degree of Condensation of Silica Sols Stabilized by Amphiphilic Urethane Acrylate and the Properties of Their Coating Films
by Hong Nhung Le, Choonho Lee, Woochul Jung and Juyoung Kim
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 1997; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13121997 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 613
Abstract
The colloidal stability of silica O-I hybrid sols that have a high degree of condensation could result in the formation of a hard coating film on a substrate, which could depend on the properties of solvents used in the sol-gel reaction. In this [...] Read more.
The colloidal stability of silica O-I hybrid sols that have a high degree of condensation could result in the formation of a hard coating film on a substrate, which could depend on the properties of solvents used in the sol-gel reaction. In this study, the effect of the solvent type on the colloidal stability and degree of condensation of the silica sols was investigated by preparing various silica O-I hybrid sols using different solvent mixtures composed of various aprotic and protic solvents in the presence of amphiphilic urethane acrylate. Silica sols prepared using the appropriate aprotic-protic solvent mixture showed a higher degree of condensation and long-term colloidal stability, which was confirmed using 29Si-NMR and DLS. Furthermore, the coating film formed from these silica sols showed a remarkable hardness of 0.97 GPa, with a thickness of 4.76 µm confirmed using nanoindentation measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Polymer Coatings and Films)
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16 pages, 4798 KiB  
Article
Calcium Hydroxyapatite Coatings: Low-Temperature Synthesis and Investigation of Antibacterial Properties
by Laura Lukaviciute, Justina Karciauskaite, Inga Grigoraviciute, Dovile Vasiliauskiene, Denis Sokol and Aivaras Kareiva
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 1991; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13121991 - 23 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 906
Abstract
In the present work, the low-temperature synthesis of substituted calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAP) with copper and zinc ions on titanium substrates was performed. Initially, CaCO3 coatings were synthesised on titanium substrate using the sol-gel [...] Read more.
In the present work, the low-temperature synthesis of substituted calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAP) with copper and zinc ions on titanium substrates was performed. Initially, CaCO3 coatings were synthesised on titanium substrate using the sol-gel method at 550 °C in a CO2 atmosphere. Crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite was then synthesised from these CaCO3 coatings through the dissolution-precipitation method at low temperature (80 °C). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to evaluate the phase composition, surface functional groups, crystallinity, and morphology of the coatings. The results showed the formation of hexagonal HAP particles with a size of 20 nm at low temperature, exhibiting high homogeneity in particle size distribution. In the calcium hydroxyapatite, some of the Ca2+ ions were replaced by Cu2+ ions. Heating the mixture of Ca(NO3)2 and Cu(NO3)2 solutions at 550 °C in a CO2 atmosphere led to the formation of copper hydroxide carbonate (malachite, Cu2(OH)2CO3) along with CaCO3. The reaction between the sol-gel precursor obtained and Na2HPO4 resulted in the formation of copper-substituted hydroxyapatite (Cu-HAP). Different synthesis methods were tested with Zn2+ ions, and on the surface of the coating, Zn(OH)(NO3)(H2O), Zn3(OH)4(NO3)2, and unreacted CaCO3 were formed. Antibacterial properties of the coatings were tested using the inhibition zone method. No inhibition zones were observed for HAP. However, in the Cu and Zn containing coatings, inhibition zones were observed in the presence of a colony of B. subtilis bacteria. However, no inhibition zones were detected in the presence of E. coli bacteria. Full article
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28 pages, 11599 KiB  
Review
A Review on Geothermal Heat Exchangers: Challenges, Coating Methods, and Coating Materials
by Arunima Bhuvanendran Nair Jayakumari, Nigar Gul Malik, Garima Mittal, David Martelo, Namrata Kale and Shiladitya Paul
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 1988; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13121988 - 23 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1037
Abstract
Geothermal energy is likely to be a significant contributor in achieving sustainable energy goals and net-zero emissions targets. Within geothermal power plants, heat exchangers play a critical role in harnessing this renewable energy source. However, these heat exchangers encounter significant challenges when exposed [...] Read more.
Geothermal energy is likely to be a significant contributor in achieving sustainable energy goals and net-zero emissions targets. Within geothermal power plants, heat exchangers play a critical role in harnessing this renewable energy source. However, these heat exchangers encounter significant challenges when exposed to geothermal fluids, including erosion, corrosion, and scaling, which adversely affects their performance and longevity. The current review focuses on surface engineering techniques, particularly coatings, as a highly effective and economically viable solution to address these challenges in geothermal heat exchangers. The review begins by providing an overview of geothermal energy, its significance in the context of sustainability and the important role played by heat exchangers in geothermal power generation, followed by the challenges and their impact on heat exchangers. The subsequent section focuses on surface engineering by coatings and its types employed to enhance the performance of heat exchangers. In the final part, the reader is presented with an overview of the challenges associated with the application of coatings in geothermal heat exchangers and potential future directions in this field. This review offers a detailed understanding of the critical role coatings play in improving the efficiency and service life of heat exchangers in geothermal power plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research in Coatings for Harsh Environments)
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24 pages, 3488 KiB  
Review
Strategies to Enhance Biomedical Device Performance and Safety: A Comprehensive Review
by Julia Sánchez-Bodón, Maria Diaz-Galbarriatu, Leyre Pérez-Álvarez, Isabel Moreno-Benítez and José Luis Vilas-Vilela
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 1981; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13121981 - 21 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1014
Abstract
This paper reviews different approaches to obtain biomaterials with tailored functionalities and explains their significant characteristics that influence their bioactivity. The main goal of this discussion underscores the significance of surface properties in materials, with a particular emphasis on their role in facilitating [...] Read more.
This paper reviews different approaches to obtain biomaterials with tailored functionalities and explains their significant characteristics that influence their bioactivity. The main goal of this discussion underscores the significance of surface properties in materials, with a particular emphasis on their role in facilitating cell adhesion in order to obtain good biocompatibility and biointegration, while preventing adverse effects, such as bacterial contamination and inflammation processes. Consequently, it is essential to design strategies and interventions that avoid bacterial infections, reducing inflammation and enhancing compatibility systems. Within this review, we elucidate the most prevalent techniques employed for surface modification, notably emphasizing surface chemical composition and coatings. In the case of surface chemical composition, we delve into four commonly applied approaches: hydrolysis, aminolysis, oxidation, and plasma treatment. On the other hand, coatings can be categorized based on their material composition, encompassing ceramic-based and polymer-based coatings. Both types of coatings have demonstrated efficacy in preventing bacterial contamination, promoting cell adhesion and improving biological properties of the surface. Furthermore, the addition of biological agents such as drugs, proteins, peptides, metallic ions plays a pivotal role in manifesting the prevention of bacterial infection, inflammatory responses, and coagulation mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coatings for Biomedical Applications)
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18 pages, 4423 KiB  
Article
Effect of Electrodeposited Gold Coatings on Micro-Gaps, Surface Profile and Bacterial Leakage of Cast UCLA Abutments Attached to External Hexagon Dental Implants
by Terry R. Walton
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 1976; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13121976 - 21 Nov 2023
Viewed by 677
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of the study was to qualitatively assess the micro-gap dimensions, connecting fitting surface profile, and bacterial leakage of cast high-gold-alloy UCLA abutments, with or without electrodeposited gold coatings attached to external hexagon implants. Materials and methods: Sixteen plastic [...] Read more.
Purpose: The objective of the study was to qualitatively assess the micro-gap dimensions, connecting fitting surface profile, and bacterial leakage of cast high-gold-alloy UCLA abutments, with or without electrodeposited gold coatings attached to external hexagon implants. Materials and methods: Sixteen plastic UCLAs (PUCLAs) were cast with a high-gold-content alloy. Eight were electrolytically gold plated. Five machined cast-to-UCLA (GUCLA) control abutments were cast with the same alloy. All abutments were attached to external hexagon implants, giving 21 implant-abutment combinations (IACs). External perimeter micro-gaps measured with SEM under shadow eliminating silhouette illumination and 2000× magnification were averaged over three regions. The IACs were examined for E. coli leakage following an initial sterility test. Disassembled combinations were examined with SEM, and surface profiles were qualitatively assessed. Results: External micro-gap measurements did not reflect the variable connecting surface profiles, but average values < 5.0 μm were observed for all IACs measured under the shadow eliminating silhouette illumination for both cast and pre-machined external hexagon abutments with and without Au plating. E. coli transfer was observed in 3 of 5 PUCLA-plated and 2 of 5 PUCLA-non-plated IACs. No transfer occurred in the 3 GUCLA-non-plated or 2 GUCLA-plated control IACs. Abutment connecting surfaces, both Au-plated and not Au-plated, showed plastic deformation (smearing) in variable mosaic patterns across the micro-gap. Conclusions: Micro-gap dimensions < 5μm were obtained with both the high noble metal cast and pre-machined control external hexagon abutments with and without Au electrodeposited on the abutment connecting surface. Regions of intimate contact due to plastic deformation (smearing) of these surfaces were observed. A continuous smeared region around the circumference of the surfaces can provide an effective barrier to the egress of E. coli bacteria from the internal regions of the implant under static loading. The sample size was insufficient to determine if the gold coating resulted in a superior bacterial barrier. Full article
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13 pages, 1358 KiB  
Article
Paper Coatings Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol and Cellulose Nanocrystals Using Various Coating Techniques and Determination of Their Barrier Properties
by Alicja Tarnowiecka-Kuca, Roos Peeters, Bram Bamps, Magdalena Stobińska, Paulina Kamola, Artur Wierzchowski, Artur Bartkowiak and Małgorzata Mizielińska
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1975; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111975 - 20 Nov 2023
Viewed by 950
Abstract
The goal of this work was to improve the barrier properties of selected papers against water, grease and oil or gases (water vapor and oxygen) by covering them with biodegradable commercial coating carriers based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The [...] Read more.
The goal of this work was to improve the barrier properties of selected papers against water, grease and oil or gases (water vapor and oxygen) by covering them with biodegradable commercial coating carriers based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The aim was also to obtain cellulose recyclable packaging materials with improved barrier characteristics. The properties of paper coatings based on CNCs and PVOH were characterized. Various paper coating techniques (flexographic printing, rotogravure printing and blade printing) were evaluated with respect to the final properties of the surface-modified paper with different starting grammages (40 g/m2, 70 g/m2, 100 g/m2). Functional properties, such as the barrier against oxygen, water vapor, water and grease; mechanical properties; and seal characterization of coated paper were examined. The results of this study demonstrated that the covering of the paper may improve the water, grease and oil barrier and that the best results were obtained for Gerstar 70 g/m2 coated with J12 coatings using the flexographic technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coatings and Films for Food Packing and Storage)
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30 pages, 7307 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Testing of Anti-Corrosion Properties of New Pigments Containing Structural Units of Melamine and Magnesium Cations (Mg2+)
by Miroslav Kohl, Fouzy Alafid, Karolína Boštíková, Anna Krejčová, Stanislav Slang, Dominik Řezníček, Radim Hrdina and Andréa Kalendová
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1968; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111968 - 19 Nov 2023
Viewed by 855
Abstract
This paper deals with the properties and testing of newly prepared organic pigments based on melamine cyanurate containing magnesium or zinc cations depending on their composition and anticorrosive properties in model coatings. Organic pigments based on melamine cyanurate with Mg2+ in the [...] Read more.
This paper deals with the properties and testing of newly prepared organic pigments based on melamine cyanurate containing magnesium or zinc cations depending on their composition and anticorrosive properties in model coatings. Organic pigments based on melamine cyanurate with Mg2+ in the form of a complex differing in the ratio of melamine and cyanurate units were prepared. Furthermore, a pigment based on melamine citrate with magnesium cation Mg2+, a pigment based on melamine citrate with magnesium cation, and a pigment based on melamine cyanurate with zinc cation were prepared. The properties of Mg-containing organic pigments were also compared with those of selected magnesium-containing inorganic oxide-type pigments. The above-synthesized pigments were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, the basic parameters that are indicative of the applicability of the pigments in the binders of anti-corrosion coatings were determined. The anti-corrosive properties of the tested pigments were verified after application to the epoxy-ester resin-based paint binder in three different concentrations: at pigment volume concentrations of 0.10%, 0.25%, and 0.50%. The anticorrosive effectiveness of pigmented organic coatings was verified by cyclic corrosion tests in a salt electrolyte fog (NaCl + (NH4)2SO4) in an atmosphere containing SO2 and by the electrochemical technique of linear polarization. Finally, the effect of the structure of the pigments on the mechanical resistance of the organic coatings was investigated. The results obtained showed that the new organic pigments exhibit anticorrosive properties, and at the same time, differences in performance were found depending on the structure of the pigments tested. Specifically, the results of cyclic corrosion tests and the electrochemical technique of linear polarization clearly demonstrated that synthesized pigments of the organic type based on melamine cyanurate containing magnesium or zinc cations ensure the anti-corrosion efficiency of the tested organic coatings. The highest anti-corrosion efficiency was achieved by the system pigmented with synthesized melamine cyanurate with magnesium cation (C12H16MgN18O6), whose anti-corrosion efficiency was comparable to the anti-corrosion efficiency of the tested inorganic pigment MgFe2O4, which was prepared by high-temperature solid-phase synthesis. In addition, these organic coatings achieved high mechanical resistance after being tested using the most used standardized mechanical tests. Full article
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16 pages, 4831 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Piezoelectric ZnO Nanowires on Laser Textured Copper Substrate to Enhance Catalytic Properties
by Hongbin Wang, Rui Zhou, Huangping Yan and Hongjun Liu
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1963; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111963 - 17 Nov 2023
Viewed by 888
Abstract
In this work, 3D periodic “grid-type” CuO/Cu2O layers were fabricated on a copper sheet using laser processing techniques, and the laser processing parameters were optimized for favorable ZnO nanowire growth. It was found that ZnO nanowires could be successfully prepared to [...] Read more.
In this work, 3D periodic “grid-type” CuO/Cu2O layers were fabricated on a copper sheet using laser processing techniques, and the laser processing parameters were optimized for favorable ZnO nanowire growth. It was found that ZnO nanowires could be successfully prepared to form a CuO-Cu2O-ZnO heterojunction structure without an extra catalyst or seed layer coating, which could be attributed to the copper oxide active sites induced via laser texturing. ZnO nanowires on laser textured “grid-type” copper substrates demonstrated an effective piezocatalytic performance with different morphologies and the generation of abundant reactive oxygen species in the CuO-Cu2O-ZnO catalytic system, providing a fundamental mechanism for the degradation of organic dye in water. This simple and low-cost method could provide a useful guide for the large-scale efficient and versatile synthesis of immobilized piezoelectric catalysts. Full article
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24 pages, 17023 KiB  
Article
Development of a Hydrophobic Polymer Coating in Polyurethane Organic–Mineral Base Containing Waste from Fibreglass Production
by Karolína Hudec Jakubíková, Jakub Hodul, Radek Hermann and Rostislav Drochytka
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1934; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111934 - 12 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1274
Abstract
In this study, the suitability of waste from glass fibre production as a secondary filler for a polymeric durable hydrophobic coating, based on an innovative polyurethane organic–mineral base, was experimentally verified. The main aim of this work was to develop a basic formulation [...] Read more.
In this study, the suitability of waste from glass fibre production as a secondary filler for a polymeric durable hydrophobic coating, based on an innovative polyurethane organic–mineral base, was experimentally verified. The main aim of this work was to develop a basic formulation for a polymeric hydrophobic coating designed primarily for usage in aggressive environments. For this purpose, a total of four formulations were tested with different weight percentages of waste glass fibre, i.e., from 30 to 60%. The basic properties in the fresh state, such as the coating workability and kinematic and dynamic viscosity, were verified, and an application test was performed. The formulations were also verified after the polymerisation of the coating. Adhesion on a concrete substrate and the tensile properties and hardness of the coating were tested. Chemical resistance to liquid aggressive media and the microstructure of the coating after exposure to SO2 were also tested, as these are critical properties. All the formulations showed better workability than the reference coating without a filler, and the formulation with the highest filling (60%) appeared to be optimal. The maximum adhesion on the concrete substrate (11.9 MPa) and tensile strength (21.6 MPa) were recorded for the formulation with 60% waste fibreglass. It can be concluded that with an increase in the waste glass content, there was a significant improvement in the properties of the coatings. Additionally, the waste fibreglass did not have a significant negative impact on chemical resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Polymer Coatings and Films)
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24 pages, 4524 KiB  
Review
Progress in Marine Antifouling Coatings: Current Status and Prospects
by Liang Li, Heting Hong, Jingyi Cao and Yange Yang
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1893; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111893 - 03 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1735
Abstract
The shipping industry is vital to global trade. Unfortunately, this industry is negatively impacted on a large scale by biofouling, a process whereby unwanted organisms accumulate on submerged surfaces, massively affecting traveling speed and fuel consumption. Fortunately, antifouling coatings have been developed to [...] Read more.
The shipping industry is vital to global trade. Unfortunately, this industry is negatively impacted on a large scale by biofouling, a process whereby unwanted organisms accumulate on submerged surfaces, massively affecting traveling speed and fuel consumption. Fortunately, antifouling coatings have been developed to combat this problem. This review summarizes the process of biofouling and briefly discusses the history of antifouling coating development. Moreover, eight major antifouling coatings are reviewed, including bionic microstructure, self-polishing, fouling and desorption, zwitterionic polymer, self-assembled thin-layer, liquid-smooth surface, conductive, and photocatalytic antifouling coatings. The technical principles, innovation, and advancement of each coating are expounded, and the relevant research progress is discussed. Finally, the remaining issues and challenges in antifouling coatings are discussed, along with their prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Metallic Materials)
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19 pages, 4541 KiB  
Article
Composite of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Plastisol and Wood Flour as a Potential Coating Material
by Przemysław Siekierka, Edwin Makarewicz, Sławomir Wilczewski, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Katarzyna Skórczewska, Jacek Mirowski and Magdalena Osial
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1892; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111892 - 03 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 595
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study of the properties of a new composite material made from poly(vinyl chloride) plastisol (PVC) and conifer-derived wood flour. The material can be used for thermal insulation, floor coverings with high resistance to mechanical trauma, and [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of a study of the properties of a new composite material made from poly(vinyl chloride) plastisol (PVC) and conifer-derived wood flour. The material can be used for thermal insulation, floor coverings with high resistance to mechanical trauma, and protective coatings. The plastisol was made from emulsion poly(vinyl chloride), the plasticiser was bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, and the stabiliser was octyltin mercapeptide. Two types of flour were used: fine-grained and coarse-grained. Its properties, such as bulk density, oil number, and plasticiser number, were determined. The polymer-wood composite contained 20 or 30 wt.% wood flour in PVC. Plastisol was obtained by repeated mixing, mashing, and venting under vacuum. The produced composite material was gelated at temperatures of 130, 150, and 170 °C. The gelation process of the composites was studied in a Brabender apparatus. Samples in the form of polymer films were used to study density, hardness, thermal stability, and mechanical and thermomechanical properties. The structure of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A summary of all test results showed that composite films made from PVC plastisol with 20 wt.% of fine wood flour gelled at 150 °C had the most favourable physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Full article
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19 pages, 7395 KiB  
Article
Simple UV-Grafting of PolyAcrylic and PolyMethacrylic Acid on Silicone Breast Implant Surfaces: Chemical and Mechanical Characterizations
by Anna Wozniak, Vincent Humblot, Romain Vayron, Rémi Delille and Céline Falentin-Daudré
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1888; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111888 - 02 Nov 2023
Viewed by 632
Abstract
Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) is one of the most widely used materials in the biomedical field. Despite its numerous advantages, its hydrophobic character promotes bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. For breast implants, biocompatibility is challenged due to the biofilm formed around the implant that [...] Read more.
Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) is one of the most widely used materials in the biomedical field. Despite its numerous advantages, its hydrophobic character promotes bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. For breast implants, biocompatibility is challenged due to the biofilm formed around the implant that can degenerate to severe capsular contracture over time. Thus, the laboratory has set up strategies to prevent bacterial contamination by grafting covalently hydrophilic bioactive polymers on the surface of implants. In this study, poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAc) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) were chosen as non-toxic and biocompatible bioactive polymers known for reducing bacteria adhesion. These polymers are also good candidates to lend reactivity on the surface for further functionalization. X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis have highlighted the covalent grafting of these polymers. Apparent water contact angle measurements have shown the change in hydrophilicity on the surface, and a colorimetric assay allowed us to assess the grafting rate of PMAc and PAAc. Tensile strength assays were performed to ensure that the functionalization process does not significantly alter the material’s mechanical properties. Analyses of the surface aspect and roughness by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and optical profilometer allow us to formulate hypotheses to approach the understanding of the behavior of the polymer once grafted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Properties of Implants and Biomedical Devices)
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28 pages, 5396 KiB  
Review
Preparation and Applications of Superhydrophobic Coatings on Aluminum Alloy Surface for Anti-Corrosion and Anti-Fouling: A Mini Review
by Qianyi Zhu, Xiaoqing Du, Yudie Liu, Xuming Fang, Dongchu Chen and Zhao Zhang
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1881; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111881 - 01 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1509
Abstract
Aluminum alloy is widely used in many fields for its excellent performance. However, in practical application, aluminum alloy is easy to become corroded and be invalidated, owing to the influence of environmental factors. Some pollutants or corrosive media on its surface adhesion will [...] Read more.
Aluminum alloy is widely used in many fields for its excellent performance. However, in practical application, aluminum alloy is easy to become corroded and be invalidated, owing to the influence of environmental factors. Some pollutants or corrosive media on its surface adhesion will further deepen the failure rate of aluminum alloy, resulting in a large amount of workforce waste, waste of material and financial resources, and energy consumption. So the anti-corrosion and anti-fouling treatment of aluminum alloy surfaces to expand their practical application range and reduce energy loss are of great significance. In this paper, we first summarize the types of anti-corrosion and anti-fouling coatings on aluminum alloy surfaces. We found that superhydrophobic coating has attracted widespread attention recently because of its surface’s non-wetting and low surface energy characteristics. The superhydrophobic coating refers to a coating with a water contact angle on its surface greater than 150° and a sliding angle of less than 10°. Preparing superhydrophobic coatings on the surface of aluminum alloy can improve the corrosion resistance and anti-pollutant adhesion ability at the same time. Therefore, in the following part of the review, the preparation methods of superhydrophobic coatings on aluminum alloy surfaces for anti-corrosion and anti-fouling and the significant problems encountered in the practical application of the superhydrophobic coating on aluminum alloy surfaces, such as poor anti-corrosion durability and poor mechanical stability, and the existing methods to solve these critical problems, are summarized and discussed in detail. Finally, we put forward some new solutions to solve these vital issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Coatings)
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15 pages, 9982 KiB  
Article
Correlation between Microstructural Properties and Electric Parameters of Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings on 5052 Aluminum Alloys with Improving Wear and Corrosion Resistance
by Jhu-Lin You, Chin-Jou Chang and Shun-Yi Jian
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1874; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111874 - 31 Oct 2023
Viewed by 728
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) alloys are lightweight and machinable and have been widely used in industrial applications, particularly the formation of complex mechanical parts. However, the 5052 Al alloy frequently encounters problems like corrosion and wear during its service life, significantly impacting the equipment’s longevity. [...] Read more.
Aluminum (Al) alloys are lightweight and machinable and have been widely used in industrial applications, particularly the formation of complex mechanical parts. However, the 5052 Al alloy frequently encounters problems like corrosion and wear during its service life, significantly impacting the equipment’s longevity. This study investigated the effects of pulse voltage (320 to 400 V) and frequency (50 to 200 Hz) on the growth and surface morphology of 5052 Al alloy films formed through micro-arc oxidation (MAO) to improve their corrosion and wear resistance while maintaining a surface roughness of less than 1 μm. The results indicate that higher operating voltages and frequencies correlated with increased thickness in the resulting ceramic oxide films formed using MAO. In addition, as the pulse frequency increased, the distribution of the holes became more uniform across the surface. We examined the surface and cross-sectional morphology, as well as the thickness of the MAO coatings, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion and wear resistance of the MAO coatings formed under different electrical parameters were analyzed using electrochemical corrosion tests and scratch tests. The MAO coatings produced at 400 V and 200 Hz were the thickest, at approximately 4.8 μm, and demonstrated superior corrosion and wear resistance. These coatings demonstrate significantly reduced wear width, highlighting their exceptional resistance to corrosion and wear. Hole cracking occurred only above the top layer of the coating and not beneath the mid-layer, which protected the substrate from damage due to the direct passage of Cl ions through the holes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plasma Coatings, Surfaces & Interfaces)
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22 pages, 6463 KiB  
Article
Effect of Zinc Content on Powder Characteristics, Porosity, Microstructure, and Corrosion Behavior of SLM-Printed Mg-xZn-0.2Mn Alloys for Biomedical Applications
by Weijie Xie, Chen-Liang Wu, Hau-Chung Man and Chi-Wai Chan
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1876; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111876 - 31 Oct 2023
Viewed by 908
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Zinc (Zn) content, specifically in the range of 1 wt.% to 7 wt.%, on the powder characteristics, porosity, microstructure, and corrosion behavior of Mg-xZn-0.2Mn alloys produced using selective laser melting (SLM). To evaluate the porosity of the [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of Zinc (Zn) content, specifically in the range of 1 wt.% to 7 wt.%, on the powder characteristics, porosity, microstructure, and corrosion behavior of Mg-xZn-0.2Mn alloys produced using selective laser melting (SLM). To evaluate the porosity of the printed parts and various powder attributes, such as size, circularity, void spaces between powders, and inherent imperfections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM) were employed. The alloy microstructure, composition, and phase were examined using energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The corrosion resistance and degradation behavior were assessed through electrochemical corrosion tests and immersion tests in Hanks’ solution at 37.5 °C, respectively. Finally, OM and SEM-EDX were used to characterize the corrosion products. The findings of this study indicated that the powder size increased with Zn content, maintaining a 0.8 circularity. Powder defects were minimal, with occasional satellite particles. For the SLM-printed samples, it was evident that porosity characteristics could be influenced by Zn content. As Zn content increased, the pore fraction rose from 1.0% to 5.3%, and the pore size grew from 2.2 μm to 3.0 μm. All printed samples consisted of an α-Mg matrix. Additionally, a higher Zn content resulted in more distinct grain boundaries. Corrosion resistance decreased with Zn, leading to more pronounced localized corrosion after immersion in Hanks’ solution. Ca-P was found as white corrosion products on all samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Surface Engineering and Additive Manufacturing)
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22 pages, 6618 KiB  
Article
AgNWs–Silane Coatings for the Functionalization of Aramid Woven Fabrics
by Alicja Nejman, Anna Baranowska-Korczyc, Grzegorz Celichowski and Małgorzata Cieślak
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1852; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111852 - 27 Oct 2023
Viewed by 877
Abstract
Aramid woven fabrics are widely used to provide protection in extreme conditions, especially in high temperatures. Multifunctional aramid fabrics with no deteriorated thermal resistance and antibacterial properties are needed for high-risk professions. In this study, silver nanowires (AgNWs) and silanes (S) were used [...] Read more.
Aramid woven fabrics are widely used to provide protection in extreme conditions, especially in high temperatures. Multifunctional aramid fabrics with no deteriorated thermal resistance and antibacterial properties are needed for high-risk professions. In this study, silver nanowires (AgNWs) and silanes (S) were used for the functionalization of meta- (mAr) and para-aramid (pAr) woven fabrics by mixture (Ag + S) or by the layer-by-layer (Ag/S) method. Antibacterial properties, thermal management, and stability were studied to select the functionalization method which provided the highest thermal performance, comfort, and bioactivity. Both methods decreased the fabric’s surface temperature during heating in the range of 35–40 °C by 3 °C and 2 °C, respectively, for mAr and pAr, in comparison to unmodified fabrics. After Ag + S and Ag/S modifications, the thermal degradation initial temperature increased from 554 °C to 560 °C (TG/DTG) and from 525 °C to 533 °C (DSC) for pAr fabrics, and decreased from 417 °C to 403 °C (TG/DTG) and from 411 °C to 406 °C (DSC) for mAr fabrics. The reduction in Gram− (Klebsiella pneumonia) and Gram+ (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial growth for all modified samples was above 90%. The bactericidal and bacteriostatic coefficients were slightly higher for Ag/S functionalization. The highest thermal performance and antimicrobial activity were noted for pAr fabric modified using the Ag/S method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial, High Oxidation Coatings for Environmental Applications)
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16 pages, 17298 KiB  
Article
Epoxy Coatings Doped with (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-Modified Silica Nanoparticles for Anti-Corrosion Protection of Zinc
by Tamara-Rita Ovari, Timea Toth, Gabriel Katona, Gabriella Stefánia Szabó and Liana Maria Muresan
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1844; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111844 - 27 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1198
Abstract
Epoxy (EP) coatings containing silica (SiO2) and (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-modified silica (SiO2-APTES) nanoparticles were prepared via the dip-coating technique on a zinc substrate. A detailed study was performed regarding their incorporation into the matrix, followed by the investigation of the newly [...] Read more.
Epoxy (EP) coatings containing silica (SiO2) and (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-modified silica (SiO2-APTES) nanoparticles were prepared via the dip-coating technique on a zinc substrate. A detailed study was performed regarding their incorporation into the matrix, followed by the investigation of the newly obtained organic–inorganic hybrid coatings’ anti-corrosive properties. The two methods of embedding the nanoparticles were (I) modification of the silica nanoparticles with APTES followed by their introduction into the epoxy resin, and (II) functionalization of the silica nanoparticles in the epoxy gel before the addition of the hardener. It was observed that through the second method, the coating was homogeneous, with no sign of agglomerates. The nanoparticles were subjected to morpho-structural and physical–chemical analysis using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy, while the coatings were examined through Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, contact angle measurements and adhesion tests. The anti-corrosive performance of epoxy-coated zinc was analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curves to investigate the impact of silanized SiO2 nanoparticle incorporation. Based on long-term corrosion testing, the epoxy-SiO2-APTES composite coatings showed a higher corrosion resistance than the undoped epoxy layer. Full article
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15 pages, 1491 KiB  
Article
Effect of Aminopropyltriethoxysilane on the Adhesion of Flexographic Water-Based Ink to Packaging Films
by Joanna Izdebska-Podsiadły and Jolanta Napiórkowska
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1833; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111833 - 26 Oct 2023
Viewed by 921
Abstract
Plastic films are widely used in packaging, where high-quality printing on their surface is required. When printing on films, particularly with water-based inks, problems arise with proper ink adhesion to the substrate. As part of the ongoing research, formulas of flexographic water-based inks [...] Read more.
Plastic films are widely used in packaging, where high-quality printing on their surface is required. When printing on films, particularly with water-based inks, problems arise with proper ink adhesion to the substrate. As part of the ongoing research, formulas of flexographic water-based inks were developed, where aminopropyltriethoxysilane was used in various amounts as an adhesion promoter, its effect on the adhesion of inks to three types of films commonly used in packaging was determined, and the quality of prints was examined. The research included the tape test, the T-peel test, and the abrasion-resistance test, as well as measurements of the pH of the inks, contact angles, and optical properties of the prints and their gloss. As a result of the study, the type of film was found to be crucial to the effect of aminopropyltriethoxysilane on the adhesion of flexographic water-based ink to the substrate and print quality. An addition of 1.0%–1.5% makes it possible to achieve the best adhesion improvement (bonding strength increased by about 26, 35, and 102% for PE, BOPP, and PET films, respectively) while improving print quality—increasing the optical density of prints and their gloss. However, the use of 1.5% silane in ink has a significant impact on the color of the ink (∆E ranging from 2.2 to 7.8 depending on the film). The amount of the additive used (0.5 to 1.5%) of aminopropyltriethoxysilane in the ink would need to vary depending on the type of film to be printed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Polymer Coatings and Films)
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14 pages, 1732 KiB  
Article
Fluorine-Free Plasma Polymers to Obtain Water-Repellent Cotton Fabrics: How to Control Their Durability?
by Syrine Jebali, Jamerson Carneiro de Oliveira, Aissam Airoudj, Asma Riahi, Philippe Fioux, Fabrice Morlet-Savary, Ludovic Josien, Isabelle Ferreira, Vincent Roucoules and Florence Bally-Le Gall
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1827; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13111827 - 25 Oct 2023
Viewed by 814
Abstract
The plasma polymerization of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) leads to the environmentally friendly fabrication of water-repellent coatings through a vapor-phase surface functionalization process using alternatives to the controversial perfluoroacrylate precursors. However, the durability of these coatings is their Achilles’ heel, which requires an in-depth study [...] Read more.
The plasma polymerization of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) leads to the environmentally friendly fabrication of water-repellent coatings through a vapor-phase surface functionalization process using alternatives to the controversial perfluoroacrylate precursors. However, the durability of these coatings is their Achilles’ heel, which requires an in-depth study of the relationship between the structure and properties of these thin films in order to propose concrete solutions for the fabrication of fluorine-free water-repellent textiles. In this context, HMDSO plasma polymers have been deposited on cotton fabrics in an original reactor that allows easy tuning of temporal and spatial parameters of the glow discharge. The functionalized fabrics were characterized to gain insights into the chemical composition of the coatings, their morphology and, above all, their adhesion properties. Interestingly, the results after washing tests revealed a significant dependence of the durability of the superhydrophobic property on the elastic modulus of the deposited polymer. The formation of some radicals at the substrate–thin film interface in the early stages of deposition also correlates with some results. These relationships between the operating conditions of the plasma polymerization, the interfacial properties and the performances of the functionalized fabrics, but also the characterization methodology developed in this work, can undoubtedly serve the engineering of water-repellent fluorine-free coatings on fabrics with optimal durability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plasma Coatings, Surfaces & Interfaces)
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25 pages, 6461 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Magnetic Field on Ni Thin Film Preparation by Electrodeposition Method and Its Electrocatalytic Activity towards Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
by Safya Elsharkawy, Dawid Kutyła and Piotr Zabinski
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1816; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101816 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1463
Abstract
Ni thin films were synthesized through the electrodeposition method from three different electrolytes (acetate, borate, and citrate). Furthermore, they were assessed as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 1 M NaOH. Herein, various electrodeposition parameters, such as the pH of the electrolytes, [...] Read more.
Ni thin films were synthesized through the electrodeposition method from three different electrolytes (acetate, borate, and citrate). Furthermore, they were assessed as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 1 M NaOH. Herein, various electrodeposition parameters, such as the pH of the electrolytes, the deposition potential, and the influence of the magnetic field, were measured. We compared the different morphologies and characteristics depending on the thin film electrodeposition process parameters. Moreover, we studied the material’s wettability changes based on the electrolyte’s composition and the applied external magnetic field. It was found that the deposited Ni thin film from the citrate electrolyte under the influence of the magnetic field in the perpendicular direction to the electrode surface had the best catalytic performance to HER. It possessed an overpotential value of 231 mV and a Tafel slope of 118 mV dec−1. The deposition process was accomplished by using the chronoamperometry technique. Measuring scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the fabricated films’ surface morphologies and crystalline structures. Full article
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17 pages, 9768 KiB  
Article
Experimental Evaluation of the Properties of Asphalt Binders Modified with Calcium Sulfate Anhydrous Whiskers and Polyester Fibers
by Taotao Fan, Chundi Si and Junfeng Gao
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1802; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101802 - 20 Oct 2023
Viewed by 698
Abstract
The use of waste calcium sulfate whiskers in pavement construction is cost-effective and beneficial to the environment. In this paper, modified asphalt binders are prepared by adding calcium sulfate anhydrous whiskers (ACSW, 9 wt.%,11 wt.%, and 13 wt.% by weight of asphalt binder) [...] Read more.
The use of waste calcium sulfate whiskers in pavement construction is cost-effective and beneficial to the environment. In this paper, modified asphalt binders are prepared by adding calcium sulfate anhydrous whiskers (ACSW, 9 wt.%,11 wt.%, and 13 wt.% by weight of asphalt binder) and polyester fibers (4 wt.%,6 wt.%, and 8 wt.% by weight of asphalt binder). The viscosity-temperature, rheological, and low-temperature properties of the modified asphalt binder were evaluated using the Brookfield rotational viscosity test, the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test, the bending beam rheometer (BBR) test, and the force ductility test. The results demonstrated that the addition of the ACSW and polyester fiber could improve the anti-deformation and low-temperature properties of the asphalt binders, but reduce their viscosity-temperature properties to some extent. The modified asphalt binder with 11 wt.% ACSW and 8% polyester fiber showed the best anti-deformation property, while the 11 wt.% ACSW and 6 wt.% polyester fiber modified asphalt binder had a better low-temperature performance. The force ductility test was more suitable than the BBR test to characterize the low-temperature properties of the modified asphalt binders. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests were conducted to study the functional groups and micro-structure of the modified asphalt binders, and the results indicated that no new functional groups were generated and that the interaction between the ACSW, polyester fiber, and asphalt binder was a physical adsorption and interleaving process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Cleaner Materials for Pavements)
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10 pages, 7354 KiB  
Article
Tribo-Catalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Solutions Enhanced by Silicon Single Crystals
by Xiaodong Cui, Zhiyu Guo, Hua Lei, Xuchao Jia, Chenyue Mao, Lujie Ruan, Xiaoyuan Zhou, Zhu Wang, Feng Chen and Wanping Chen
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1804; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101804 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1555
Abstract
Coating materials on the bottoms of reactors/beakers has emerged as an effective method to regulate tribo-catalytic reactions. In this study, silicon single crystals were coated on the bottoms of glass beakers, in which 30 mg/L methyl orange (MO) solutions suspended with alumina nanoparticles [...] Read more.
Coating materials on the bottoms of reactors/beakers has emerged as an effective method to regulate tribo-catalytic reactions. In this study, silicon single crystals were coated on the bottoms of glass beakers, in which 30 mg/L methyl orange (MO) solutions suspended with alumina nanoparticles were subjected to magnetic stirring using Teflon magnetic rotary disks. With a gentle rotating speed of 400 rpm for the Teflon disks, the MO solutions were changed from yellow to colorless and the characteristic absorption peak of MO at 450 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum disappeared entirely within 120 min. Mass spectrometry tests were further performed to gain insights into the degradation process, which suggested that the degradation was initiated with the cleavage of the nitrogen-nitrogen double bond in ionized MO molecules by the attack of •OH radicals. Through comparison experiments, we established that the observed degradation was related to the friction between alumina and silicon during magnetic stirring, and hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were formed from the friction, according to electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. It is proposed that electron-hole pairs are excited in silicon single crystals through friction with alumina, which diffuse to the surface of the single crystals and result in the degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Electrocatalysis and Energy Storage)
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21 pages, 6279 KiB  
Article
Large Transfer of Nitrogen, Silicon and Titanium through Various Thin Mo–Ti/Si and Ti–Mo/Si Bilayer Films Processed in Expanding Microwave Plasma: Formation of Nitrides and Silicides
by Isabelle Jauberteau, Richard Mayet, Julie Cornette, Pierre Carles, Denis Mangin, Annie Bessaudou, Jean Louis Jauberteau and Armand Passelergue
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1787; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101787 - 18 Oct 2023
Viewed by 681
Abstract
Silicides and nitrides of transition metals are expected to play a great role in various applications. They can be both considered as metals and ceramics. Their low resistivity and high melting point make them especially promising for super capacitors technology. Thin bilayer films [...] Read more.
Silicides and nitrides of transition metals are expected to play a great role in various applications. They can be both considered as metals and ceramics. Their low resistivity and high melting point make them especially promising for super capacitors technology. Thin bilayer films of Mo and Ti are evaporated on Si substrates with various thicknesses and location with respect to the Si substrate. They are exposed to expanding plasma using (Ar-31%N2-6%H2) gas mixtures, which promotes the chemical reactions on the surface of the bilayer films. Because of the intensive diffusion of elements such as Si and Ti, which compete with the diffusion of nitrogen into the surface layers, various thin films of nitrides and silicides form, depending on the location of Mo and Ti films relative to Si substrates. Results are analyzed in light of thermodynamic and kinetic considerations and especially the strong reactivity of Ti towards oxygen and silicium compared with Mo. The large diffusion of Si through Mo–Ti/Si bilayer films prevents the formation of nitrides, whereas a film of Mo, only 50 nm thick, prevents the formation of silicides in Ti–Mo/Si bilayer films, which promotes the formation of TiN from TiO2 and nitrogen due to the reducing and nitriding effect of plasma. Full article
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13 pages, 6852 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Characterization of Doped Bioglass 45S5/HAp Coatings Obtained by CoBlastTM Deposition
by Ana Sofia Pádua, Sílvia Rodrigues Gavinho, Tânia Vieira, Imen Hammami, Jorge Carvalho Silva, João Paulo Borges and Manuel Pedro Fernandes Graça
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1775; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101775 - 16 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1085
Abstract
Bone replacement is one of the major medical procedures in the oral surgery field due to the progressive ageing population and to illness or trauma in younger age groups. The use of implants without biological activity and effective osseointegration increases the chances of [...] Read more.
Bone replacement is one of the major medical procedures in the oral surgery field due to the progressive ageing population and to illness or trauma in younger age groups. The use of implants without biological activity and effective osseointegration increases the chances of implant failure. This work aims to improve the interaction between implants and bone by using Bioglass 45S5 (BG)/hydroxyapatite (HAp) mixtures, including copper-, zinc-, and cerium-doped BG, as well as co-doping by the mentioned metals, as coatings produced by the CoBlastTM technique. All coatings present a uniform coverage of the Ti-6Al-4V substrate. Furthermore, in vitro testing using human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells indicated that BG/HAp coatings have no cytotoxic effect, and the used of doping agents did not alter cell adhesion, proliferation, or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression when compared to undoped coating. These results demonstrate that BG/HAp by CoBlastTM can be a solution to improve implants’ osseointegration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic and Metallic Biomaterials. Application in Medical Sciences)
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18 pages, 77321 KiB  
Article
Barrier and Antimicrobial Properties of Coatings Based on Xylan Derivatives and Chitosan for Food Packaging Papers
by Mirela Roman (Iana-Roman), Petronela Nechita, Mihaela-Aida Vasile and Alina-Mihaela Cantaragiu Ceoromila
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1761; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101761 - 12 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1107
Abstract
This paper analyzes the potential of coatings based on xylan derivatives and chitosan to provide barrier properties and antimicrobial protection for paper food packaging and also to substitute the synthetic materials currently used in the food packaging industry. Colloidal dispersions of xylan derivatives [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the potential of coatings based on xylan derivatives and chitosan to provide barrier properties and antimicrobial protection for paper food packaging and also to substitute the synthetic materials currently used in the food packaging industry. Colloidal dispersions of xylan derivatives (hydrophobized xylan with alkyl ketene dimers—XyAKD—and acetylated xylan—XyAc) and a chitosan biopolymer (Ch) were applied as coatings in single and two successive layers on a paper substrate using a laboratory automatic film applicator. The assessment of the water and fatty compound barrier properties of coated paper samples showed differences in effectiveness among xylan derivatives and their combination with chitosan. Generally, xylan derivative coatings improved the barrier and antimicrobial features of coated papers compared with native xylan. However, important improvements were obtained by adding to the coating formula a chitosan biopolymer. Thus, the best barrier properties for water, water vapors, oils and greases were obtained for paper coated with the acetylated xylan and chitosan formula in a single layer, where values of 30 g/m2.day for the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), a 92.8° contact angle (CA) and a KIT rating of 8 were achieved. All coated paper samples exhibited the total inhibition of Bacillus sp. both after 24 and 48 h. Based on the obtained results in this study, one can conclude that the area of application of xylan hemicelluloses could be extended. Their utilization in appropriate chemical structures and combinations as coatings for paper can be a sustainable alternative for the food packaging industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings and Thin Films for Food Packaging Applications)
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14 pages, 5518 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of a Zirconium (Zr) Thin Film on Si(100) via Pulsed Laser Deposition
by Zikrulloh Khuzhakulov, Salizhan Kylychbekov, Yaran Allamyradov, Inomjon Majidov, Mikhail Khenner, Jasminka Terzic, Danielle Gurgew and Ali Oguz Er
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1748; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101748 - 10 Oct 2023
Viewed by 980
Abstract
Zirconium (Zr) thin films were deposited on silicon using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with two laser wavelengths (1064 nm and 532 nm) and varying substrate temperatures (25 °C, 300 °C, and 500 °C) and laser fluences (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 J/cm2). Results [...] Read more.
Zirconium (Zr) thin films were deposited on silicon using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with two laser wavelengths (1064 nm and 532 nm) and varying substrate temperatures (25 °C, 300 °C, and 500 °C) and laser fluences (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 J/cm2). Results indicate that smoother films were obtained with 1064 nm and surface roughness increased with higher fluences. Optimal crystalline films were obtained at 300 °C. XRD, SEM, and AFM analysis revealed distinct patterns and peaks related to laser parameters. The growth mechanisms of a Zr film were computed based on a well-known continuum model of thin film growth. Our simulations agree with experimental observations. The study highlights crucial factors affecting Zr thin film deposition and provides insights for optimizing PLD parameters to achieve high-quality films. Full article
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20 pages, 11258 KiB  
Article
Thickness, Adhesion and Microscopic Analysis of the Surface Structure of Single-Layer and Multi-Layer Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Coatings
by Martin Jaskevic, Jan Novotny, Filip Mamon, Jakub Mares and Angelos Markopoulos
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1731; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101731 - 04 Oct 2023
Viewed by 789
Abstract
This work is focused on creating coating layers made of a metakaolin-based geopolymer suspensions (GP)-formed Al matrix modified using H3PO4 acid with Al(OH)3 in isopropyl alcohol, named GP suspension I, and H3PO4 acid with nano Al [...] Read more.
This work is focused on creating coating layers made of a metakaolin-based geopolymer suspensions (GP)-formed Al matrix modified using H3PO4 acid with Al(OH)3 in isopropyl alcohol, named GP suspension I, and H3PO4 acid with nano Al2O3 in isopropyl alcohol, named GP suspension J. The selected GP suspensions were applied on aluminum and steel underlying substrates as single-layer coatings and multi-layer coatings, where multi-layer coatings included three and five layers that were polymerized by a curing process. Curing was divided into two types with every layer curing process and final layer curing process. For both GP suspensions I and J, the effect of the number of layers and the type of substrate on adhesion was investigated. The prepared samples on underlying substrates were characterized on the microscopy analysis including SEM for high-resolution images and 3D laser confocal microscopy (CLSM) for the 3D visualization of the coatings structure. Microscopy analysis showed structural defects such as porosity, cracks and peeling, which increase with a greater number of applied layers. However, these defects were only evident on a micro scale and did not seem to be fatal for the performance of the surface stability. The EDS mapping of the prepared layer showed inhomogeneity in the distribution of elements caused by the brush application. A grid test and thickness measurement were performed to complete the microscopy analysis. The grid test confirmed a very high adhesion of GP coatings on the aluminum substrate with a rating of one (only in one case was there a rating of two) and a lower adhesion on the steel substrate with the most frequent rating of three (in one case, there were ratings of two and one). The thickness measurement proved a noticeably thicker thickness of the prepared layer on the Fe substrate compared to the Al substrate by 20%–30% in the case of suspension I and by 70%–10% in the case of suspension J. The thickness of the layer also showed a dependence on the method of application and curing, as a thicker layer was always achieved when curing after the final layer of the GP suspension, compared to curing after each applied layer. The resulting single-layer and multi-layer thicknesses ranged from approx. 7 to 30 µm for suspension I and from approx. 3 to 11 µm for suspension J. A non-linear increase in thickness was also evident from the thickness measurement data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Thin Films: From Fundamentals to Applications)
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17 pages, 11001 KiB  
Article
TiO2 Microparticles Incorporation in Coatings Produced by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) on Titanium
by Federica Ceriani, Luca Casanova, Luca Massimini, Andrea Brenna and Marco Ormellese
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1718; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101718 - 30 Sep 2023
Viewed by 781
Abstract
This research describes the influence of two types of particles, namely rutile and anatase microparticles (average d < 5 µm), on the morphology, structure, and anticorrosive properties of PEO coatings on titanium produced in an alkaline solution based on NaOH and sodium metasilicates. [...] Read more.
This research describes the influence of two types of particles, namely rutile and anatase microparticles (average d < 5 µm), on the morphology, structure, and anticorrosive properties of PEO coatings on titanium produced in an alkaline solution based on NaOH and sodium metasilicates. The paper reports the experimental results relating to the study of the influence of the electrical regime and working frequency of the anodizing treatment on the interaction between the particles, the substrate, and the oxide to determine the optimal conditions that favour the incorporation of the particles and the production of a thick oxide. PEO coatings are characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) testing. The electrochemical behaviour is evaluated by free corrosion potential monitoring and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis (EIS) performed in a sulphuric acid solution. The particles are successfully incorporated into the coating under any electrical condition and at any frequency. However, only treatments carried out at 1000 Hz allow the production of coatings that combine a large thickness (up to 50 µm) and improved anticorrosion behaviour. In contrast, oxide layers produced at 20 Hz and in DC show a quite damaged structure, affecting their anticorrosion behaviour and resulting in lower corrosion potential and impedance values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plasma Coatings, Surfaces & Interfaces)
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19 pages, 7133 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Injection Structure on Gas Velocity Distribution in a 3D Vertical Oven
by Qiucheng Zhou, Zhanyu Yang, Changsong Zheng, Liping Wei, Dong Li and Xiaoyong Fan
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1707; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101707 - 28 Sep 2023
Viewed by 615
Abstract
Gas injection structures were designed for a vertical oven to improve the gas–solid flow countercurrent structure. This work measured the wall temperature distribution of the vertical oven to reflect gas velocity distribution, and simulated the basic gas–solid flow field. The effects of the [...] Read more.
Gas injection structures were designed for a vertical oven to improve the gas–solid flow countercurrent structure. This work measured the wall temperature distribution of the vertical oven to reflect gas velocity distribution, and simulated the basic gas–solid flow field. The effects of the number of gas orifice layers and the injection angle on the gas velocity distribution were examined. The results showed that number of gas injection layers had a significant effect on the gas velocity distribution in the lower zone. Compared with the distributions with one or three injection layers, two injection layers produce more uniform gas flow. A small particle size of 6–15 mm increased the bed resistance and solid fraction standard deviation. A nozzle angle of 45° was conducive to increase the gas velocity in the upper zone and forming a more uniform gas distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid–Fluid Interfaces and Dynamics)
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15 pages, 36535 KiB  
Article
Bioactivity and Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite on Ti6Al4V and Si(100) Surfaces by Pulsed Laser Deposition
by Salizhan Kylychbekov, Yaran Allamyradov, Zikrulloh Khuzhakulov, Inomjon Majidov, Simran Banga, Justice ben Yosef, Liviu Duta and Ali Oguz Er
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1681; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101681 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 840
Abstract
In this study, the effects of substrate temperature and ablation wavelength/mechanism on the structural, mechanical, and bioactivity properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings were investigated. HA coatings were deposited on both Si(100) and Ti6Al4V surfaces. Substrate temperature varied from room temperature to 800 °C. [...] Read more.
In this study, the effects of substrate temperature and ablation wavelength/mechanism on the structural, mechanical, and bioactivity properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings were investigated. HA coatings were deposited on both Si(100) and Ti6Al4V surfaces. Substrate temperature varied from room temperature to 800 °C. Depositions were performed in Ar/H2O and vacuum environments. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy techniques were used to analyze structural and morphological variations. The adherence of coatings to the substrates was assessed by the pull-out method. The obtained data indicated that with the temperature increase, the coatings steadily crystallized. However, temperatures above 700 °C adversely affected protein adsorption and adhesion properties. Similar trends were confirmed via pull-out testing, protein adsorption, and cell proliferation tests. The ablation mechanism was also proven to play an important role in the deposition process. Overall, this study provides further evidence that crystallinity is a vital factor in the functionality of the coatings and depends on the deposition conditions. However, all measurements directly indicated that beyond 700 °C, the morpho-structural, mechanical, and bioactivity properties degrade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic and Biological-Derived Hydroxyapatite Implant Coatings)
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21 pages, 7189 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Integration of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Enhancing Properties of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Electrospun Nanofibers and Cast Films
by Johar Amin Ahmed Abdullah, José J. Benítez, Antonio Guerrero and Alberto Romero
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1665; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13101665 - 22 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 888
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of adding zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to electrospun membranes and cast films made of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). The physicochemical, mechanical, and morphological properties of the samples were analyzed. Physicochemical parameters included water contact angle (WCA), water vapor transmission rate [...] Read more.
This study investigated the impact of adding zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to electrospun membranes and cast films made of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). The physicochemical, mechanical, and morphological properties of the samples were analyzed. Physicochemical parameters included water contact angle (WCA), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), permeance, water vapor permeability (WVP), light transmission (T600), and transparency (T). Mechanical properties, such as maximum stress (Ϭmax), elongation (εmax), and Young’s modulus (MPa), were also evaluated. Morphological properties were analyzed in terms of thickness, dispersion, and surface roughness (measured by the arithmetic (Ra) and quadratic (Rq) averages). The crystallinity and melting point, as well as the functional DPPH scavenging percentage (SP%), were also studied. The results showed that adding 1 wt% ZnO-NPs improved the water barrier properties of PCL membranes and films, increasing WCA by 1%–6% and decreasing WVTR by 11%–19%, permeance by 34%–20%, and WVP by 4%–11%, respectively. The T600 values of PCL/ZnO-NPs membranes and films were 2–3 times lower than those of neat PCL samples, indicating improved optical properties. The mechanical properties of the composite membranes and films also improved, with Ϭmax increasing by 56%–32% and Young’s modulus increasing by 91%–95%, while εmax decreased by 79%–57%. The incorporation of ZnO-NPs also increased the thickness and surface roughness of the samples. The SP% of PCL/ZnO-NPs increased by almost 69%, demonstrating the beneficial effects of ZnO-NPs on the system. These findings suggest that incorporating ZnO-NPs into PCL membranes and films can enhance their properties, making them well suited for various applications, such as those within the realm of materials science and nanotechnology. Full article
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15 pages, 6110 KiB  
Article
Influence of Bilayer Thickness on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of (Ti-Al)N/MoN Nanostructured Hard Coatings Deposited by Cathodic Arc Ion Plating
by Muhammad I. Yousaf, Tushagu Abudouwufu, Bing Yang, Alexander Tolstoguzov and Dejun Fu
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1654; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091654 - 21 Sep 2023
Viewed by 748
Abstract
Deposition of (Ti-Al)N/MoN multilayered coatings was carried out through a cathodic ion-plating system in an argon and then nitrogen atmosphere. Bilayer thickness (Λ) of all the samples were achieved, from 22 to 104 nm, by organizing substrate holder rotational speed (SRS). To obtain [...] Read more.
Deposition of (Ti-Al)N/MoN multilayered coatings was carried out through a cathodic ion-plating system in an argon and then nitrogen atmosphere. Bilayer thickness (Λ) of all the samples were achieved, from 22 to 104 nm, by organizing substrate holder rotational speed (SRS). To obtain the optimum properties of the (Ti-Al)N/MoN coatings, the Ti and Al ratio was maintained at a level of 1:1. X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to analyze the crystal structure and morphology of the coatings. Mechanical and tribological properties were examined by nanohardness and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The preferred orientation of the (Ti-Al)N/MoN nanoscale multilayer films was TiAlN (200) and MoN (200), which had face centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonal structures, respectively. The hardness increased with the decrease in Λ (104 nm to 26 nm), and then it increased. The highest hardness of 37 GPa was revealed at Λ = 26 nm, whereas the least wear rate of 8.09 × 10−7 mm3/N.m was attained at Λ = 22 nm. Wear rate, roughness, and coefficient of friction were decreased with decreasing bilayer period. EDS results showed that Al and Ti contents were almost the same in all samples, as per design of the experiment. Full article
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12 pages, 2178 KiB  
Article
Bioactive Paper Packaging for Extended Food Shelf Life
by Anamaria Irimia and Carmen-Mihaela Popescu
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1658; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091658 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1097
Abstract
Food safety and quality are major problems for food producers and industry, governments, and consumers. Conventional plastic-based food packaging is difficult to dispose of and recycle due to its provenience from fossil resources and resistance to biodegradation. Therefore, currently, the trend is to [...] Read more.
Food safety and quality are major problems for food producers and industry, governments, and consumers. Conventional plastic-based food packaging is difficult to dispose of and recycle due to its provenience from fossil resources and resistance to biodegradation. Therefore, currently, the trend is to develop new eco-friendly food packaging that can replace these materials. The limitations of conventional packaging can be solved by developing new active materials with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, based on cellulose, a natural biodegradable organic compound derived from renewable resources. In this study, new materials with antioxidant and antibacterial activity were obtained by combining a “green” functionalization approach (enzymatic activation) and surface modification using bioactive agents (essential clove oil and cold-pressed grape seed oil). Kraft paper was firstly activated with cellulase, followed by impregnation with the above-mentioned oil solutions, and then its properties were evaluated. The increased values of the O/C ratio for modified Kraft paper indicate an increased polarity due to the presence of phenolic groups. This resulted in an improved hydrophobicity, with the water contact angle increasing from 97° to over 110°. Following different interactions with the functional groups of vegetable oils, the modified Kraft paper exhibited distinct antioxidant and antibacterial properties. However, modified paper with clove essential oil showed higher antioxidant activity (due to the higher content of phenolic compounds), while modified paper with cold-pressed grape seed oil had better antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (−), Salmonella enteritidis (−), and Listeria monocytogenes (+) bacterial strains, and was more effective at reducing bacterial growth on fresh beef and fresh curd. The newly obtained bioactive paper provides an effective packaging material that can help control foodborne pathogens in food, thus extending its shelf life and safety. Full article
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18 pages, 13323 KiB  
Article
High-Temperature Oxidation Properties of Ti-Hf-Mo-Ta-Nb-B Composite Coating Deposited on Ti60 Alloy with Laser Cladding
by Kaijin Huang and Xianchao Han
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1646; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091646 - 20 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 692
Abstract
In order to improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ti60 alloy, a Ti-Hf-Mo-Ta-Nb-B composite coating was prepared on Ti60 alloy with Ti, Hf, Mo, Ta and Nb powder and B powder as raw materials using laser cladding. The microstructure and oxidation behavior of [...] Read more.
In order to improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ti60 alloy, a Ti-Hf-Mo-Ta-Nb-B composite coating was prepared on Ti60 alloy with Ti, Hf, Mo, Ta and Nb powder and B powder as raw materials using laser cladding. The microstructure and oxidation behavior of the coating before and after oxidation at 1100 °C × 120 h in static air were studied with XRD, SEM, EDS and isothermal oxidation techniques. The results show that the coating was mainly composed of six phases, (Ti0.2Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2 Nb0.2)B2, TiB, HfB2, Mo4.00 B3.40, TiHf and Hf1.86Mo0.14. The high-temperature oxidation of the coating and Ti60 alloy followed parabolic law, and the oxidation weight gain rate of the coating after 110 °C × 120 h was only 1/4.8 of that of the Ti60 alloy. The improvement of the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the coating may benefit from high-temperature oxidation resistance (Ti0.2Hf0.2 Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2)B2, HfB2 and TiB boride ceramic phases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)
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19 pages, 5381 KiB  
Article
Initial Multidisciplinary Study of Oxidized Chromium-Coated Zirconium Alloy for Fuel Cladding of SCW-SMR Concept: Weight-Gain and Thermal Conductivity Measurements and Coating Cost Evaluation
by Kittima Khumsa-Ang, Alberto Mendoza, Armando Nava-Dominguez, Chukwudi Azih and Hussam Zahlan
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1648; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091648 - 20 Sep 2023
Viewed by 744
Abstract
One of the challenges of small modular reactors (SMRs) in comparison with large reactors is the greater difficulty in achieving high burnups in smaller cores. With greater neutron leakage through the periphery, a key factor is the neutron economy of the fuel cladding. [...] Read more.
One of the challenges of small modular reactors (SMRs) in comparison with large reactors is the greater difficulty in achieving high burnups in smaller cores. With greater neutron leakage through the periphery, a key factor is the neutron economy of the fuel cladding. However, all large supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) concepts have employed neutron-absorbing stainless steels and nickel-based alloys in order to meet all the requirements in terms of corrosion and thermalhydraulics. In order to achieve higher burnups and extend the time between refueling in a SCW-SMR, the use of chromium-coated zirconium alloy as a potential fuel cladding candidate has been explored. Chromium coatings up to a few micrometers thick have shown improved oxidation resistance of zirconium-based claddings under operating conditions relevant to SCWR concepts. In this study, Zr-2.5Nb alloy (UNS R60904) from pressure tube samples was coated using a physical vapor-deposition (PVD) method. Oxidation tests were performed on coated samples at 500 °C and approximately 25 MPa in a refreshed autoclave. The effects of the oxide on heat transfer and hydraulic resistance are also discussed in this study. Last, but not least, this study evaluates the coating cost of the fuel cladding with chromium in a vacuum plasma spray process. Full article
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11 pages, 1484 KiB  
Article
Eco-Friendly Capsaicin-Containing Water-Based Antifouling Coatings for Marine Aquaculture
by Zeynep Beyazkilic, Mirko Faccini, Ana Maria Escobar and Lorenzo Bautista
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1616; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091616 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1024
Abstract
Natural antifoulants have received significant interest in the search for non- or less-toxic antifouling coating systems for marine structures. Capsaicin, a natural compound that can be found in chili peppers, is known as an environmentally friendly antifouling agent with an excellent performance and [...] Read more.
Natural antifoulants have received significant interest in the search for non- or less-toxic antifouling coating systems for marine structures. Capsaicin, a natural compound that can be found in chili peppers, is known as an environmentally friendly antifouling agent with an excellent performance and a low environmental impact. However, controlling its release from the coating matrix is still an issue to be solved. With the aim of developing an eco-friendly antifouling system with prolonged long-term activity, in this study, we incorporated capsaicin in combination with dichlofluanid into water-based acrylic coating formulations. The antifouling activity of the resulting coatings was studied by examining the survival behavior of a Gram-negative marine bacterium Aeromonas Salmonoid ATCC 33658, and the release rate of capsaicin from the paint matrix was also assessed. The combination of 0.75 wt.% capsaicin and 0.75 wt.% dichlofluanid into the same matrix showed an antibacterial performance of up to 99.9% cfu reduction with an antibacterial value R 2.5–3 times higher than those obtained with the single biocides at 1.5 wt.%. The association between the two organic biocides created a synergistic effect on the antifouling performance, further resulting in a prolonged activity. Full article
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22 pages, 4933 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Ag2O Thin Films on Construction Textiles for Optoelectronics Applications: Effect of Aging on Its Optical and Structural Properties
by Valentina Krylova, Vaida Dobilaitė and Milda Jucienė
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1613; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091613 - 15 Sep 2023
Viewed by 806
Abstract
The aim of the research was to modify the surface of construction textiles by means of the use of thin silver oxide films, investigate the structure and optical and mechanical properties, and determine the structure, optical and mechanical properties of the aged composites. [...] Read more.
The aim of the research was to modify the surface of construction textiles by means of the use of thin silver oxide films, investigate the structure and optical and mechanical properties, and determine the structure, optical and mechanical properties of the aged composites. Thin films of silver oxide (Ag2O) were synthesized on a flexible PET/PVC construction textile (CT); the structural, optical, and physical properties, as well as the effect of artificial aging on these properties, were investigated. The SILAR method (successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction) was used to synthesize thin Ag2O films on the CT surface. Before the thin films were deposited, the CT surface was mechanically roughened and pretreated with acidic and alkaline solutions at an elevated temperature. XRD analysis showed that the deposited films were a polycrystalline mixed phase material consisting of Ag2O, AgO, and metallic Ag. Diffuse reflectance spectra in the ultraviolet and visible ranges (UV-Vis) were used to study the optical properties of the deposited thin films. The synthesized Ag2O/CT composites were direct-gap semiconductors (the optical band gap (Eg) was 0.89 ± 0.02 eV). Eg and refractive indices (n) increased as the aging tests were carried out. Higher Eg and n meant that the composites were a good material for optoelectronic applications. The results showed that, after modification, the structural properties and tear strength of the PET/PVC fabric remained the same while the tensile strength decreased. The same tendencies remained after artificial aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Compositionally Complex Coatings)
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12 pages, 34895 KiB  
Article
Ultra-High-Sensitivity and -Stability Thin-Film Heat Flux Sensor Based on Transverse Thermoelectric Effect
by Hao Chen, Yong Wang, Zao Yi, Bo Dai, Bin Tang, Xibin Xu and Yougen Yi
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1610; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091610 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1041
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the sensitivity properties of YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films with a 15° tilting angle in relation to heat flux density. The films were prepared using the laser pulsed deposition (PLD) technique, and their characteristics were [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigate the sensitivity properties of YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films with a 15° tilting angle in relation to heat flux density. The films were prepared using the laser pulsed deposition (PLD) technique, and their characteristics were evaluated using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and infrared steady-state and laser transient calibration systems. The YBa2Cu3O7-δ films prepared in this study were found to be of good quality, exhibiting a single-phase structure with strict (001) orientation. Both the substrate and film diffraction peaks were sharp and consistent with the step-flow growth mode, indicating high crystalline quality. Ultra-high sensitivity in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2, the maximum sensitivity is 230 μV/(kW/m2), and an uncertainty is only 3%. According to the infrared steady-state heat flux calibration system test, when the single output power of the quartz lamp array is 0.2 kW, 0.3 kW, 0.4 kW and 0.5 kW, the maximum output voltage is 0.19 mV, 0.41 mV, 0.63 mV and 0.94 mV, respectively, indicating that the output voltage of the sensor increases with the increase in heat flux, showing a good linear characteristic, and the fitting linearity is 0.99. Through the test of the laser transient thermal current calibration system, the sensors are found to have excellent response–recovery characteristics at 500 kHz and 1000 kHz fiber laser frequencies, and the maximum voltage output is 8.83 mV and 9.09 mV, respectively. Moreover, the component has excellent repeatability, and the maximum measurement error is only 1.94%. Our findings demonstrate the potential of YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films for use in heat flux sensing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro-Nano Optics and Its Applications)
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16 pages, 3309 KiB  
Article
Using an Interlayer to Toughen Flexible Colorless Polyimide-Based Cover Windows
by Yusuke Matsuda, Yinjie Cen, Luke Bu, Jieqian Zhang, Kostantinos Kourtakis, Tao Huang, Yixuan Song, Mobin Yahyazadehfar, Derek Caputo, John Podhiny, Leopoldo Carbajal and Aref Samadi-Dooki
Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1597; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13091597 - 13 Sep 2023
Viewed by 755
Abstract
Colorless polyimide (PI)-based flexible cover windows are a critical component of flexible electronics to protect devices from unwanted chemical and mechanical damage. The integration of flexible colorless PI-based windows into electronics applications is limited by the embrittlement of some colorless PI films when [...] Read more.
Colorless polyimide (PI)-based flexible cover windows are a critical component of flexible electronics to protect devices from unwanted chemical and mechanical damage. The integration of flexible colorless PI-based windows into electronics applications is limited by the embrittlement of some colorless PI films when they are coated with hard coats. Here, we investigate the embrittlement mechanism of hard-coated colorless PI films and the role of interlayers in toughening the colorless PI-based cover windows for flexible electronics applications. A fracture mechanics approach combined with finite element analysis (FEA) models is employed to compute fracture strain, εc, for different crack cases in the bilayer (hard coated colorless PI) and trilayer (with an additional interlayer) cover windows. For the model inputs and validation, the material properties of the cover windows are characterized. We show that the embrittlement is attributed to the fracture behavior of the cover windows, and placing a ductile interlayer increases the εc of colorless PI films. Using the fracture analysis as a design guide, we fabricate a trilayer cover window with an acrylic thermoset interlayer and demonstrate an improvement of the εc of the colorless PI cover window by ~42%. We believe our analysis provides insights into design guides for mechanically robust cover windows using colorless PI films and flexible HCs for emerging flexible electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Films/Membranes: Structure, Properties, and Applications)
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