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Crystals
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Scintillator & Phosphor Materials
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Scintillator & Phosphor Materials

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Inorganic Crystalline Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2021) | Viewed by 17381

Special Issue Editors

Dr. David Stratos

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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12210 Athens, Greece
Interests: scintillating crystals and phosphor materials evaluation; medical imaging detectors; PET; SPECT; gamma-ray spectrometers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ioannis Kandarakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12210 Athens, Greece
Interests: scintillators and powder phosphors evaluation for imaging applications; X-ray imaging, nuclear medicine, portal imaging and radiation therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jung-Yeol Yeom

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
Interests: radiation detectors; inorganic scintillation crystal growth for nuclear medicine; radiation monitoring and homeland security

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Scintillator and phosphor materials are used as radiation converting media in many fields of research and scientific applications, such as nuclear physics and high-energy physics, astrophysics, radiation dosimetry for medical and non-medical applications, imaging, spectroscopy, radiation monitoring in environmental studies, and industrial applications. A large number of research groups and groups of experts are currently working in the field and collaborate, combining their efforts in investigating fundamental properties and mechanisms as well as in an increasing variety of applications of luminescence phenomena, e.g., lighting sources-leds, laser sources, radiation detection systems, plasma displays, various luminescent screens, displays and image intensifiers.

Nowadays, research activity is directed towards mixed and co-doped inorganic phosphor materials, single crystals and optical ceramic materials, organic crystals, nano-scintillators and quantum dots, luminescent biomarkers, luminescent dopants, optoelectronics and displays aiming to obtain higher performances, in accordance with the requirements of various applications.

The aim of this Special Issue is to collect contributions about scintillator and phosphor materials, involving growth production and experimental evaluation, new crystalline hosts and co-doped scintillator materials, and the integration of scintillators and phosphors into various devices and applications, as well as theoretical calculations.

Dr. David Stratos
Prof. Dr. Ioannis Kandarakis
Prof. Dr. Jung-Yeol Yeom 
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Scintillator crystals
  • Phosphor materials
  • Inorganic scintillators
  • Co-doped scintillators
  • Mixed scintillators
  • Medical imaging

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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7 pages, 2721 KiB  
Article
Surface Structure and Electronic Properties of Lu3Al5O12
by Weian Guo, Benxue Jiang, Jiajie Zhu and Long Zhang
Crystals 2021, 11(11), 1433; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11111433 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1654
Abstract
Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG) is a famous scintillator that has the advantages of high efficiency, high light yield, and fast decay after being doped with active ions. F centers (oxygen vacancies with two electrons) and antisite defects are the most [...] Read more.
Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG) is a famous scintillator that has the advantages of high efficiency, high light yield, and fast decay after being doped with active ions. F centers (oxygen vacancies with two electrons) and antisite defects are the most important defects and can greatly affect the scintillation performance in the bulk materials. However, the surface defects that strongly affect the spectrum of a single crystal (SC) and single crystal film (SCF) and the effect on the electronic properties have not been investigated. In this context, we investigate the surface structural and electronic properties of Lu3Al5O12 using first-principles calculations. The Lu atoms are six-fold and seven-fold coordinated with the O atoms on the S1 and S2 surfaces. The surface oxygen vacancies and antisites have considerably lower formation energies than for the bulk. The oxygen vacancies in the bulk introduce the occupied states in the band gap. The surface electronic states are mainly located on the oxygen atoms and can be eliminated via oxygen vacancies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scintillator & Phosphor Materials)
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8 pages, 2594 KiB  
Article
Crystal Growth, Luminescence and Scintillation Characterizations of Cs2KLaCl6:Ce and Cs2KCeCl6
by Haoyu Wang, Jianhui Xiong, Man Li, Jufeng Geng, Shangke Pan and Jianguo Pan
Crystals 2021, 11(6), 653; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11060653 - 08 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2275
Abstract
Elpasolite halides scintillation crystals have been proven to be very important materials for X-ray and γ-ray detector applications. The crystals of Cs2KLaCl6:4% Ce (CKLC) and Cs2KCeCl6 (CKCC) belong to novel scintillation of the Chloro-elpasolite crystal family. [...] Read more.
Elpasolite halides scintillation crystals have been proven to be very important materials for X-ray and γ-ray detector applications. The crystals of Cs2KLaCl6:4% Ce (CKLC) and Cs2KCeCl6 (CKCC) belong to novel scintillation of the Chloro-elpasolite crystal family. In this paper, the crystal growth of CKLC and CKCC crystals using the vertical Bridgman techniques were reported. The PXRD patterns showing both crystals have a cubic crystal structure. Both crystals have similar photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra, the fluorescence decay time of CKLC and CKCC crystals were about 49.7 and 33.8 ns. The energy resolution under the excitation of 662 keV γ-rays from a 137Cs source were found to be 6.6% and 5.2% (FWHM), respectively. The scintillation decay times of CKLC crystal were τ1 = 127 ns (33%) and τ2 = 1617 ns (67%), while that of CKCC crystal were τ1 = 2.86 ns (5%) and τ2 = 81 ns (95%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scintillator & Phosphor Materials)
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11 pages, 2827 KiB  
Article
Diamonds from the Mir Pipe (Yakutia): Spectroscopic Features and Annealing Studies
by Mariana I. Rakhmanova, Andrey Yu. Komarovskikh, Yuri N. Palyanov, Alexander A. Kalinin, Olga P. Yuryeva and Vladimir A. Nadolinny
Crystals 2021, 11(4), 366; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11040366 - 31 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2131
Abstract
For this study, 21 samples of colorless octahedral diamonds (weighing 5.4–55.0 mg) from the Mir pipe (Yakutia) were investigated with photoluminescence (PL), infrared (IR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. Based on the IR data, three groups of diamonds belonging to types IIa, [...] Read more.
For this study, 21 samples of colorless octahedral diamonds (weighing 5.4–55.0 mg) from the Mir pipe (Yakutia) were investigated with photoluminescence (PL), infrared (IR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. Based on the IR data, three groups of diamonds belonging to types IIa, IaAB, and IaB were selected and their spectroscopic features were analyzed in detail. The three categories of stones exhibited different characteristic PL systems. The type IaB diamonds demonstrated dominating nitrogen–nickel complexes S2, S3, and 523 nm, while they were less intensive or even absent in the type IaAB crystals. The type IIa diamonds showed a double peak at 417.4 + 418.7 nm (the 418 center in this study), which is assumed to be a nickel–boron defect. In the crystals analyzed, no matter which type, 490.7, 563.5, 613, and 676.3 nm systems of various intensity could be detected; moreover, N3, H3, and H4 centers were very common. The step-by-step annealing experiments were performed in the temperature range of 600–1700 °C. The treatment at 600 °C resulted in the 563.5 nm system’s disappearance; the interstitial carbon vacancy annihilation could be considered as a reason. The 676.5 nm and 613 nm defects annealed out at 1500 °C and 1700 °C, respectively. Furthermore, as a result of annealing at 1500 °C, the 558.5 and 576 nm centers characteristic of superdeep diamonds from São Luis (Brazil) appeared. These transformations could be explained by nitrogen diffusion or interaction with the dislocations and/or vacancies produced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scintillator & Phosphor Materials)
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15 pages, 7701 KiB  
Article
Light Extraction Enhancement Techniques for Inorganic Scintillators
by Francesco Gramuglia, Simone Frasca, Emanuele Ripiccini, Esteban Venialgo, Valentin Gâté, Hind Kadiri, Nicolas Descharmes, Daniel Turover, Edoardo Charbon and Claudio Bruschini
Crystals 2021, 11(4), 362; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11040362 - 30 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3791
Abstract
Scintillators play a key role in the detection chain of several applications which rely on the use of ionizing radiation, and it is often mandatory to extract and detect the generated scintillation light as efficiently as possible. Typical inorganic scintillators do however feature [...] Read more.
Scintillators play a key role in the detection chain of several applications which rely on the use of ionizing radiation, and it is often mandatory to extract and detect the generated scintillation light as efficiently as possible. Typical inorganic scintillators do however feature a high index of refraction, which impacts light extraction efficiency in a negative way. Furthermore, several applications such as preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) rely on pixelated scintillators with small pitch. In this case, applying reflectors on the crystal pixel surface, as done conventionally, can have a dramatic impact of the packing fraction and thus the overall system sensitivity. This paper presents a study on light extraction techniques, as well as combinations thereof, for two of the most used inorganic scintillators (LYSO and BGO). Novel approaches, employing Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs), metal coatings, and a modified Photonic Crystal (PhC) structure, are described in detail and compared with commonly used techniques. The nanostructure of the PhC is surrounded by a hybrid organic/inorganic silica sol-gel buffer layer which ensures robustness while maintaining its performance unchanged. We observed in particular a maximum light gain of about 41% on light extraction and 21% on energy resolution for BGO, a scintillator which has gained interest in the recent past due to its prompt Cherenkov component and lower cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scintillator & Phosphor Materials)
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Review

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19 pages, 1109 KiB  
Review
A Review of Inorganic Scintillation Crystals for Extreme Environments
by Chanho Kim, Wonhi Lee, Alima Melis, Abdallah Elmughrabi, Kisung Lee, Chansun Park and Jung-Yeol Yeom
Crystals 2021, 11(6), 669; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11060669 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 6353
Abstract
In the past, the main research and use of scintillators in extreme environments were mainly limited to high energy physics and the well-logging industry, but their applications are now expanding to reactor monitoring systems, marine and space exploration, nuclear fusion, radiation therapy, etc. [...] Read more.
In the past, the main research and use of scintillators in extreme environments were mainly limited to high energy physics and the well-logging industry, but their applications are now expanding to reactor monitoring systems, marine and space exploration, nuclear fusion, radiation therapy, etc. In this article, we review and summarize single-crystal inorganic scintillator candidates that can be applied to radiation detection in extreme environments. Crucial scintillation properties to consider for use in extreme environments are temperature dependence and radiation resistance, along with scintillators’ susceptibility to moisture and mechanical shock. Therefore, we report on performance change, with a focus on radiation resistance and temperature dependence, and the availability of inorganic scintillator for extreme environments—high radiation, temperature, humidity and vibration—according to their applications. In addition, theoretical explanations for temperature dependence and radiation resistance are also provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scintillator & Phosphor Materials)
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