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Crystals
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Application of Shape Memory Alloys
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Application of Shape Memory Alloys

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2021) | Viewed by 11328

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Luigi Manfredi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre of Medical Engineering and Technology (CMET), Division of Imaging Science and Technology, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
Interests: endoscopic robots; shape memory alloy actuators; soft robots; control hardware; bio-inspired robots
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Shape memory alloys (SMA) are smart materials that can change shape by an external stimulus, whether mechanical, magnetic, thermal or electrical. They are well known for being biocompatible, used to design miniaturised actuators with high force to weight ratio, as well as for sensors applications. However, as actuators, low energy efficiency, hysteresis, complex control, structural fatigue, and over-heat are major concerns. Wide is the range of applications, varying from medical devices, consumer electronics, automotive, avionics, and many others. This Special Issue aims to present original contributions as well as review articles on SMA applications. This includes but is not limited to the design of novel actuators, sensors, robotic systems, and medical devices.

Dr. Luigi Manfredi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Shape memory alloy
  • robotics
  • control of SMA
  • medical devices
  • SMA actuators
  • SMA sensors

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 173 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial: Application of Shape Memory Alloys
by Luigi Manfredi
Crystals 2023, 13(6), 928; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst13060928 - 09 Jun 2023
Viewed by 814
Abstract
In the ambit of smart materials, shape memory alloys (SMA) have emerged as a remarkable class of materials capable of undergoing significant shape changes when stimulated by external factors such as mechanical, magnetic, thermal, or electrical forces [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Shape Memory Alloys)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

13 pages, 13398 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Properties of FeNiCoAlTiNb Shape Memory Alloys
by Chau-Yi Tsai, Li-Wei Tseng, Yu-Chih Tzeng and Po-Yu Lee
Crystals 2022, 12(1), 121; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12010121 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1543
Abstract
The magnetic properties of the new Fe41Ni28Co17Al11.5(Ti+Nb)2.5 (at. %) shape memory alloy system were studied in this work. The magnetic properties were characterized by thermo-magnetization and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). In iron-based shape [...] Read more.
The magnetic properties of the new Fe41Ni28Co17Al11.5(Ti+Nb)2.5 (at. %) shape memory alloy system were studied in this work. The magnetic properties were characterized by thermo-magnetization and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). In iron-based shape memory alloys, aging heat treatment is crucial for obtaining the properties of superelasticity and shape memory. In this study, we focus on the magnetization, martensitic transformation temperatures, and microstructure of this alloy during the aging process at 600 °C. From the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, the new peak γ’ is presented during the aging process. The intensity of this new peak (γ’) increases with the aging time, while the intensity of the FCC (111) austenite peak decreases with aging time. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results show that the size of the precipitate increases with increasing the aging times from 24 to 72 h. Thermo-magnetization results show that: (1) phase transformation is observed when the aging time is at least 24 h, (2) the transformation temperature increases with the aging time, (3) transformation temperatures tend to increase while the magnetic field increases from 0.05 to 7 Tesla, and (4) the magnetization saturates after aging time reaches 24 h. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) results show that thermal process was found to significantly affect the magnetic properties of this alloy, especially on saturated magnetic magnetization and magnetic moment reversal behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Shape Memory Alloys)
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10 pages, 8924 KiB  
Article
Battery-Free Shape Memory Alloy Antennas for Detection and Recording of Peak Temperature Activity
by Wei Wang, Wenxin Zeng and Sameer Sonkusale
Crystals 2022, 12(1), 86; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst12010086 - 09 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2042
Abstract
Economical sensing and recording of temperatures are important for monitoring the supply chain. Existing approaches measure the entire temperature profile over time using electronic devices running on a battery. This paper presents a simple, intelligent, battery-free solution for capturing key temperature events using [...] Read more.
Economical sensing and recording of temperatures are important for monitoring the supply chain. Existing approaches measure the entire temperature profile over time using electronic devices running on a battery. This paper presents a simple, intelligent, battery-free solution for capturing key temperature events using the natural thermo-mechanical state of a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). This approach utilizes the temperature-induced irreversible mechanical deformation of the SMA as a natural way to capture the temperature history without the need for electronic data logging. In this article, two-way SMA is used to record both high-temperature and low-temperature peak events. Precise thermo-mechanically trained SMA are employed as arms of the dipole antenna for Radio Frequency (RF) readout. The fabricated antenna sensor works at 1 GHz and achieves a sensitivity of 0.24 dB/°C and −0.16 dB/°C for recording temperature maxima and minima, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Shape Memory Alloys)
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14 pages, 3360 KiB  
Article
Modeling the Stress-Induced Transformation Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys under Multiaxial Loading Conditions
by Lei Chen, Hongying Zhang, Mitao Song, Xinxin Yue and Jian Zhang
Crystals 2021, 11(10), 1191; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11101191 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1534
Abstract
A large number of criteria to model the onset of plasticity for ductile metals have been proposed by researchers in the last century. Strangely, very few researchers have tried to model the stress-induced crystalline phase transformation of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) according to [...] Read more.
A large number of criteria to model the onset of plasticity for ductile metals have been proposed by researchers in the last century. Strangely, very few researchers have tried to model the stress-induced crystalline phase transformation of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) according to yield criteria. This paper focuses on the question: is a yield criterion originally proposed for describing the plastic behavior of metals suitable to model the “pseudoelastic” behavior of SMAs? To answer this question, two yield criteria originally proposed by the present author are used to predict the initial surface of transformation onset of two different SMAs: Cu-Al-Be and Ni-Ti alloy. The predicted initial transformation onset surfaces of the two SMAs are compared with experimental results and existing theories reported in the literature and some significant conclusions and recommendations are given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Shape Memory Alloys)
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21 pages, 5414 KiB  
Article
Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Thermo-Mechanical Model of a Shape Memory Alloy Actuator Considering Minor Hystereses
by Rosen Mitrev, Todor Todorov, Andrei Fursov and Borislav Ganev
Crystals 2021, 11(9), 1120; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11091120 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1987
Abstract
The paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of a thermo-mechanical model of an actuator composed of a shape memory alloy wire arranged in series with a bias spring. The developed mathematical model considers the dynamics of the actuator in the thermal and [...] Read more.
The paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of a thermo-mechanical model of an actuator composed of a shape memory alloy wire arranged in series with a bias spring. The developed mathematical model considers the dynamics of the actuator in the thermal and mechanical domains. The modelling accuracy is increased through the developed algorithm for modelling the minor and sub minor hystereses, thus removing the disadvantages of the classical model. The algorithm improves the accuracy, especially when using pulse-width modulation control, for which minor and sub minor hystereses are likely to occur. Experimental studies show that the system is very sensitive, and there are physical factors whose presence cannot be considered in the mathematical model. The experimental research has shown that setting constant values of the duty cycle is impossible to obtain a stable value of displacement and force. The comparison between the developed mathematical model results and the experimental results shows that the differences are acceptable. The improved modelling serves as a basis for designing such actuators and creating an improved automatic feedback control system to maintain a given displacement (force) or trajectory tracking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Shape Memory Alloys)
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16 pages, 7864 KiB  
Article
Development of an Actuator for Translatory Movement by Means of a Detented Switching Shaft Based on a Shape Memory Alloy Wire for Repeatable Mechanical Positioning
by Tobias Schmelter, Benedict Theren, Sebastian Fuchs and Bernd Kuhlenkötter
Crystals 2021, 11(2), 163; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11020163 - 06 Feb 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2444
Abstract
Actuators based on the shape memory effect have recently become more and more economically important due to the many advantages of shape memory alloys (SMAs), such as their high energy density. SMAs are usually used to control the end/maximum positions, thus the actuators [...] Read more.
Actuators based on the shape memory effect have recently become more and more economically important due to the many advantages of shape memory alloys (SMAs), such as their high energy density. SMAs are usually used to control the end/maximum positions, thus the actuators always move between two positions. The repeatable control of intermediate positions has so far proven difficult, because in most cases, external sensors are necessary to determine the length of the SMA element. Additionally control strategies for SMA actuators are rather complex due to the non-linear behavior of this material. The SMA actuator presented here is able to control intermediate positions with repeatable accuracy without the need of a separate control technology. The integrated control unit is based on a mechanical principle using a shaft with a circumference groove. This groove has a height profile that turns the shafts rotation, generated by the SMA, into a translational movement. Therefore, the SMA wire generates a partial stroke at each complete activation, turning the shaft partially. With several activation cycles in a row, the stroke adds up until reaching the maximum. A further activation cycle of the wire resets the actuators stroke to its initial position. Each part of the stroke can, thereby, be controlled precisely and repeatedly within the scope of each complete cycle of the actuator. Based on an integrated ratchet, each stroke of the actuator can hold energy free. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Shape Memory Alloys)
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