Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
3.6
2.7
Journals
Crystals
Special Issues
Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics
share announcement

Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Inorganic Crystalline Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2019) | Viewed by 55736

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ching-Cherng Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University Taiwan, Chung-Li, Taiwan
Interests: lighting optics; imaging/nonimaging design; LED packaging; optical system design; volume holography; 3D indoor mapping
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Shih-Hsin Ma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Photonics, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
Interests: LED lighting application; solar concentrator design; optical diffuser modeling; volume holography application; imaging optical design
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Light emitting diodes (LED) have been intensively studied for white-light lighting since the luminous efficacy exceeds 50 lm/W. Currently, the luminous efficacy of an LED light tube/bulb is almost above 100 lm/W. With no doubt, LED solid state lighting (SSL) has become the major light source in general lighting.

The fact of high efficiency and other advantages of LED SSL is enough to penetrate all lighting scenarios. However, what people demands for the new-generation lighting is not only in energy efficiency but also in lighting quality and the others. Thus, how to make the lighting more user-friendly is one of the important issues, and here optics is the point. This is reason we launch this Special Issue, entitled “Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics”.

We invite investigators to submit papers, which discuss the novel optical design in enhancing lighting efficiency, in more uniform illumination pattern, in higher sharpness for special lighting, in higher signal-to-noise ratio for communication, in more functions for new applications, etc.

The potential topics include, but not limited to:

  1. Novel optical structure in enhancing light extraction;
  2. Novel design in LED packaging for better performance;
  3. Phosphor technology for higher color rendering or stability;
  4. New approach on LED light source modeling;
  5. Novel design in secondary optics;
  6. Optical design for anti-glare;
  7. Outdoor lighting, indoor lighting, or auto forward lighting;
  8. White light pumped by laser diodes;
  9. Optical design for special lighting;
  10. Optical scheme in enhancing free space communication with LED lighting.

Prof. Dr. Ching-Cherng Sun
Prof. Dr. Shih-Hsin Ma
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Optical design
  • LED
  • Solid state lighting
  • Nonimaging optics
  • Light extraction
  • Color rendering
  • Auto forward lighting

Published Papers (13 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 162 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics
by Ching-Cherng Sun, Shih-Hsin Ma and Quang-Khoi Nguyen
Crystals 2020, 10(9), 758; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst10090758 - 27 Aug 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2385
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been intensively studied for white-light lighting since their luminous efficacy exceeds 50 lm/W. Currently, the luminous efficacy of an LED light tube/bulb is almost above 100 lm/W. LED solid-state lighting (SSL) has unequivocally become the major light source in [...] Read more.
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been intensively studied for white-light lighting since their luminous efficacy exceeds 50 lm/W. Currently, the luminous efficacy of an LED light tube/bulb is almost above 100 lm/W. LED solid-state lighting (SSL) has unequivocally become the major light source in general lighting. The fact of high efficiency and other advantages of LED SSL is enough to penetrate all lighting scenarios. However, what people demand from new-generation lighting is not only in energy efficiency but also in lighting quality. Thus, how to make the lighting more user friendly is one of the important issues, and, here, optics is the key point. For making a collection with the discussions of the novel optical design in enhancing lighting efficiency in a more uniform illumination pattern, in higher sharpness for special lighting, in a higher signal-to-noise ratio for communication, in more functions for new applications, etc., this Special Issue of “Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics” focuses on advanced applications in all aspects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

11 pages, 6538 KiB  
Article
Design of Low-Glared LED Rear Light of Automotive for EU ECE Regulation by Use of Optimized Micro-Prisms Array
by Hien-Thanh Le, Lanh-Thanh Le, Hsing-Yuan Liao, Ming-Jui Chen, Hsin-Yi Ma and Hsiao-Yi Lee
Crystals 2020, 10(2), 63; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst10020063 - 23 Jan 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3136
Abstract
A new LED rear light for automotives is proposed and demonstrated for EU ECE R07 regulation. The full rear light is a combination of a position lamp and a braking lamp, and LED light bars and micro-prisms are involved as their essential components. [...] Read more.
A new LED rear light for automotives is proposed and demonstrated for EU ECE R07 regulation. The full rear light is a combination of a position lamp and a braking lamp, and LED light bars and micro-prisms are involved as their essential components. The micro-prisms are applied to homogenize the output of the rear light to decrease glare and accomplish EU ECE standard. Through experiments, it is shown that EU ECE R07 regulation can be met in the proposed rear light, and 12% (position lamps) and 26.5% (braking lamps) higher candela can be enhanced after the optimization of micro-prisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 5796 KiB  
Article
Design of a Bicycle Head Lamp Using an Atypical White Light-Emitting Diode with Separate Dies
by Hsin-Jung Lin, Ching-Cherng Sun, Chi-Shou Wu, Xuan-Hao Lee, Tsung-Hsun Yang, Shih-Kang Lin, Yi-Jou Lin and Yeh-Wei Yu
Crystals 2019, 9(12), 659; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst9120659 - 09 Dec 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2499
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a design for a bicycle head lamp with a high-contrast cutoff line using an atypical white light-emitting diode (LED) with two separate dies. The precise optical model was created by setting [...] Read more.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a design for a bicycle head lamp with a high-contrast cutoff line using an atypical white light-emitting diode (LED) with two separate dies. The precise optical model was created by setting the weighting factor on the emitting surface. The downward reflector was designed and fabricated to produce a high-contrast cutoff line in both short- and long-axis orientations, but a yellowish outer pattern was observed. A modified two-color optical model was created to describe the yellowish patterns in both orientations and explain the yellowish effect. Such an effect was caused by the larger coverage area of the phosphor than that by the blue dies. To reduce the yellowish effect near the cutoff line, a specific phosphor area was blocked in the experiment. The yellowish effect was greatly reduced, and the contrast across the cutoff line was enhanced. The presented technology is useful for designing a high-contrast light pattern with such an atypical white LED. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 8258 KiB  
Article
Design of an LED Spot Light System with a Projection Distance of 10 km
by Chi-Shou Wu, Kuan-Yu Chen, Xuan-Hao Lee, Shih-Kang Lin, Ching-Cherng Sun, Jhih-You Cai, Tsung-Hsun Yang and Yeh-Wei Yu
Crystals 2019, 9(10), 524; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst9100524 - 13 Oct 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4652
Abstract
We designed a spot light system with an illumination range of 10 km. In the designed system, an appropriate white light-emitting diode (LED) was selected according to the exitance and injection power required. Subsequently, through a first-order optical design, the geometry of the [...] Read more.
We designed a spot light system with an illumination range of 10 km. In the designed system, an appropriate white light-emitting diode (LED) was selected according to the exitance and injection power required. Subsequently, through a first-order optical design, the geometry of the lens and reflector was determined using geometrical calculation. Because the central illuminance of the projection spot of the reflector was 2.5 times that of the cover lens, we first considered the fabrication error of the reflector. According to the adjustment of the optimized distance between the white LED and reflector, we modified the design of the cover lens to fit the new location of the white LED. An LED spot light module containing 16 spot light units was used. The module’s power injection was only 68.2 W. Because of the excellent performance of the designed system in terms of the divergence angle of the projection beam and maximum luminous intensity, which were 1.6° and 2,840,000 cd, respectively, the projection distance of the LED spot light module was 3.37 Km, according to the ANSI regulation. Finally, a spot light system with nine modules and capable of achieving a projection distance of 10 km was successfully fabricated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7273 KiB  
Article
Application of Dimming Compensation Technology Via Liquid Crystal Lens for Non-Imaging Projection Laser Systems
by Yi-Chin Fang, Cheng Mu Tsai and Da-Long Cheng
Crystals 2019, 9(3), 122; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst9030122 - 26 Feb 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3697
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to explore a newly developed optical design, then to further improve the overhead lighting contrast in the laser projector module. In terms of the structural design of the projector, a liquid crystal lens array was used [...] Read more.
The main purpose of this paper is to explore a newly developed optical design, then to further improve the overhead lighting contrast in the laser projector module. In terms of the structural design of the projector, a liquid crystal lens array was used as the local dimming system for the light source, in order to achieve the objective, which was to significantly improve the contrast facility of the projection system. Second, in terms of the design of the light source, the output method for the light source was a laser light source employing arrays of micro-scanning. The main purpose was to compensate for the dim spots in the hole between the lenses in each unit of the liquid crystal when the liquid crystal lens array was locally dimmed, and thus significantly improving the contrast facility of the projection system. In terms of the software simulation, a liquid crystal lens array was used to simulate a pore size of 2.0 mm and focal lengths of 9 cm and 23 cm. The end effect gave good control and adjustment of the bright and dark areas during local dimming of the projector’s imaging chip components. For a single laser source, the maximum contrast for local dimming was about 128:1, 438:1, and 244:1, for the Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B) optical paths, respectively. The light efficiency scores were approximately 20.91%, 20.05%, and 24.45%, for the R, G, and B optical paths, respectively. After compensation using a micro-scanning light source, the defect of having dim spots between the pores was remedied, and the light adjustment area became more uniform while the contrasts became smaller. The maximum contrasts were approximately 52:1, 122:1, and 110:1, for the R, G, and B optical paths, respectively. For the projector, when the liquid crystal lenses were not transmissive, the maximum uniformity scores were 82.25%, 87.15%, and 88.43%, for the R, G, and B optical paths, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6944 KiB  
Article
Construction and Optimization of Through-Hole LED Models for Use in Designing Traffic Signboards
by Ted Liang-tai Lee and Yi-Chun Chen
Crystals 2019, 9(2), 96; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst9020096 - 14 Feb 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2979
Abstract
A modeling procedure was proposed for the through-hole LEDs commonly used in traffic signs. The measurements from a sample batch of LEDs were performed at several midfield distances to provide a set of representative angular intensity distributions as the target pattern in the [...] Read more.
A modeling procedure was proposed for the through-hole LEDs commonly used in traffic signs. The measurements from a sample batch of LEDs were performed at several midfield distances to provide a set of representative angular intensity distributions as the target pattern in the modeling process. The flat outer dimensions of the LED were accurately measured while the curvature and refractive index of the packaging dome were roughly estimated. These physical parameters were used to build a preliminary LED model in the Monte Carlo simulation software. The simulated angular intensity distribution at each distance was generated by tracing 20,000,000 rays. The normalized cross correlation (NCC) between the measured and simulated data was calculated to represent the resemblance of the model to the real LED. The roughly estimated parameters were then varied within their physical limits to optimize the NCC value. The possibilities of two parameters having interactions were also considered. The final model has all NCCs above 98.8% between the target and simulated patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 3859 KiB  
Article
Tripling the Optical Efficiency of Color-Converted Micro-LED Displays with Funnel-Tube Array
by Fangwang Gou, En-Lin Hsiang, Guanjun Tan, Yi-Fen Lan, Cheng-Yeh Tsai and Shin-Tson Wu
Crystals 2019, 9(1), 39; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst9010039 - 14 Jan 2019
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 9717
Abstract
Color-converted micro-LED displays consist of a mono-color micro-LED array and color conversion materials to achieve full color, while relieving the burden of epitaxial growth of three-color micro-LEDs. However, it usually suffers from low efficiency and color crosstalk due to the limited optical density [...] Read more.
Color-converted micro-LED displays consist of a mono-color micro-LED array and color conversion materials to achieve full color, while relieving the burden of epitaxial growth of three-color micro-LEDs. However, it usually suffers from low efficiency and color crosstalk due to the limited optical density of color conversion materials. With funnel-tube array, the optical efficiency of the color-converted micro-LED display can be improved by ~3X, while the crosstalk is eliminated. After optimization of the tapper angle, the ambient contrast ratio is also improved due to higher light intensity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 14225 KiB  
Article
Simultaneously Improve White LED Omni-Directional Package Efficacy and Spatial Color Uniformity on Scattered Photon Extraction Technology
by Tsung-Xian Lee and Yun-Chieh Huang
Crystals 2019, 9(1), 21; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst9010021 - 30 Dec 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4239
Abstract
The Scattered Photon Extraction (SPE™) based on the concept of TIR lens combined with remote phosphor is proven to be one of the effective solutions for improving white LED efficiency, and it provides the omnidirectional light distribution for luminaire design. Not only the [...] Read more.
The Scattered Photon Extraction (SPE™) based on the concept of TIR lens combined with remote phosphor is proven to be one of the effective solutions for improving white LED efficiency, and it provides the omnidirectional light distribution for luminaire design. Not only the light extraction efficiency (LEE) is important, but also the angular uniformity of correlated color temperature (CCT) is a critical index in the evaluation of high-quality white LEDs. A non-optimized SPE™ will cause an increase in the angular CCT deviation (ACCTD) and ultimately affect lighting quality. Two possible ways using lens design are proposed to reduce the ACCTD and even improve its efficiency. Among them, using the concept of light guiding to design the lens can minimum the deviation of forward and backward CCT from 2720 K to 657 K, and the overall efficiency can be further enhanced by 12% compared to typical SPE™ lens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 11614 KiB  
Article
Design of a Society of Automotive Engineers Regular Curved Retroreflector for Enhancing Optical Efficiency and Working Area
by Lanh-Thanh Le, Hien-Thanh Le, Jetter Lee, Hsin-Yi Ma and Hsiao-Yi Lee
Crystals 2018, 8(12), 450; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst8120450 - 30 Nov 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4826
Abstract
A highly efficient regular curved retroreflector is proposed to meet the requirements of the US Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) regulations. It is demonstrated that 28% higher retroreflection efficiency and 33% more working area can be accomplished with the new designed retroreflector when [...] Read more.
A highly efficient regular curved retroreflector is proposed to meet the requirements of the US Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) regulations. It is demonstrated that 28% higher retroreflection efficiency and 33% more working area can be accomplished with the new designed retroreflector when compared with the commercial ones used in modern vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1654 KiB  
Article
Linear Precoding Designs for MIMO VLC Using Multi-Color LEDs under Multiple Lighting Constraints
by Ye Xiao, Yi-Jun Zhu and Zheng-Guo Sun
Crystals 2018, 8(11), 408; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst8110408 - 30 Oct 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2730
Abstract
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology as an efficient approach to improve the transmission rate in visible light communication (VLC) has been well studied in recent years. In this paper, we focus on the MIMO VLC system using multi-color LEDs in the typical indoor scenario. [...] Read more.
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology as an efficient approach to improve the transmission rate in visible light communication (VLC) has been well studied in recent years. In this paper, we focus on the MIMO VLC system using multi-color LEDs in the typical indoor scenario. Besides the correlation of the MIMO channel, the multi-color crosstalk interference and quadrangle chromaticity region are also considered to increase the practicality of this system. With the constraints of power, amplitude and chromaticity, an iterative algorithm to minimize mean-squared-error (MSE) is proposed to jointly design the precoder and equalizer. Our proposed algorithm provides an effective method to get the optimal precoder by updating optimization variables iteratively. As the equalizer matrix is fixed at each iteration, the main non-convex precoding design problem is transformed into a convex optimization problem and then solved. With the utilization of multi-color LEDs, our proposed precoding method would be promising to promote the practical applications of high-speed indoor optical wireless communication. Simulation results show that our proposed method owns better performance than conventional chromaticity-fixed schemes and zero-forcing precoding designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 419 KiB  
Article
Optimal Linear Precodings for Multi-Color, Multi-User Visible Light Communication System with Fairness Considerations
by Dong-Fang Zhang, Hong-Yi Yu, Yi-Jun Zhu and Zheng-Guo Sun
Crystals 2018, 8(11), 404; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst8110404 - 25 Oct 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2207
Abstract
With fairness consideration, optimal linear precoding designs for multi-color, multi-user visible light communication (VLC) systems are presented in this paper. Utilizing both the spatial and multi-color resources, the precoding designs are proposed to mitigate the impact of the multi-user interference (MUI) and the [...] Read more.
With fairness consideration, optimal linear precoding designs for multi-color, multi-user visible light communication (VLC) systems are presented in this paper. Utilizing both the spatial and multi-color resources, the precoding designs are proposed to mitigate the impact of the multi-user interference (MUI) and the multi-color crosstalk. With the constraints of chromaticity, luminance, and signal range, the precoding designs are formulated to achieve the max-min fairness and the maximum sum-rate. Since the closed-form expression for the capacities is not available, the lower and upper bounds are chosen as the performance criterions. To make the optimization problems be easy to be solved by using standard optimization packages, the non-convex problems are cast into convex ones. Subsequently, algorithms are developed to find optimal solutions. Extensive simulation results indicate that the proposed precoding schemes outperform the conventional pseudo inverse method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 8580 KiB  
Article
Design of a Secondary Freeform Lens of UV LED Mosquito-Trapping Lamp for Enhancing Trapping Efficiency
by Wei-Hsiung Tseng, Diana Juan, Wei-Cheng Hsiao, Cheng-Han Chan, Hsin-Yi Ma and Hsiao-Yi Lee
Crystals 2018, 8(9), 335; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst8090335 - 21 Aug 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3561
Abstract
In this study, our proposed ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) mosquito-trapping lamp is designed to control diseases brought by insects such as mosquitoes. In order to enable the device to efficiently catch mosquitoes in a wider area, a secondary freeform lens (SFL) is [...] Read more.
In this study, our proposed ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) mosquito-trapping lamp is designed to control diseases brought by insects such as mosquitoes. In order to enable the device to efficiently catch mosquitoes in a wider area, a secondary freeform lens (SFL) is designed for UV LED. The lens is mounted on a 3 W UV LED light bar as a mosquito-trapping lamp of the new UV LED light bar module to achieve axially symmetric light intensity distribution. The special SFL is used to enhance the trapping capabilities of the mosquito-trapping lamp. The results show that when the secondary freeform surface lens is applied to the experimental outdoor UV LED mosquito-trapping lamp, the trapping range can be expanded to 100π·m2 and the captured mosquitoes increased by about 300%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

18 pages, 18471 KiB  
Review
Emerging Perovskite Nanocrystals-Enhanced Solid-State Lighting and Liquid-Crystal Displays
by Ziqian He, Caicai Zhang, Yajie Dong and Shin-Tson Wu
Crystals 2019, 9(2), 59; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst9020059 - 22 Jan 2019
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 7982
Abstract
Recent advances in perovskite nanocrystals-enhanced solid-state lighting (SSL) and liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are reviewed. We first discuss the development, optical properties, and stability issue of materials, and then we evaluate the performance of SSL and LCDs with perovskite downconverters adopted. In SSL performance [...] Read more.
Recent advances in perovskite nanocrystals-enhanced solid-state lighting (SSL) and liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are reviewed. We first discuss the development, optical properties, and stability issue of materials, and then we evaluate the performance of SSL and LCDs with perovskite downconverters adopted. In SSL performance evaluation, we investigate the fitting-curve effect in calculations and optimizations where simple Gaussian fitting and precise fitting are compared in detail, and we further optimize for highly efficient, good color-rendering, and human-healthy SSL sources. For LCD performance evaluation, we study the intrinsic tradeoffs between total light efficiency and color gamut coverage. Through optimizations using real line shapes, Rec. 2020 standard coverage as large as 92.8% can be achieved through hybrid integration. Finally, we briefly discuss two future challenges: materials development and device integration. We believe the emerging perovskite nanocrystals are highly promising for next-generation SSL and LCDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-13
Back to TopTop