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A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 48132

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Dr. Aristeidis H. Zibis

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Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessalia, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
Interests: musculoskeletal anatomy; knee anatomy and biomechanics; spine anatomy and radiological anatomy; modern teaching of anatomy; shoulder applied anatomy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diagnostics, an open access journal with an Impact Factor of 3.110 (2020 Journal Citation Reports), publishes high-quality articles in all areas of Medical Sciences and related disciplines after peer-review and acceptance. It is indexed in the SCIE, PubMed, and Scopus Ranks 39/165 (Q1) in Medicine.

We are pleased to announce a Special Issue of Diagnostics entitled “Advances in Anatomy”, which will include a collection of original research articles focusing on anatomy written by anatomists for clinicians with a special interest in anatomy.

We invite authors to submit articles focused on clinical and surgical anatomy or anatomical variations and special anatomical characteristics with clinical considerations. Preference will be given to articles with high-quality illustrations, which are very important for the understanding of anatomical problems.

This Special Issue is scheduled for release in August 2021. If possible, I would appreciate receiving submissions by the end of June 2021.

Dr. Aristeidis H. Zibis
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

clinical anatomy
surgical anatomy
radiological anatomy
effectiveness in teaching anatomy
surgical anatomical variations
advanced dissection techniques
anatomical implications of clinical problems

Published Papers (14 papers)

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18 pages, 6498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pelvic Sidewall Anatomy in Gynecologic Oncology—New Insights into a Potential Avascular Space

by Stoyan Kostov, Ilker Selçuk, Rafał Watrowski, Yavor Kornovski, Hakan Yalçın, Stanislav Slavchev, Yonka Ivanova, Deyan Dzhenkov and Angel Yordanov

Diagnostics 2022, 12(2), 519; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12020519 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5839

Abstract

The surgical treatment of gynecological malignancies is, except for tumors diagnosed at the earliest stages and patients’ desire for fertility preservation, not limited to only the affected organ. In cases of metastatic iliac lymph nodes, gynecological tumors or recurrences located near the pelvic sidewall, oncogynecologists should dissect tissues in that region. Moreover, surgery of deep infiltrating endometriosis, e.g., within the sacral plexus, or oncological procedures, such as a laterally extended endoplevic resection or a laterally extended parametrectomy, often require a dissection of the pelvic sidewall. Dissection should be meticulous, and detailed knowledge of anatomy is mandatory. There are many controversies among authors regarding the terminology in the pelvic sidewall. In particular, several imprecise or confusing definitions exist in regard to the region located medially to the psoas major muscle. Therefore, after discussing the anatomy of the pelvic sidewall and the commonly used terminology, we define a new term and boundaries of a potential avascular space, the medial psoas space. Contrary to the variety of earlier definitions, the proposed boundaries relate to a truly avascular space and could help surgeons to avoid complications resulting from misleading anatomical descriptions. Additionally, describing the clear boundaries of and possible anatomical variations in the medial psoas space may urge oncogynecologists to consider different approaches during surgery. The purpose of the present study is to describe the anatomy of the pelvic sidewall and the applications of the medial psoas space in gynecologic oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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10 pages, 2464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential Roles of Cervical Plexus Abnormalities in Occipital Neuralgia: An Anatomic Variant Explored

by Mitchell H. Mirande and Heather F. Smith

Diagnostics 2022, 12(1), 139; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12010139 - 07 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2503

Abstract

Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a condition defined as a headache characterized by paroxysmal burning and stabbing pain located in the distribution of the greater occipital nerve (GON), lesser occipital nerve (LON), or third occipital nerves (TON). This condition can be severely impairing in symptomatic patients and is known to have numerous etiologies deriving from various origins such as trauma, anatomical abnormalities, tumors, infections, and degenerative changes. This study reports four cases of a previously undescribed anatomical variant in which the (spinal) accessory nerve (SAN) fuses with the LON before piercing the sternocleidomastoid (SCM). The fusion of these two nerves and their route through the SCM points to a potential location for nerve compression within the SCM and, in turn, another potential source of ON. This anatomical presentation has clinical significance as it provides clinicians with another possible cause of ON to consider when diagnosing patients who present with complaints of a headache. Additionally, this study explores the prevalence of piercing anatomy of the LON and GAN and discusses their clinical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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13 pages, 3644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Shape of Nasopalatine Canal as a Determining Factor in Therapeutic Approach for Orthodontic Teeth Movement—A CBCT Study

by Aleksandra Arnaut, Pavle Milanovic, Milica Vasiljevic, Nemanja Jovicic, Radisa Vojinovic, Dragica Selakovic and Gvozden Rosic

Diagnostics 2021, 11(12), 2345; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11122345 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2565

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the nasopalatine canal (NPC) shape and its morphometric characteristics on expected teeth movement by assessing the distance to maxillary central incisors (MCIs) according to NPC type. The retrospective study was performed on 133 CBCT images. The following parameters were obtained: the antero-posterior diameter (A-P) of the nasal foramen (NF), canal length, A-P and mediolateral diameter (M-L) of the incisive foramen (IF), and the distance between NPC and MCIs. With the exception of being hourglass-shaped, each NPC shape showed specific impacts of NPC shape on the relationship between NPC diameters at different sections and distances to MCIs. In banana-shaped NPC, a significant correlation was observed for A-P NF diameter, while in cylindrical-shaped NPC, a significant correlation was observed for NPC length. The increase in M-L IF, A-P IF, A-P NF, and NPC length in funnel-shaped NPC may be a risk factor for interventions that could result in teeth movement. According to the results, it seems that the proposed methodological approach for analysis of CBCT slices in the anterior maxilla may offer detailed information that could be an additional tool in planning the procedures that result in expected teeth movement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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12 pages, 4626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Comparative Study of Human Bipartite Scaphoids and the Os Centrale of the Wrist in Neandertals and Non-Human Anthropoid Primates

by Sebastien Durand, Justine Dufour, Antonio Rosas, Fabio Becce and Caley Orr

Diagnostics 2021, 11(12), 2295; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11122295 - 07 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2259

Abstract

In humans, bipartite scaphoid still does not differentiate clearly from traumatic non-union of the scaphoid. To aid diagnosis, we sought to analyze the main geometrical similarities among bipartite scaphoids from primate species with fused and unfused scaphoid centrales. Four human embryos, four cases of adult humans with bipartite scaphoid, twelve adult specimens of other extant anthropoid primates, and two Neandertal scaphoid specimens were included in this study. Three-dimensional polygon models of the scaphoid and os centrale were generated from CT scan, micro-CT scan, or histological sections. A 3D comparative study of the morphological and morphometrical parameters was performed using the MSC Patran software. The os centrale was smaller than the scaphoid in all specimens and its shape was elongated in the anteroposterior scaphoid direction. The position of the os centrale centroid compared to the scaphoid using direction vectors had a strong orientation along the proximodistal axis in all species. The main morphological feature of bipartite scaphoid was the continuity of the scaphoid from its proximal pole to its tubercule along the anteroposterior axis. In all specimens, if the os centrale was removed, the scaphoid still appeared normal and whole. The bipartite scaphoid in adult humans shares geometrical analogies with monkeys and orangutans, human embryos, and Neandertals. Morphological and morphometrical features identified in this study are useful to differentiate bipartite scaphoid from scaphoid pseudarthrosis. All other criteria suggested in the past lead to misdiagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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9 pages, 1702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surgical and Radiological Anatomy of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cadaveric Study

by Vasileios Raoulis, Apostolos Fyllos, Michail E. Klontzas, Dimitrios Chytas, Vasileios Mitrousias, Konstantinos Banios, Thomas G. Maris, Apostolos H. Karantanas and Aristeidis Zibis

Diagnostics 2021, 11(11), 2076; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11112076 - 10 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the measurement of several anatomical features of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and by direct fashion during dissection. We hypothesized that the measurements between these two techniques would agree. MRI of 30 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees was followed by dissection. MPFL patella and femoral attachment were evaluated; their shape, length, and width were measured; and measurements were compared. MRI was deemed unreliable for the determination of several of the aforementioned anatomical features. Important findings include: (a) observations on MPFL attachment at medial patella side and attachment to quadriceps were identical between dissection and MRI; (b) average width at patella insertion was significantly different between the two methods (p = 0.002); and (c) an attachment to the quadriceps tendon was present in 20/30 specimens and d. detailed measurements of a thin, non-linear, and three-dimensional structure, such as the MPFL, cannot be performed on MRI, due to technical difficulties. This anatomical radiological study highlights the shape, anatomical measurements (length and width), and attachment of the MPFL using a relatively large cadaveric sample and suggests that MRI is not reliable for detailed imaging of its three-dimensional anatomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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10 pages, 3606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knee Capsule Anatomy: An MR Imaging and Cadaveric Study

by Aristeidis H. Zibis, Evangelia E. Vassalou, Vasileios A. Raoulis, Vasileios Lampridis, Michail E. Klontzas, Apostolos Fyllos, Panagiotis Stavlas and Apostolos H. Karantanas

Diagnostics 2021, 11(11), 1965; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11111965 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2164

Abstract

This research focuses on the anatomical insertion of the synovial capsule around the knee. The attachments of the capsule were measured in 50 knee MR imaging studies with large intraarticular effusion. Corresponding measurements were performed in 20 fresh frozen cadaveric specimens, for validation. Femoral and tibial capsular reflections were defined as the distances between the attachment sites of the capsule and the femoral or tibial joint line and they were recorded in three coronal planes (anterior/middle/posterior). On MR imaging, the lateral/medial femoral capsular reflection mean values were 6.5/4.57 cm, 2.74/1.74 cm and 1.52/1.99 cm in the anterior, middle and posterior plane, respectively. MR imaging-based measurements did not differ significantly compared to corresponding cadaveric measurements. The mean values of the lateral/medial tibial capsular reflection on MR imaging were 0.09/0.11 cm, 0.34/0.26 cm and 0.62/0.34 cm in the anterior, middle and posterior plane, respectively. On cadaveric dissection, the maximum mean value was 1.45 cm, measured on the lateral side of the anterior plane. Apart from the lateral aspect of the posterior plane, MR imaging measurements were significantly lower, compared to the corresponding cadaveric measurements. The greatest femoral and tibial capsular reflections were found on the anterior and lateral side of the anterior plane. MR imaging appears to underestimate the distal extent of the knee capsule. Anatomical details of the knee capsule should be considered for safe insertion of external fixator pins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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11 pages, 2339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Anatomical Classification for Tibialis Posterior Tendon Insertion and Its Clinical Implications: A Cadaveric Study

by Jeong-Hyun Park, Digud Kim, Hyung-Wook Kwon, Mijeong Lee, Yu-Jin Choi, Kwang-Rak Park, Kwan Hyun Youn and Jaeho Cho

Diagnostics 2021, 11(9), 1619; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11091619 - 04 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5565

Abstract

The variations in the tibialis posterior tendon (TPT) could not be defined by previous classification; thus, this study used a larger-scale cadaver with the aim to classify the types of TPT insertion based on the combination of the number and location of TPT insertions. A total of 118 feet from adult formalin-fixed cadavers were dissected (68 males, 50 females). The morphological characteristics and measurements of TPT insertion were evaluated. Four types of TPT insertions were classified, wherein the most common type was type 4 (quadruple insertions, 78 feet, 66.1%), which was divided into four new subtypes that were not defined in the previous classification. The second most common type was type 3 (triple insertions, 25 feet, 21.2%) with three subtypes, including the new subtype. Type 2 was found in 13 feet (11%), and the rarest type was type 1 (2 feet, 1.7%), wherein the main tendon was only attached to the navicular bone and the medial cuneiform bone. We suggest high morphological variability of the TPT in relation to the insertion location, along with the possibility of significant differences according to race and gender. Moreover, this classification will help clinicians understand adult flatfoot deformity-related posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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12 pages, 20546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Morphometric Characteristics of Anterior Maxilla Accessory Canals and Relationship with Nasopalatine Canal Type—A CBCT Study

by Milica Vasiljevic, Pavle Milanovic, Nemanja Jovicic, Miroslav Vasovic, Dragan Milovanovic, Radisa Vojinovic, Dragica Selakovic and Gvozden Rosic

Diagnostics 2021, 11(8), 1510; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11081510 - 21 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2538

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate principal morphological and morphometric characteristics of accessory canals (ACs) of the anterior maxilla, as well as to analyze the relationship with nasopalatine canal (NPC) type. The results of our study showed that ACs were observed in almost 50% of participants. They were mostly presented bilaterally and in a curved shape, with a palatal foramen position. The morphometric characteristics of ACs were significantly influenced by NPC type. NPC type had the strongest impact on the distance between the NPC and AC, as well as on the distance between the AC and the facial aspect of buccal bone wall, in inferior parts of the alveolar ridge. On the other hand, the distance between the AC and central incisors was not significantly influenced by NPC shape in the lower region of the anterior maxilla. However, the participants with the banana-type of the NPC expressed the reduction in distance from the AC to the central incisor at the upper part in comparison with the subjects with the cylindrical-type of the NPC. On the basis of the results of this study, the simultaneous estimation of ACs and the NPC seems reasonable, as this approach may be useful in the prevention of complications which could occur during implant surgery interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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8 pages, 2719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Superior Laryngeal Nerve and Its Vulnerability in Surgeries of the Neck

by Antonio S. Dekhou, Robert J. Morrison and Jickssa M. Gemechu

Diagnostics 2021, 11(7), 1243; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11071243 - 12 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3510

Abstract

Anatomical considerations of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), a branch of the vagus, provides information to minimize the potential for iatrogenic intraoperative injury, thereby preventing motor and sensory dysfunctions of the larynx. The present study aims to assess the variation of the SLN and its relationship to the superior thyroid artery (STA) and superior laryngeal artery (SLA). The study was done on 35 formalin-fixed cadavers at Oakland University in 2018–2019. In our study, we found that out of 21 cadavers, 52.4% of the external laryngeal branches (ebSLN) are related posteromedial to the STA, while 47.6% are related anteromedial to it. Out of 14 cadavers, 64.3% of the internal laryngeal branches (ibSLN) are related superoposterior to the SLA, while 35.7% are inferoposterior to it. In most cases, the SLA crosses above the ebSLN while traveling to pierce the thyrohyoid membrane to reach the larynx. The data demonstrate that both the ebSLN and ibSLN display variation in their relationship with the STA and the SLA, respectively. Awareness of these variable relationships is critical for identification and isolation of these structures in order to prevent consequences of nerve injury, primarily a reduction in the highest attainable frequency of the voice and aspiration pneumonia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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11 pages, 2021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aortic Origins of the Celiac Trunk and Superior Mesenteric Artery

by Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Adelina Maria Jianu, Bogdan Adrian Manta and Sorin Hostiuc

Diagnostics 2021, 11(6), 1111; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11061111 - 18 Jun 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2375

Abstract

(1) Background. The vertebral level of origin (VLO) of the celiac trunk (CT) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) has been scarcely investigated. (2) Method. This study used 107 computed tomography angiograms and an eleven type grading system to classify the VLO of the CT and SMA. Each of the T12–L2 vertebra were divided in three horizontal levels. The intervertebral discs were considered distinct levels. (3) Results. The VLO of the CT ranged from the upper third of the T12 vertebra to the lower third of the L1 vertebra. The VLO of the SMA ranged from the lower third of the T12 vertebra to the upper third of the L2 vertebra. There was a highly significant association between the VLO of the CT and SMA (Chi2 = 201, p < 0.001), usually respecting a “plus two” rule. The mean CT–SMA distance was 1.82 +/− 0.66 cm in males and 1.55 +/− 0.411 cm in females, the difference being statistically significant. The mean CT–SMA distance tended to decrease with increasing CT–SMA types, the differences being statistically significant. (4) Conclusions. These characteristics of CT and SMA origins and their relations should be known by surgeons, as they could impact operative management and should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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13 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Characteristics of the Nasopalatine Canal and the Relationship with the Anterior Maxillary Bone—A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

by Pavle Milanovic, Dragica Selakovic, Milica Vasiljevic, Nemanja U. Jovicic, Dragan Milovanović, Miroslav Vasovic and Gvozden Rosic

Diagnostics 2021, 11(5), 915; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11050915 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3825

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interconnection between the type of nasopalatine canal (NPC) and morphometric characteristics of the anterior maxilla. The investigation involved 113 subjects, and the morphometric parameters were obtained using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). NPC shapes were classified into four types: banana-, hourglass-, cylindrical-, and funnel-shaped (distribution of approximately 9, 25, 31, and 35%, respectively). The analysis revealed that the NPC shape was significantly connected with the morphometric properties of anterior maxilla horizontal dimensions. In general, a banana-shaped NPC was accompanied with an overall reduction in anterior maxilla diameters when compared to other NPC shapes, with no significant difference between the other three NPC shapes. Furthermore, the morphometric characteristics that depend on NPC shape at the sagittal cross-section were significantly correlated with diameters of the incisive foramen, nasal foramen, and NPC length. According to the results of our study, it seems that the presented analyses of morphometric data may allow useful insight into the algorithms of various interconnections between the measures obtained in the region of the anterior maxilla, which could be of interest for a time rationale approach when planning some surgical procedures, such as immediate dental implant placement planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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Review

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9 pages, 1189 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Juxtaoral Organ: From Anatomy to Clinical Relevance

by Gaia Favero, Rita Rezzani and Luigi Fabrizio Rodella

Diagnostics 2022, 12(2), 552; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12020552 - 21 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3730

Abstract

The juxtaoral organ was first described 1885 as a rudimentary structure that developed and disappeared in the embryonic period. Since then, it has been studied further and is now known to be a permanent anatomical structure of considerable importance in clinical, surgical and pathological fields. However, there are no precise and uniform descriptions about its anatomical localization and functional significance. Precise and in-depth anatomical knowledge is crucial to reducing the risk of incorrect identification of the juxtaoral organ, due to fact that this anatomical structure can be misinterpreted as a carcinoma, leading to unnecessary treatments. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the actual knowledge on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the juxtaoral organ and outline its clinical relevance in order to prevent unnecessary investigations/treatments of this anatomical pitfall. We believe that further studies are still needed to add new perspectives in relation to the juxtaoral organ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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14 pages, 1254 KiB

Open AccessReview

Left Ventricular Summit—Concept, Anatomical Structure and Clinical Significance

by Marcin Kuniewicz, Artur Baszko, Dyjhana Ali, Grzegorz Karkowski, Marios Loukas, Jerzy A. Walocha and Mateusz K. Hołda

Diagnostics 2021, 11(8), 1423; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11081423 - 06 Aug 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4647

Abstract

The left ventricular summit (LVS) is a triangular area located at the most superior portion of the left epicardial ventricular region, surrounded by the two branches of the left coronary artery: the left anterior interventricular artery and the left circumflex artery. The triangle is bounded by the apex, septal and mitral margins and base. This review aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive anatomical description and proper terminology in the LVS region that may facilitate exchanging information among anatomists and electrophysiologists, increasing knowledge of this cardiac region. We postulate that the most dominant septal perforator (not the first septal perforator) should characterize the LVS definition. Abundant epicardial adipose tissue overlying the LVS myocardium may affect arrhythmogenic processes and electrophysiological procedures within the LVS region. The LVS is divided into two clinically significant regions: accessible and inaccessible areas. Rich arterial and venous coronary vasculature and a relatively dense network of cardiac autonomic nerve fibers are present within the LVS boundaries. Although the approach to the LVS may be challenging, it can be executed indirectly using the surrounding structures. Delivery of the proper radiofrequency energy to the arrhythmia source, avoiding coronary artery damage at the same time, may be a challenge. Therefore, coronary angiography or cardiac computed tomography imaging is strongly recommended before any procedure within the LVS region. Further research on LVS morphology and physiology should increase the safety and effectiveness of invasive electrophysiological procedures performed within this region of the human heart. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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Other

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13 pages, 2254 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Surgical Implications of the Arterial Anatomy around the Knee: A Cadaveric Pictorial Essay

by Apostolos Fyllos, Vasileios Raoulis, Vasileios Mitrousias, Konstantinos Banios, Dimitrios Chytas and Aristeidis Zibis

Diagnostics 2021, 11(11), 2004; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11112004 - 28 Oct 2021

Viewed by 1724

Abstract

We completed an anatomic cadaver study in order to examine the arterial supply around the knee and to create useful images regarding the arterial surgical anatomy around the knee. A total of four unmatched fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were utilized. There was no medical history of osteoporosis, bony or soft-tissue injury or surgery in any of the knees. The femoral arteries were cannulated with a large catheter at the proximal aspect of the cadavers, and liquid latex in different colours was injected. Τhe specimens were then placed into a bath of 8.0% sodium hypochlorite to complete debridement of the soft tissues to various degrees. The specimens were checked every 15 to 30 min until adequate debridement occurred, and photographs were taken during each stage of this process. Sodium hypochlorite, among others, chemically debrides the vessel walls leaving the casts of the vessel lumens filled with solid coloured latex in order to illustrate the vascular supply pattern to the structures of interest. Knowing the probability of where these arteries should be located adds to the knowledge that surgeons have at their disposal when performing procedures involving arthroscopy, arthroplasty and osteotomies, which can help decrease unnecessary damage to the arteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy)

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