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Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures

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A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Inorganic Crystalline Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 34558

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Piotr Smarzewski

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: eco-efficient concrete; high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites; durability of fiber reinforced concrete; experimental testing and numerical analysis of concrete materials and structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Adam Stolarski

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: engineering of cement based materials; homogeneous substitute material model for reinforced concrete modeling; mechanics of engineering structures; analysis of the explosive impact on building structures; dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams of very high strength materials; dynamic relaxation method for load capacity analysis of reinforced concrete elements; dynamic response of elastoviscoplastic rectangular ribbed plates; mechanics of material and structural compositions; new system of truss arrangement of steel bars for reinforcement of concrete; non-classical model of dynamic behavior of concrete with dynamic strength criterion; delayed yield effect in dynamic flow of elastic/visco-perfectly plastic material

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Concrete is one of the most ancient and widely used construction materials. In recent decades, numerous advances and developments were made in the field of concrete that have been implemented in practical applications. Nowadays, the term ‘modern concrete’ refers to concrete with good workability, high fracture toughness, high mechanical strength, and chemical durability. Structural elements from such materials extend the frontiers of design and enable the implementation of outstanding, durable, ecological, and safe structures of the highest quality.

The aim of this Special Issue is to publish current research on concrete composites based on Portland cement or other blended cements and binders with fiber reinforcement and/or containing inclusions of waste materials or special aggregates, e.g., from recycling. This Special Issue focuses on presenting the results of research on the properties and performance of concrete composites, novel experimental techniques, analytical methods, modeling, design, production, and practical applications of these materials, and studies regarding the behaviour of structural components, in-situ performance, renovation, maintenance, demolition, durability, and sustainability of structures made of these composites.

Dr. Piotr Smarzewski
Prof. Dr. Adam Stolarski
Guest Editors

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Keywords

concrete
high-performance concrete
ultra-high-performance concrete
fiber reinforced concrete
self-compacting concrete
eco-efficient concrete
self-healing concrete
low-impact binders
concrete structures
reinforcement
experimental techniques
analytical methods
multiscale modeling methods
development of design methods
joints of structural elements
static, dynamic, and cyclic loadings
microstructural characterization
mechanical strength
damage and fracture processes
resistance to fatigue, impact, and explosion
fire protection
performance in exploitation of concrete structures
conservation of concrete structures
demolition of concrete structures
durability
sustainability

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 182 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures

by Piotr Smarzewski and Adam Stolarski

Crystals 2022, 12(9), 1193; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12091193 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1640

Abstract

Concrete is one of the ancient and most widely used construction material [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

Research

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21 pages, 42091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of K_yAl₄(Si_8-y) O₂₀(OH)₄ Calcined Based-Clay on the Microstructure and Mechanical Performances of High-Performance Concrete

by David O. Nduka, Babatunde J. Olawuyi, Olabosipo I. Fagbenle and Belén G. Fonteboa

Crystals 2021, 11(10), 1152; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11101152 - 22 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2179

Abstract

The work described in this paper has been performed to determine the potential use of meta-illite (K_yAl₄(Si_8-y) O₂₀(OH)₄) calcined clay (MCC) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in a binary Portland cement (PC) for high-performance concrete (HPC) production. To obtain the properties of the cementitious materials, the chemical composition, mineral phases, morphology, calcination efficiency and physical properties were quantitatively analysed using the advanced techniques of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflection (FTIR/ATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), laser particle sizing and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen absorption method. The MCC’s effect on the workability and mechanical properties (compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths) and microstructure (morphology and crystalline phases) of hardened MCC-based HPCs were determined. The XRF result shows that the oxide composition of MCC confirmed the pozzolanic material requirements with recorded high useful oxides content. At the same time, the SEM image presents particles of broad, solid masses with a wider surface area of irregular shape. The XRD results show that the MCC was majorly an illite-based clay mineral calcined at a maximum temperature of 650 °C, as revealed by the TGA. The MCC addition increases the slump flow of HPCs at 5–15% cement replacement. The MCC incorporation at 10% cement replacement best improved the porosity of HPCs at a later age resulting in increased mechanical and microstructural properties of tested samples. Therefore, it is recommended that MCC addition within 10% cement replacement be adopted for low W/B Class I HPC at no deleterious results on mechanical and microstructural properties of the concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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26 pages, 19515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hardening Parameter Homogenization for J2 Flow with Isotropic Hardening of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composites

by Petr V. Sivtsev and Piotr Smarzewski

Crystals 2021, 11(7), 776; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11070776 - 02 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

Numerical modeling of the stress–strain state of composite materials such as fiber-reinforced concrete is a considerable computational challenge. Even if a computational grid with the resolution of all inclusions is built, it will take a great amount of time for the most powerful clusters to calculate the deformations of one concrete block with ideal parallelization. To solve this problem, the method of numerical homogenization is actively used. However, when plastic deformations are taken into account, the numerical homogenization becomes much more complicated due to nonlinearity. In this work, the description of the anisotropic nature of the hardening of the composite material and the numerical homogenization for the J2 flow with isotropic hardening is proposed. Here, the deformation of a composite material with a periodic arrangement of inclusions in the form of fibers is considered as a model problem. In this case, the assumption is made that inclusions have pure elastic properties. Numerical homogenization of the elasticity and plasticity parameters is performed on the representative element. The novelty of the work is related to the attempt at hardening parameter homogenization. The calculated effective parameters are used to solve the problem on a coarse mesh. The accuracy of using the computational algorithm is checked on model problems in comparison with the hardening parameters of the base material. The finite element implementation is built using the FEniCS computing platform and the fenics-solid library. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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17 pages, 5676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of High-Performance Concrete Characteristics and Loading Test of Pretensioned Experimental Beams

by Pavlina Mateckova, Vlastimil Bilek and Oldrich Sucharda

Crystals 2021, 11(4), 427; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11040427 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2433

Abstract

High-performance concrete (HPC) is subjected to wide attention in current research. Many research tasks are focused on laboratory testing of concrete mechanical properties with specific raw materials, where a mixture is prepared in a relatively small amount in ideal conditions. The wider utilization of HPC is connected, among other things, with its utilization in the construction industry. The paper presents two variants of HPC which were developed by modification of ordinary concrete used by a precast company for pretensioned bridge beams. The presented variants were produced in industrial conditions using common raw materials. Testing and comparison of basic mechanical properties are complemented with specialized tests of the resistance to chloride penetration. Tentative expenses for normal strength concrete (NSC) and HPC are compared. The research program was accomplished with a loading test of model experimental pretensioned beams with a length of 7 m made of ordinarily used concrete and one variant of HPC. The aim of the loading test was to determine the load–deformation diagrams and verify the design code load capacity calculation method. Overall, the article summarizes the possible benefits of using HPC compared to conventional concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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15 pages, 5641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Mechanical Performance of Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced Concrete under Impact Load Based on Fractal Theory

by Wei Xia, Jinyu Xu and Liangxue Nie

Crystals 2021, 11(4), 387; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11040387 - 07 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1643

Abstract

The research is focused on the dynamic compressive strength, impact toughness and the distribution law of fragmentation size for the plain concrete and the carbon nanofiber reinforced concrete with four fiber volume contents (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.5%) under impact load by using the Φ100 mm split-Hopkinson pressure bar. Based on the fractal theory and considering the micropore structure characteristics of the specimen, the impact of the strain rate and the dosage of carbon nanofibers on the dynamic mechanical performance of concrete is analyzed. According to the results, both the dynamic compressive strength and the impact toughness increase continuously with the improvement of the strain rate level at the same dosage of fiber, showing strong strain rate strengthening effect; at the same strain rate level, the impact toughness increases gradually with the increase in the fiber dosage, while the dynamic compressive strength tends to increase at first and then decrease; the distribution of the fragmentation size of concrete is a fractal in statistical sense, in general, the higher the strain rate level, the higher the number of fragments, the lower the size, and the larger the fractal dimension; the optimal dosage of carbon nanofibers to improve the dynamic compressive strength of concrete is 0.3%, and the pore structure characteristics of carbon nanofiber reinforced concrete exhibit obvious fractal features. Full article

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11 pages, 2901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tensile Behavior of Self-Compacting Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Evaluated by Different Test Methods

by Xinxin Ding, Changyong Li, Minglei Zhao, Jie Li, Haibin Geng and Lei Lian

Crystals 2021, 11(3), 251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11030251 - 28 Feb 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2938

Abstract

Due to the mechanical properties related closely to the distribution of steel fibers in concrete matrix, the assessment of tensile strength of self-compacting steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is significant for the engineering application. In this paper, seven groups of self-compacting SFRC were produced with the mix proportion designed by using the steel fiber-aggregates skeleton packing test method. The hooked-end steel fibers with length of 25.1 mm, 29.8 mm and 34.8 mm were used, and the volume fraction varied from 0.4% to 1.4%. The axial tensile test of notched sectional prism specimen and the splitting tensile test of cube specimen were carried out. Results show that the axial tensile strength was higher than the splitting tensile strength for the same self-compacting SFRC, the axial tensile work and toughness was not related to the length of steel fiber. Finally, the equations for the prediction of tensile strength of self-compacting SFRC are proposed considering the fiber distribution and fiber factor, and the adaptability of splitting tensile test for self-compacting SFRC is discussed. Full article

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14 pages, 3040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Durability Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Admixtures Used in Corrosive Environments

by Shiming Liu, Miaomiao Zhu, Xinxin Ding, Zhiguo Ren, Shunbo Zhao, Mingshuang Zhao and Juntao Dang

Crystals 2021, 11(2), 196; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11020196 - 17 Feb 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3601

Abstract

Durability of concrete is of great significance to prolong the service life of concrete structures in corrosive environments. Aiming at the economical and environment-friendly production of concrete by comprehensive utilization of the supplementary cementitious materials made of industrial byproducts, the resistances to chloride penetration, sulfate attack, and frost of high-performance concrete were studied in this paper. Fifteen concretes were designed at different water–binder ratio with the changes of contents of fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and admixture of sulfate corrosion-resistance (AS). The compressive strength, the total electric flux of chloride penetrability, the sulfate resistance coefficient, and the indices of freezing and thawing were measured. Results indicate that, depending on the chemical composition, fineness, and pozzolanic activity, the supplementary cementitious admixtures had different effects on the compressive strength and the durability of concrete; despite having a higher fineness and pozzolanic activity, the GGBS gave out a negative effect on concrete due to a similar chemical composition with cement; the SF and FA presented beneficial effects on concrete whether they were used singly with GGBS or jointly with GGBS; the AS improved the compressive strength and the sulfate corrosion resistance of concrete. In general, the grade of durability was positively related to the compressive strength of concrete. Except for the concretes admixed only with GGBS or with GGBS and FA, others had super durability with the compressive strength varying from 70 MPa to 113 MPa. The concretes with water to binder ratio of 0.29 and total binders of 500 kg/m³ admixed with 7% FA + 8% SF + 8% GGBS or 7% FA + 8% SF + 8% GGBS + (10~12)% AS presented the highest grades of resistances specified in China codes to chloride penetration, sulfate corrosion, and frost, while the compressive strength was about 100 MPa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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19 pages, 4297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporation of Recycled Tire Products in Pavement-Grade Concrete: An Experimental Study

by Sayed Mohamad Soleimani, Abdel Rahman Alaqqad, Adel Jumaah, Naser Mohammad and Alanoud Faheiman

Crystals 2021, 11(2), 161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11020161 - 06 Feb 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3052

Abstract

The phenomenon of dumping used tires in Kuwait has reached critical levels, with a landfill containing millions of tires being formed in a remote area, which is a major environmental hazard. Nowadays, recycled rubber is used as a suitable and useful material in civil engineering applications, particularly in the production of “green concrete”. This study aims to see whether recycled tire by-products can be used to make “green concrete” for pavements. Each type of tire by-product was tested individually to examine its properties and effects on a benchmark mix before creating hybrid mixes that contain a combination of the materials. Eleven mixes containing different doses of shredded or crumbed rubber or steel fibers contained within the tires were made to evaluate their impact on the concrete’s slump, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of rupture. Additionally, twelve hybrid concrete mixes containing different doses of various tire by-products were developed. Preliminary results show that the incorporation of rubber products has a reduction on the concrete’s properties. The use of replacement materials sourced from recycled tires using the dosages investigated in this study does not detract from the usability of green pavement concrete suited for hot weather. The concrete produced in this study could be evaluated for specific properties relating to its road safety in further studies. Additionally, long-term effects of using the concrete can be studied using finite element analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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15 pages, 5848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studying the C–H Crystals and Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Concrete Containing Recycled Coarse Aggregate with Used Nano-Silica

by Shahriar Shahbazpanahi, Moslem Khalili Tajara, Rabar H. Faraj and Amir Mosavi

Crystals 2021, 11(2), 122; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11020122 - 27 Jan 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3001

Abstract

The present study aims to replace 30%, 40%, and 50% of the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate containing used nano-silica (RCA-UNS) to produce a new sustainable concrete. Three groups of concrete are made and their mechanical properties and microstructure are studied. In the first group, which was the control group, normal concrete was used. In the second group, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the NCA were replaced with coarse aggregate obtained from crushed concrete of the control samples and with 0.5% nano-silica as filler. In the third group, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the concrete samples’ NCA were replaced with aggregates obtained from 90-day crushed samples of the second group. Water absorption, fresh concrete slump, and compressive strength of the three groups were investigated and compared through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) tests. The results show that the third group’s compressive strengths increased by 12.8%, 10.9%, and 10% with replacing 30%, 40%, and 50% of NAC with RCA-NS at 28 days compared to the control samples, respectively. This could be due to the secondary production of calcium silicate hydrate due to the presence of new cement paste. The third group’s microstructure was also improved due to the change in the C–H and the production of extra C–S–H. Therefore, the hydration of cement with water produces C–H crystals while reactions are induced by recycled aggregate containing used nano-silica. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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14 pages, 3173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bond Behavior of Cleaned Corroded Lap Spliced Beams Repaired with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Sheets and Partial Depth Repairs

by Hisham Alabduljabbar, Rayed Alyousef, Hossein Mohammadhosseini and Tim Topper

Crystals 2020, 10(11), 1014; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst10111014 - 09 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1921

Abstract

The present research investigated the bond behavior of a cleaned corroded reinforcing bar repaired with a partial depth concrete repair and a partial depth concrete repair followed by the application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. Twelve lap splice beams were cast and tested under static loading. The test variables considered were a partial depth repair with prepackaged self-consolidating concrete (SCC) for six lap splice beams and additional confinement with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets for another six beams. The test results for the repaired lap splice beams were compared with those for a monolithic lap splice beam. This research found that the average bond strength increased as the bar mass loss increased for all bonded lengths. The lap splice beams repaired with partial depth were able to repair concrete with similar properties to those of the monolithic concrete. However, they had higher concrete strength than the monolithic beams which showed a higher average bond strength than the monolithic lap splice beams. The beams confined with FRP sheets showed a rise in the bond strength and the equivalent slip by 34–49%, and 56–260% as compared to the unconfined beams, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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20 pages, 24565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Service Life Modeling of Concrete with SCMs Using Effective Diffusion Coefficient and a New Binding Model

by Mukhtar Oluwaseun Azeez and Ahmed Abd El Fattah

Crystals 2020, 10(11), 967; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst10110967 - 26 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2147

Abstract

This paper presents a new algorithm that predicts the service life of concrete contains supplementary cementitious materials, SCMs, and determines time of corrosion initiation. The algorithm drives effective diffusivity from an apparent diffusion model, using experimental binding data performed in the lab, temperature, free ion concentration, and carbonation, and generates free chloride profiles for concrete with and without SCMs by using Fick’s law in a finite element model. Adjusting diffusion coefficient at each step of the solution, by addressing the impact of different parameters, simplifies the algorithm and reduces calculation time without jeopardizing the results’ quality. Results generated by the model compare well to the performance of concrete blocks constructed in an exposure site on the east coast of Saudi Arabia. The exposure site hosted five different mixes of Portland cement and SCMs, and the concrete blocks were exposed to harsh weather over the period of two years. Linear polarization and chloride profiling assessed the performance of the mixes against corrosion activities. Lab work identified the performance of the mixes through binding capacity and chloride profiling. Statistical analysis evidenced the accuracy of the model through correlation and regression analysis. Furthermore, a new proposed binding model, produced from binding data in different studies, alters the experimental binding data in the algorithm to decouple the solution from experimental values. The algorithm proves its accuracy when compared to the experimental free chloride profile. The proposed transport model proves that using effective diffusion and binding capacity are enough to generate reliable results, and the effective diffusion can be calibrated with environmental conditions such as temperature, age, and carbonation. Finally, the algorithm presents its features in an object-oriented programming using C# and user friendly web interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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15 pages, 5278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Lateral Load Type on Shear Lag of Concrete Tubular Structures with Different Plan Geometries

by Mostafa Moghadasi, Soheil Taeepoor, Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor and Michal Petrů

Crystals 2020, 10(10), 897; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst10100897 - 03 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2681

Abstract

Tubular structures are extensively recognized as a high efficiency and economically reasonable structural system for the design and construction of skyscrapers. The periphery of the building plan in a tubular system consists of closely spaced columns connected by circumferential deep spandrels. When a cantilever tube is subjected to a lateral load, it is expected that the axial stress in each column located in the flange frame of the tube is the same, but because of the flexibility of peripheral beams, the axial stress in the corner columns and middle columns is distributed unequally. This anomaly is called “shear lag”, and it is a leading cause of the reduction in efficiency of the structure. In this paper, the possible relation between shear lag and the type of lateral load subjected to these systems is investigated. The above relation is not yet considered in previous literatures. Three various plan shapes including rectangular, triangular and hexagon were modeled, analyzed, designed and subjected to the earthquake and wind load, separately. Further work is carried out to compare the shear lag factor of these structures with distinct plan shapes against different types of lateral load. It is observed that all types of structures with various plan geometry subjected to the wind load had a greater amount of shear lag factor in comparison with structures subjected to the static and dynamic earthquake loads. In addition, shear lag in structures with the hexagon shaped plan was at the minimum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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Review

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34 pages, 12339 KiB

Open AccessReview

Waste Glass Utilization in Cement-Based Materials for Sustainable Construction: A Review

by Di Qin, Yidan Hu and Xuemei Li

Crystals 2021, 11(6), 710; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11060710 - 21 Jun 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3784

Abstract

The construction industry has a significant environmental impact, contributing considerably to CO₂ emissions, natural resource depletion, and energy consumption. The construction industry is currently trending towards using alternative construction materials in place of natural materials and cement, thereby reducing the environmental impact and promoting sustainability. Two approaches have been used in this review: scientometric analysis and a comprehensive manual review on the waste glass (WG) utilization in cement-based materials (CBMs) as a sustainable approach. Scientometric analysis is conducted to find out the current research trend from available bibliometric data and to identify the relevant publication fields, sources with the most publications, the most frequently used keywords, the most cited articles and authors, and the countries that have made the most significant contribution to the field of WG utilization in CBMs. The effect of WG on the mechanical properties of CBMs was found to be inconsistent in the literature. The inconsistent effects of WG impede its acceptance in the construction sector. This study intends to shed light on the arguments and tries to explain the opposing perspectives. This article summarizes the findings of various research groups and recommends new viewpoints based on the assessment of fundamental processes. The effect of utilizing WG on fresh and hardened properties of CBMs, including workability, compressive strength, split-tensile strength, and flexural strength, are reviewed. Furthermore, the microstructure and durability of composites containing WG are investigated. Different limitations associated with WG use in CBMs and their possible solution are reported. This study will assist researchers in identifying gaps in the present research. Additionally, the scientometric review will enable researchers from diverse regions to exchange novel ideas and technologies, collaborate on research, and form joint ventures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Performance of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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