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Diagnostics
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Fluorescence Optical Imaging
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Fluorescence Optical Imaging

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 18195

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Kwang Gi Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
2. Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
Interests: fluorescence optical imaging; biomarker; medical device; fluorescence device
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, indocyanine-green fluorescence has been established as a useful tool to assess perfusion in diagnosis fluorescence device. We are inviting submission to this Special Issue on Fluorescence Optical Imaging. This area of research has experienced rapid growth over the last ten years. This growth derives, in part, from light-based modalities being non-invasive, safe, and relatively inexpensive, with diagnostic potential. Advances in light sources, detectors, modulation schemes, beam shaping approaches, and numerical algorithms are enabling the development of imaging methods for probing diseases in different body organs. This Special Issue will explore where we are and what the future holds in this exciting area of human health-related research and how and fluorescence optical imaging can be used to treat various diseases. To that end, we invite submissions involving new techniques, methods, applications, and results, as well as review articles. Recently, NIR cameras and fluorescent imaging devices have been studied with a variety of ideas, as well as pathological imaging, and use in surgical neuroimaging microscopes. Fluorescent methods are also actively used in the laparoscope and eye imaging areas. Therefore, optical imaging content related to fluorescent and optic images is important. Fluorescent imaging has been expanding and becoming more accurate with artificial intelligence imaging. Papers related to the fluorescence optical imaging of multiple people are particularly welcome.

Prof. Dr. Kwang Gi Kim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 5 Ala-Fluorescence
  • Yellow Dye Fluorescence
  • Indocyanine Green Fluorescence
  • Optical diagnosis imaging
  • Laparoscopic imaging device
  • Endoscope device
  • Eye imaging device
  • Diffuse optical imaging and tomography
  • Optical coherence tomography
  • Nonlinear optical imaging: Multiphoton microscopy, higher harmonic generation approaches
  • Multimodal imaging
  • Photoacoustic imaging
  • Functional in vivo imaging
  • Brain, breast, and prostate imaging
  • High-resolution neuroimaging
  • Nanoparticles and contrast agent enhanced imaging
  • Spectral imaging for tissue and cellular pathology

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 4137 KiB  
Communication
Features Found in Indocyanine Green-Based Fluorescence Optical Imaging of Inflammatory Diseases of the Hands
by Egbert Gedat, Jörn Berger, Denise Kiesel, Vieri Failli, Andreas Briel and Pia Welker
Diagnostics 2022, 12(8), 1775; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12081775 - 22 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1548
Abstract
Rheumatologists in Europe and the USA increasingly rely on fluorescence optical imaging (FOI, Xiralite) for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases. Those include rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis, among others. Indocyanine green (ICG)-based FOI allows visualization of impaired microcirculation caused by inflammation in [...] Read more.
Rheumatologists in Europe and the USA increasingly rely on fluorescence optical imaging (FOI, Xiralite) for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases. Those include rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis, among others. Indocyanine green (ICG)-based FOI allows visualization of impaired microcirculation caused by inflammation in both hands in one examination. Thousands of patients are now documented and most literature focuses on inflammatory arthritides, which affect synovial joints and their related structures, making it a powerful tool in the diagnostic process of early undifferentiated arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, it has become gradually clear that this technique has the potential to go even further than that. FOI allows visualization of other types of tissues. This means that FOI can also support the diagnostic process of vasculopathies, myositis, collagenoses, and other connective tissue diseases. This work summarizes the most prominent imaging features found in FOI examinations of inflammatory diseases, outlines the underlying anatomical structures, and introduces a nomenclature for the features and, thus, supports the idea that this tool is a useful part of the imaging repertoire in rheumatology clinical practice, particularly where other imaging methods are not easily available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescence Optical Imaging)
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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 6548 KiB  
Article
Stabilization of Tuberculosis Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence (REFtb) Diagnostic Reagents for Use at the Point of Care
by Maxim Lebedev, Aaron B. Benjamin, Kent J. Koster, Kathryn E. Broyles, Sathish Kumar, Joseph M. Jilka and Jeffrey D. Cirillo
Diagnostics 2022, 12(7), 1745; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12071745 - 19 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1375
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most frequent causes of death in humans worldwide. One of the primary reasons tuberculosis remains a public health threat is that diagnosis can take weeks to months, is often not very sensitive and cannot be accomplished in many [...] Read more.
Tuberculosis is one of the most frequent causes of death in humans worldwide. One of the primary reasons tuberculosis remains a public health threat is that diagnosis can take weeks to months, is often not very sensitive and cannot be accomplished in many remote environments. A rapid, sensitive and inexpensive point-of-care (POC) diagnostic would have a major impact on tuberculosis eradication efforts. The tuberculosis diagnostic system REFtb is based on specific detection of the constitutively expressed β-lactamase (BlaC) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a custom fluorogenic substrate designated as CDG-3. REFtb has potential as a diagnostic for tuberculosis that could be very inexpensive (<USD 2.00/test), used at the POC and could provide definitive diagnosis within 10 min. However, the reagents for REFtb are currently in liquid form, making them more susceptible to degradation and difficult to transport. We evaluated the improvement in the stability of REFtb reagents by lyophilization under a variety of conditions through their effects on the performance of REFtb. We found that lyophilization of REFtb components produces an easily reconstituted powder that displays similar performance to the liquid system and that lactose represents one of the most promising excipients for use in a final POC REFtb diagnostic system. These studies provide the foundation for the production of a stable POC REFtb system that could be easily distributed worldwide with minimal or no requirement for refrigeration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescence Optical Imaging)
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14 pages, 1470 KiB  
Article
Development and Clinical Validation of the LymphMonitor Technology to Quantitatively Assess Lymphatic Function
by Anna Polomska, Epameinondas Gousopoulos, Daniel Fehr, Andreas Bachmann, Mathias Bonmarin, Michael Detmar and Nicole Lindenblatt
Diagnostics 2021, 11(10), 1873; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11101873 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2570
Abstract
Current diagnostic methods for evaluating the functionality of the lymphatic vascular system usually do not provide quantitative data and suffer from many limitations including high costs, complexity, and the need to perform them in hospital settings. In this work, we present a quantitative, [...] Read more.
Current diagnostic methods for evaluating the functionality of the lymphatic vascular system usually do not provide quantitative data and suffer from many limitations including high costs, complexity, and the need to perform them in hospital settings. In this work, we present a quantitative, simple outpatient technology named LymphMonitor to quantitatively assess lymphatic function. This method is based on the painless injection of the lymphatic-specific near-infrared fluorescent tracer indocyanine green complexed with human serum albumin, using MicronJet600TM microneedles, and monitoring the disappearance of the fluorescence signal at the injection site over time using a portable detection device named LymphMeter. This technology was investigated in 10 patients with unilateral leg or arm lymphedema. After injection of a tracer solution into each limb, the signal was measured over 3 h and the area under the normalized clearance curve was calculated to quantify the lymphatic function. A statistically significant difference in lymphatic clearance in the healthy versus the lymphedema extremities was found, based on the obtained area under curves of the normalized clearance curves. This study provides the first evidence that the LymphMonitor technology has the potential to diagnose and monitor the lymphatic function in patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescence Optical Imaging)
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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 12512 KiB  
Article
VEGF-Targeted Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography and Fluorescence Molecular Imaging in Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques
by Pieter J. Steinkamp, Jasper Vonk, Lydian A. Huisman, Gert-Jan Meersma, Gilles F. H. Diercks, Jan-Luuk Hillebrands, Wouter B. Nagengast, Clark J. Zeebregts, Riemer H. J. A. Slart, Hendrikus H. Boersma and Gooitzen M. van Dam
Diagnostics 2021, 11(7), 1227; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11071227 - 07 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2282
Abstract
Vulnerable atherosclerotic carotid plaques are prone to rupture, resulting in ischemic strokes. In contrast to radiological imaging techniques, molecular imaging techniques have the potential to assess plaque vulnerability by visualizing diseases-specific biomarkers. A risk factor for rupture is intra-plaque neovascularization, which is characterized [...] Read more.
Vulnerable atherosclerotic carotid plaques are prone to rupture, resulting in ischemic strokes. In contrast to radiological imaging techniques, molecular imaging techniques have the potential to assess plaque vulnerability by visualizing diseases-specific biomarkers. A risk factor for rupture is intra-plaque neovascularization, which is characterized by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Here, we study if administration of bevacizumab-800CW, a near-infrared tracer targeting VEGF-A, is safe and if molecular assessment of atherosclerotic carotid plaques in vivo is possible using multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). Healthy volunteers and patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis scheduled for carotid artery endarterectomy were imaged with MSOT. Secondly, patients were imaged two days after intravenous administration of 4.5 bevacizumab-800CW. Ex vivo fluorescence molecular imaging of the surgically removed plaque specimen was performed and correlated with histopathology. In this first-in-human MSOT and fluorescence molecular imaging study, we show that administration of 4.5 mg bevacizumab-800CW appeared to be safe in five patients and accumulated in the carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Although we could visualize the carotid bifurcation area in all subjects using MSOT, bevacizumab-800CW-resolved signal could not be detected with MSOT in the patients. Future studies should evaluate tracer safety, higher doses of bevacizumab-800CW or develop dedicated contrast agents for carotid atherosclerotic plaque assessment using MSOT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescence Optical Imaging)
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11 pages, 6734 KiB  
Article
A Surgical Pen-Type Probe Design for Real-Time Optical Diagnosis of Tumor Status Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid
by Kicheol Yoon, Kwanggi Kim and Seunghoon Lee
Diagnostics 2021, 11(6), 1014; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11061014 - 01 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2297
Abstract
A surgical microscope is large in size, which makes it impossible to be portable. The distance between the surgical microscope and the observation tissue is 15–30 cm, and the adjustment range of the right and left of the camera is a maximum of [...] Read more.
A surgical microscope is large in size, which makes it impossible to be portable. The distance between the surgical microscope and the observation tissue is 15–30 cm, and the adjustment range of the right and left of the camera is a maximum of 30°. Therefore, the surgical microscope generates an attenuation (above 58%) of irradiation of the optical source owing to the long working distance (WD). Moreover, the observation of tissue is affected because of dazzling by ambient light as the optical source power is strong (55 to 160 mW/cm2). Further, observation blind spot phenomena will occur due to the limitations in adjusting the right and left of the camera. Therefore, it is difficult to clearly observe the tumor. To overcome these problems, several studies on the handheld surgical microscope have been reported. In this study, a compact pen-type probe with a portable surgical microscope is presented. The proposed surgical microscope comprises a small and portable pen-type probe that can adjust the WD between the probe and the observed tissue. In addition, it allows the adjustment of the viewing angle and fluorescence brightness. The proposed probe has no blind spots or optical density loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescence Optical Imaging)
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11 pages, 6486 KiB  
Article
Design and Testing of Augmented Reality-Based Fluorescence Imaging Goggle for Intraoperative Imaging-Guided Surgery
by Seung Hyun Lee, Yu Hua Quan, Min Sub Kim, Ki Hyeok Kwon, Byeong Hyeon Choi, Hyun Koo Kim and Beop-Min Kim
Diagnostics 2021, 11(6), 927; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11060927 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3619
Abstract
The different pathways between the position of a near-infrared camera and the user’s eye limit the use of existing near-infrared fluorescence imaging systems for tumor margin assessments. By utilizing an optical system that precisely matches the near-infrared fluorescence image and the optical path [...] Read more.
The different pathways between the position of a near-infrared camera and the user’s eye limit the use of existing near-infrared fluorescence imaging systems for tumor margin assessments. By utilizing an optical system that precisely matches the near-infrared fluorescence image and the optical path of visible light, we developed an augmented reality (AR)-based fluorescence imaging system that provides users with a fluorescence image that matches the real-field, without requiring any additional algorithms. Commercial smart glasses, dichroic beam splitters, mirrors, and custom near-infrared cameras were employed to develop the proposed system, and each mount was designed and utilized. After its performance was assessed in the laboratory, preclinical experiments involving tumor detection and lung lobectomy in mice and rabbits by using indocyanine green (ICG) were conducted. The results showed that the proposed system provided a stable image of fluorescence that matched the actual site. In addition, preclinical experiments confirmed that the proposed system could be used to detect tumors using ICG and evaluate lung lobectomies. The AR-based intraoperative smart goggle system could detect fluorescence images for tumor margin assessments in animal models, without disrupting the surgical workflow in an operating room. Additionally, it was confirmed that, even when the system itself was distorted when worn, the fluorescence image consistently matched the actual site. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescence Optical Imaging)
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18 pages, 8339 KiB  
Article
Interpretation of Near-Infrared Imaging in Acute and Chronic Wound Care
by Jonathan Arnold and Valerie L. Marmolejo
Diagnostics 2021, 11(5), 778; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11050778 - 26 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3452
Abstract
Vascular assessment is a critical component of wound care. Current routine noninvasive vascular studies have limitations which can give a false sense of security of the presence of adequate perfusion for healing. Near-infrared imaging modalities can serve as an additional diagnostic assessment of [...] Read more.
Vascular assessment is a critical component of wound care. Current routine noninvasive vascular studies have limitations which can give a false sense of security of the presence of adequate perfusion for healing. Near-infrared imaging modalities can serve as an additional diagnostic assessment of wounds in which adequate perfusion is a concern. Correct interpretation of near-infrared images obtained is critical as subtleties that exist in the acute and chronic wound population goes beyond the interpretation that increased signal is consistent with adequate perfusion for healing. The objective of this paper is to educate providers on the correct interpretation of this point-of-care imaging modality in day-to-day wound-care practice to guide clinical decision-making for rapid wound resolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescence Optical Imaging)
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