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Crystals
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Dynamic Behavior of Materials
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Dynamic Behavior of Materials

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 26710

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chuanting Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
Interests: reactive materials; high-velocity impact; plastic deformation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yong He

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Interests: terminal ballistics; high-velocity impact; detonation
Dr. Yuanfeng Zheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China
Interests: terminal ballistics; reactive materials; shape charge effects
Prof. Dr. Shuhai Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
Interests: molecular reaction dynamics of explosive crystal; behavior co-crystals; detonation mechanism
Prof. Dr. Wenhui Tang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Technological Physics, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
Interests: equation of state; dynamic behavior of materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The dynamic behavior of materials is a subject at the confluence of several scientific disciplines. The processes that occur when materials are subjected to rapid loads can differ significantly from those under static or quasi-static situations. The understanding of the dynamic behavior of materials involves the mechanics of high-strain-rate deformation (elastic, plastic, shock and detonation waves) and the dynamic response of materials (constitutive models, shear instabilities, microstructural evolution, dynamic fracture and chemical reaction).

This Special Issue, ‘Dynamic behavior of materials’, will collect recent research findings on the dynamic behavior of all kinds of materials, especially the dynamic mechanical behavior of crystalline materials. The main topics to be covered include processing technology, state-of-the-art characterization, testing, theoretic modeling and simulation. We welcome the submission of communications, original research papers, and reviews on the following, or related, topics.

  • Microstructural evolution
  • Dynamic deformation
  • High-velocity impact
  • Shock wave attenuation, interaction and reflection
  • Equations of state
  • Explosive–material interaction
  • Impact-initiated chemical reaction

Dr. Chuanting Wang
Prof. Dr. Yong He
Dr. Yuanfeng Zheng
Prof. Dr. Shuhai Zhang
Prof. Dr. Wenhui Tang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advanced metallic alloys
  • structural composites and hybrid materials
  • materials for extreme in-service conditions
  • multifunctional structural materials
  • high pressure
  • impact
  • explosion
  • plastic deformation
  • microstructural evolution
  • chemical reaction
  • equation of state
  • characterization
  • modeling
  • simulation

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 176 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for the Special Issue “Dynamic Behavior of Materials”
by Chuanting Wang, Yuanfeng Zheng, Shuhai Zhang, Wenhui Tang and Yong He
Crystals 2023, 13(1), 44; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst13010044 - 27 Dec 2022
Viewed by 987
Abstract
The dynamic behavior of materials is a field at the confluence of several scientific disciplines [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

17 pages, 7187 KiB  
Article
Influential Factors of a Reactive Materials Projectile’s Damage Evolution Behavior
by Xiangrong Li, Cong Hou, Huan Tong, Lei Yang and Yongkang Chen
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1683; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12111683 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1488
Abstract
To determine the mechanism of penetration of multi-layer aluminum targets (MLAT) by a reactive materials projectile (RMP), AUTODYN-3D numerical simulations and experimental tests were carried out. The Powder Burn equation of the state ignition model was introduced for the reactive core activation under [...] Read more.
To determine the mechanism of penetration of multi-layer aluminum targets (MLAT) by a reactive materials projectile (RMP), AUTODYN-3D numerical simulations and experimental tests were carried out. The Powder Burn equation of the state ignition model was introduced for the reactive core activation under different projectile–target interaction conditions, which effectively simulated the deflagration reaction damage effects behavior of the RMP and the damage evolution behavior of the MLAT. The activation rate of the reactive core increased significantly when the thickness of the steel target was 8–15 mm; a significant combined destructive effect of kinetic and chemical energy was produced on the MLAT. The initial velocity was proportional to the penetration and destruction effect of the front-layer aluminum target. For the rear-layer aluminum target, the detonation damage showed a tendency to increase and then decrease. If the head metal block was too thick, the penetration ability would be improved at the same time, and the deflagration reaction damage effects ability of the steel target would be significantly reduced. In order to achieve good battlefield damage efficacy, all of the influencing factors should be comprehensively considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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10 pages, 4104 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Behavior of a Novel High-Strength and Ductile Near-α Titanium Ti-Al-Mo-Zr-Fe-B Alloy
by Chi Yan, Chu Wang, Miaoxia He, Yuecheng Dong, I. V. Alexandrov and Hui Chang
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1584; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12111584 - 07 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1132
Abstract
In this study, the dynamic compression properties of a new high-strength (>1000 MPa) and ductile (>15%) near-α titanium Ti-6Al-1Mo-2Zr-0.55Fe-0.1B alloy were investigated at high strain rates of 1620 s−1~2820 s−1 by a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The microstructural evolution [...] Read more.
In this study, the dynamic compression properties of a new high-strength (>1000 MPa) and ductile (>15%) near-α titanium Ti-6Al-1Mo-2Zr-0.55Fe-0.1B alloy were investigated at high strain rates of 1620 s−1~2820 s−1 by a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The microstructural evolution of the samples before and after the dynamic deformation was analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results indicated that the strength of the alloy enhanced significantly under the dynamic loading compared with the quasi-static compression and increased with the increase in the strain rate. An abundance of deformation twins released the dislocation pile-up and coordinated the plastic deformation of alloy during the dynamic loading. The dynamic plasticity constitutive equation of the alloy was obtained by fitting high strain rate experimental data at room temperature by the Johnson–Cook constitutive equation with the modified temperature term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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18 pages, 6188 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Aluminum Particle Size on the Formation of Reactive Jet
by Mengmeng Guo, Yanxin Wang, Yongkang Chen, Jianguang Xiao and Haifu Wang
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1560; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12111560 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1268
Abstract
In order to study the morphology characteristics of the PTFE/Al reactive shaped charge jet and the chemical reaction during the jet formation, PTFE/Al reactive liners with aluminum particle sizes of 5 μm and 100 μm were prepared. The parameters of the Johnson–Cook constitutive [...] Read more.
In order to study the morphology characteristics of the PTFE/Al reactive shaped charge jet and the chemical reaction during the jet formation, PTFE/Al reactive liners with aluminum particle sizes of 5 μm and 100 μm were prepared. The parameters of the Johnson–Cook constitutive model of PTFE/Al reactive materials (RMs) were obtained through quasi-static compression experiments and SHPB (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar) experiments. X-ray imaging technology was used to photograph the shape of reactive shaped charges jet at two different time points. The AUTODYN secondary development technology was used to simulate the jet formation, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results. The results show that the simulation results are close to the experimental results, and the error is in the range of 4–8%. Through analysis, it is observed that the RMs reacted during the PTFE/Al reactive shaped charge jet formation, and due to the convergence of the inner layer of the liner during the jet formation, the chemical reaction of the jet is from inside to outside. Secondly, the particle size of aluminum powder has an influence on the chemical reaction and morphology of the jet. During the jet formation, there were fewer RMs reacted when the PTFE/Al reactive liners were prepared with 100 μm aluminum powder. Compared with 5 μm aluminum powder, when the aluminum powder is 100 μm, the morphology of the jet is more condensed, which is conducive to generating greater penetration depth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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19 pages, 11639 KiB  
Article
Flow Field and Inclusions Movement in the Cold Hearth for the Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni Alloy
by Zhenze Zhu, Rongfeng Zhou, Xiangming Li, Wentao Xiong and Zulai Li
Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1471; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12101471 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1016
Abstract
To investigate the melt flow field and inclusions movement in the cold hearth for the Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni alloy during electron-beam cold-hearth melting, a three-dimensional numerical model was established. By using solidification and discrete phase models, the information on the melt flow field and inclusions [...] Read more.
To investigate the melt flow field and inclusions movement in the cold hearth for the Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni alloy during electron-beam cold-hearth melting, a three-dimensional numerical model was established. By using solidification and discrete phase models, the information on the melt flow field and inclusions movement in the cold hearth were obtained. As the casting velocity increased, the melt flow velocity increased, the solid–liquid interface moved down. Inclusions with a density of 4.5 g/cm3 were the most difficult to remove. When the density of the inclusions was 3.5 g/cm3, the number of inclusions that escaped decreased with an increase in the inclusion diameter; these inclusions easily floated on the pool surface and remained in the cold hearth. Inclusions with a density of 5.5 g/cm3 have a similar escaping trend to the inclusions with a density of 3.5 g/cm3; as the diameter of these inclusions increased, gravity on these inclusions had a larger effect and caused them to sink more easily. Generally, for high and low density inclusions with a large diameter, the effect of density can be eliminated; the most effective method to remove inclusions in the metallurgical industry is to promote the polymerization and growth of the inclusions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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11 pages, 3537 KiB  
Article
Study on Microstructure and Properties of NM500/Q345 Clad Plates at Different Austenitization Temperatures
by Guanghui Zhao, Ruifeng Zhang, Juan Li, Cuirong Liu, Huaying Li and Yugui Li
Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1395; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12101395 - 01 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1465
Abstract
In this paper, the change in the mechanical properties of a composite plate was studied using the heat treatment method, and it was found that the performance of the composite plate was greatly improved under the process of quenching at 900 °C and [...] Read more.
In this paper, the change in the mechanical properties of a composite plate was studied using the heat treatment method, and it was found that the performance of the composite plate was greatly improved under the process of quenching at 900 °C and tempering at 200 °C. The hot-rolled NM500/Q345 clad plates were subjected to heat treatment tests of 860 °C, 900 °C, and 940 °C austenitization + 200 tempering. With the help of an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, EBSD, and transmission electron microscope, the microstructure, interface element distribution, and defect composition at the composite bonding interface of hot rolling and heat treatment were analyzed. An analysis and friction and wear tests were carried out on the wear resistance of the clad NM500. It was found that the microstructure of the NM500/Q345 clad plate before austenitization was mainly pearlite and ferrite, and both were transformed into lath martensite after austenitization. As the austenitization temperature increased, the size of the martensitic lath bundle also became coarse. After austenitization at 900 °C and tempering at 200 °C, the lath-like martensite structure of NM500 contained high-density dislocations between the laths. With the increase in the austenitization temperature, the surface Rockwell hardness showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The wear was the worst when the material was not quenched. When the clad plate was quenched at 900 °C and tempered at 200 °C, the wear of NM500 was the lightest; the maximum depth of the wear scar was 14 μm; the width was the narrowest, 0.73 mm; and the wear volume was the smallest, 0.0305 mm3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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21 pages, 18835 KiB  
Article
Study on Anti-Penetration Performance of Semi-Cylindrical Ceramic Composite Armor against 12.7 mm API Projectile
by Anbang Jiang, Yongqing Li, Dian Li and Hailiang Hou
Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1343; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12101343 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1674
Abstract
To explore the anti-penetration performance of the specially shaped ceramic/metal composite armor, such an armor is designed and fabricated using a semi-cylindrical projectile resistant ceramic and metal back plate, and its anti-penetration performance for the 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary (API) projectile (also known [...] Read more.
To explore the anti-penetration performance of the specially shaped ceramic/metal composite armor, such an armor is designed and fabricated using a semi-cylindrical projectile resistant ceramic and metal back plate, and its anti-penetration performance for the 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary (API) projectile (also known as the 0.50 caliber API projectile) is investigated experimentally and numerically. The results show that due to the significant attitude deflection during projectile penetration, the penetration into the designed ceramic composite armor is quite different from that into the conventional homogeneous ceramic/metal composite armor, which can be roughly divided into the following four stages: asymmetric erosion of the projectile, ceramic cone squeezing movement, back plate failure and projectile exit. The failure mode of the back plate is mainly dishing deformation and petaling failure. When obvious attitude deflection occurs to the projectile, the breaches in the back plate are elliptical in varying degrees, and the height and size of petals are apparently different. The area of the composite armor is divided into different zones according to its anti-penetration performance. The influence of the ratio of semi-cylindrical ceramic diameter to projectile core diameter ξ on the anti-penetration performance is studied under constant areal density. The results show that the deflection effect of the composite armor is small when the ratio ξ is less than 2, and the anti-penetration performance is the strongest when ξ is close to 2. With the increase in the initial velocity of the projectile, the deflection effect of the composite armor on the projectile gradually weakened, and the erosion effect gradually increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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12 pages, 6643 KiB  
Article
Study on Dynamic Mechanical Behaviors and J–C Constitutive Model of a Fine-Grained D6A Steel
by Zezhou Yang, Xiaowei Feng, Xiaoli Zhang, Yongfeng Shen, Xicheng Huang and Ruoze Xie
Crystals 2022, 12(6), 806; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12060806 - 07 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1383
Abstract
The uniaxial tensile loading tests of coarse-grained D6A steel (CG, d = 20 μm) and fine-grained D6A steel (FG, d = 1.5 μm) were performed using a material testing machine and rotating disk Hopkinson tension bar, respectively. The stress–strain curves of two steels [...] Read more.
The uniaxial tensile loading tests of coarse-grained D6A steel (CG, d = 20 μm) and fine-grained D6A steel (FG, d = 1.5 μm) were performed using a material testing machine and rotating disk Hopkinson tension bar, respectively. The stress–strain curves of two steels at different strain rates (0.001~1500 s−1) were obtained. Results show that grain refinement effectively improves the strength of FG steel, which is achieved by high-density of grain boundaries and cementite particles hindering the movement of dislocations. In the strain rate range of the test, the strain rate sensitivity of FG D6A steel decreases, which is considered to be the result of the athermal stress that independent of the strain rate becomes the dominant part of the total stress. Combined with the experimental data, the parameters of the Johnson–Cook (J–C) constitutive model were calibrated. The stress–strain curves obtained by simulations are in good agreement with those from tests. These results may provide an important experimental reference and theoretical basis for the application of FG D6A steel in various fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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19 pages, 6856 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Simulation and Parameter Analysis of Weaved Composite Material for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Parachute Recovery in Deployment Phase
by Wenhui Shi, Shuai Yue, Zhiqian Li, Hao Xu, Zhonghua Du, Guangfa Gao, Guang Zheng and Beibei Zhao
Crystals 2022, 12(6), 758; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12060758 - 25 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1727
Abstract
Aiming at the parachute recovery of fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles, a method of parachute deployment by tractor rocket is proposed. First, the tensile tests were carried out on high-strength polyethylene and brocade silk-weaved composite materials. The dynamic property parameters of the materials were [...] Read more.
Aiming at the parachute recovery of fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles, a method of parachute deployment by tractor rocket is proposed. First, the tensile tests were carried out on high-strength polyethylene and brocade silk-weaved composite materials. The dynamic property parameters of the materials were obtained, which was the input for the dynamic model of the parachute deployment phase. Second, the model was verified by the experiment results. Finally, parachute weight and rocket launch temperature during the deployment phase were studied. The results showed that the dynamic model has good accuracy; as the parachute weight increases, the maximum snatch force of the extraction line and the sling decreases as the force on the suspension lines increases and the deployment effect worsens. With the temperature rise, the maximum snatch force on the extraction line, sling, and suspension lines increases and the deployment length changes slightly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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17 pages, 5124 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Behavior of Kinetic Projectile Impact on Honeycomb Sandwich Panels and Multi-Layer Plates
by Shuai Yue, Yushuai Bai, Zhonghua Du, Huaiwu Zou, Wenhui Shi and Guang Zheng
Crystals 2022, 12(5), 572; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12050572 - 20 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1860
Abstract
In order to study the dynamic response associated with the impact of a kinetic projectile on the internal structure of an artificial satellite, we propose a kinetic projectile configuration with non-metallic material wrapping and multiple damage elements. The artificial satellite is simplified as [...] Read more.
In order to study the dynamic response associated with the impact of a kinetic projectile on the internal structure of an artificial satellite, we propose a kinetic projectile configuration with non-metallic material wrapping and multiple damage elements. The artificial satellite is simplified as a honeycomb sandwich panel and multi-layer plates. We carried out a ground damage test and finite element dynamic simulation, and we determined the lateral effect and penetration performance of the projectile. Then, we studied the dynamic behavior of the projectile penetrating the honeycomb sandwich panel using a theoretical model. We found that its ballistic limit velocity was 150 m/s, and the deformation of the opening had little relationship with the projectile velocity. Finally, we studied the dynamic response of the kinetic projectile impacting the multi-layer plates under various launch parameters. We found that the launch velocity required to meet the damage requirements was within 325 ± 25 m/s. Projectiles with a higher initial velocity had a stronger ability to penetrate the plates, but initial velocities higher than 325 m/s led to a reduced damage area. The kinetic projectile could adapt to incident angles less than 5° when damaging the plates. With the increasing incident angle, the penetration ability was reduced, and the damage area increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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17 pages, 7460 KiB  
Article
Research on the Impact-Induced Deflagration Behavior by Aluminum/Teflon Projectile
by Jianguang Xiao, Yanxin Wang, Dongmo Zhou, Chenglong He and Xiangrong Li
Crystals 2022, 12(4), 471; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12040471 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2148
Abstract
Although the ignition-and-growth model can simulate the ignition and detonation behavior of traditional energy materials well, it seems insufficient to simulate the impact-induced deflagration behavior of reactive materials (RMs) using current finite element codes due to their more complicated ignition threshold and lower [...] Read more.
Although the ignition-and-growth model can simulate the ignition and detonation behavior of traditional energy materials well, it seems insufficient to simulate the impact-induced deflagration behavior of reactive materials (RMs) using current finite element codes due to their more complicated ignition threshold and lower reaction rates. Therefore, a simulation method for the impact-induced deflagration behavior of a reactive materials projectile (RMP) is developed by introducing tunable ignition threshold conditions for RMs, and a user-defined subroutine is formed by the secondary development on the equation of state (EOS). High-velocity impact experiments were performed to prove the validity of simulations. The results show that the user-defined subroutine for RMs is competent in simulating the ignition and deflagration behavior under impact conditions, because the reaction ratio, morphology and temperature distribution of RMP fragments are all well consistent with experiments, theory, and current reports from other researchers. In this way, the quantitative study on the deflagration reaction of RMs can be implemented and relevant mechanisms are revealed more clearly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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14 pages, 5933 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Simulation and Parameter Analysis of Contact Mechanics for Mimicking Geckos’ Foot Setae Array
by Qing Lin, Chunbo Wu, Shuai Yue, Zhonghui Jiang, Zhonghua Du and Mengsheng Li
Crystals 2022, 12(2), 282; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12020282 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1546
Abstract
According to the dynamic characteristics of the adhesion desorption process between gecko-like polyurethane setae and the contact surface, the microcontact principle of an elastic sphere and plane is established based on the Johnson–Kendall–Robert model. On this basis, combined with the cantilever beam model, [...] Read more.
According to the dynamic characteristics of the adhesion desorption process between gecko-like polyurethane setae and the contact surface, the microcontact principle of an elastic sphere and plane is established based on the Johnson–Kendall–Robert model. On this basis, combined with the cantilever beam model, microscale adhesive contact models in the case of a single and an array of setae are obtained. The contact process is numerically simulated and verified by the adhesion desorption test. After that, the effects of external preload, the elastic modulus of setae material, the surface energy, and the surface roughness on the contact force and depth during the dynamic contact process of setae are studied. The results show that the error between the simulation and test is 15.9%, and the simulation model could reflect the real contact procedure. With the increase in preload, the push-off force of the setae array would grow and remain basically constant after reaching saturation. Increasing the elastic modulus of setae material would reduce the contact depth, but have little effect on the maximum push-off force; with the increase in the surface energy of the contact object, both the push-off force between the objects and the contact depth during desorption would increase. With the increase in wall roughness, the push-off force curve of the setae array becomes smoother, but the maximum push-off force would decrease. By exploring the dynamic mechanical characteristics of the micro angle of setae, the corresponding theoretical basis is provided for the numerical simulation of the adsorption force of macro materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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19 pages, 9544 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Response and Numerical Interpretation of Three Kinds of Metals for EFP Liner under Explosive Loading
by Li Ding, Peihui Shen and Liuqi Ji
Crystals 2022, 12(2), 154; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12020154 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2806
Abstract
In order to study the dynamic response of tungsten heavy alloy materials under explosive loading, two kinds of typical tungsten alloys for explosively formed projectile (EFP) liner and one kind of existing EFP liner were tested in a flash X-ray experiment, with copper [...] Read more.
In order to study the dynamic response of tungsten heavy alloy materials under explosive loading, two kinds of typical tungsten alloys for explosively formed projectile (EFP) liner and one kind of existing EFP liner were tested in a flash X-ray experiment, with copper liner as a reference. Results showed that copper liner could form a coherent EFP, while 90W–9Ni–Co and W–25Re liners fractured to different extents. The microscopic features of the three kinds of metals were examined and compared with the original liner, and the microstructure evolutions under explosive loading were analyzed with the fracture model and mechanism of the two kinds of tungsten alloys’ fracture determined. Associated with the stress and strain conditions by numerical simulation, the fracture mechanism of tungsten heavy alloys can be analyzed. The crack-tip plastic zones of 90W–9Ni–Co and W–25Re are much smaller than copper, and due to the severe stress concentration at the tip of cracks, it is easy for cracks to propagate and trigger the cleavage in tungsten alloys. The value of a crack-tip plastic zone r(θ) can be used to explain the fracture phenomenon in explosive loading, which can be an alternative guideline for the material selection criteria of the EFP liner. The research results are significant in understanding the dynamic forming, microstructure evolution, and fracture mechanism of tungsten heavy alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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16 pages, 8240 KiB  
Article
Penetration Failure Mechanism of Multi-Diameter Tungsten Fiber Reinforced Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses Matrix Composite Rod
by Chengxin Du, Huameng Fu, Zhengwang Zhu, Kehong Wang, Guangfa Gao, Feng Zhou, Lizhi Xu and Zhonghua Du
Crystals 2022, 12(2), 124; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12020124 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1463
Abstract
In order to increase the penetration ability of tungsten fiber-reinforced Zr-based bulk metallic glasses matrix composite rod, two multi-diameter tungsten fiber-reinforced Zr-based bulk metallic glasses matrix composites (MD-WF/Zr-MG) are designed. In MD-WF/Zr-MG-I, the diameters of tungsten fiber (WF) increase gradually from the inside [...] Read more.
In order to increase the penetration ability of tungsten fiber-reinforced Zr-based bulk metallic glasses matrix composite rod, two multi-diameter tungsten fiber-reinforced Zr-based bulk metallic glasses matrix composites (MD-WF/Zr-MG) are designed. In MD-WF/Zr-MG-I, the diameters of tungsten fiber (WF) increase gradually from the inside to outside, which is the opposite in MD-WF/Zr-MG-II. Penetration experiment of two kinds of MD-WF/Zr-MG rods into rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) steel target from 1470 m/s to 1630 m/s is conducted. The average penetration depth of the MD-WF/Zr-MG-II rod is higher than that of the MD-WF/Zr-MG-I rod. Penetration failure modes of MD-WF/Zr-MG-I and MD-WF/Zr-MG-II rods are bending, backflow of WFs and shear failure respectively. The failure mode of MD-WF/Zr-MG is affected by the bend spaces and the ultimate bending diameters of WFs. If the bend spaces of all WFs are equal or larger than their ultimate bending diameters, the penetration failure mode is the bending and backflow of WFs, oppositely the penetration failure mode is the shear failure. The MD-WF/Zr-MG rod with shear failure exhibits high penetration ability because of low penetration resistance and little residual material in the crater. When designing MD-WF/Zr-MG, bend spaces of a part of WFs should be smaller than their ultimate bending diameter to cause shear failure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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12 pages, 4118 KiB  
Article
Shock Properties of One Unsaturated Clay and Its Equation of State Up to 30 GPa
by Xianwen Ran, Xuan Zou, Jingyuan Zhou and Wenhui Tang
Crystals 2022, 12(1), 119; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12010119 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1206
Abstract
The complicated composition of unsaturated clay, e.g., solid mineral particles, water, and air, makes it difficult to get its precise equation of state (EOS) over a wide pressure range. In this paper, the high-pressure EOS of unsaturated clay was discussed at the mesoscale. [...] Read more.
The complicated composition of unsaturated clay, e.g., solid mineral particles, water, and air, makes it difficult to get its precise equation of state (EOS) over a wide pressure range. In this paper, the high-pressure EOS of unsaturated clay was discussed at the mesoscale. With the original clay extracted from the southern suburbs of Luoyang city, China, three unsaturated clays with moisture contents of 0%, 8%, and 15%, respectively, were remolded. Their Hugoniot parameters in the pressure range of 0–30 GPa were measured using a one-stage or two-stage light gas gun. With the measured Hugoniot parameters, a high-pressure EOS of the unsaturated clay up to 30 GPa was developed and it is in good agreement with the experimental data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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18 pages, 8115 KiB  
Article
Study on the Formation of Reactive Material Shaped Charge Jet by Trans-Scale Discretization Method
by Guancheng Lu, Chao Ge, Zhenyang Liu, Le Tang and Haifu Wang
Crystals 2022, 12(1), 107; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12010107 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1649
Abstract
The formation process of reactive materials shaped charge is investigated by X-ray photographs and numerical simulation. In order to study the formation process, a trans-scale discretization method is proposed. A two-dimensional finite element model of shaped charge and reactive material liner is established [...] Read more.
The formation process of reactive materials shaped charge is investigated by X-ray photographs and numerical simulation. In order to study the formation process, a trans-scale discretization method is proposed. A two-dimensional finite element model of shaped charge and reactive material liner is established and the jet formation process, granule size difference induced particle dispersion and granule distribution induced jet particle distribution are analyzed based on Autodyn-2D platform and Euler solver. The result shows that, under shock loading of shaped charge, the Al particle content decreases from the end to the tip of the jet, and increases as the particle size decreases. Besides, the quantity of Al particles at the bottom part of the liner has more prominent influence on the jet head density than that in the other parts, and the Al particle content in the high-speed section of jet shows inversely proportional relationship to the ratio of the particle quantity in the top area to that in the bottom area of liner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Materials)
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