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Advances in Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment

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A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 17041

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Wenli Lai

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Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Interests: clear aligner therapy; orthodontic pain; orthodontic biomechanics; artificial intelligence

Dr. Hu Long

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Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Interests: temporary anchorage devices; clear aligner therapy; multidisciplinary treatment; artificial intelligence; orthodontic biomechanics; biology of orthodontic tooth movement

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Malocclusion, with a high prevalence of 40–90% among the general population, manifests as crowding, irregular, and protruding teeth that often interfere with oral function and dentofacial esthetics. Malocclusion is treated through orthodontic treatment that results in well-aligned dentition and good oral function and esthetics. With the advances in orthodontic materials and technology, new treatment modalities are emerging, e.g., temporary anchorage devices (TADs) and clear aligner therapy. Despite the treatment success that comes with these new modalities, successful orthodontic treatment outcomes are based on sound and meticulous orthodontic diagnosis that includes but is not limited to model analysis, facial frontal and profile examinations, cephalometric analysis, and CBCT diagnostics. With the rise in the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of dentistry, AI-aided orthodontic diagnosis will be a fast and promising strategy in the near future.

Both original articles and reviews on orthodontic diagnosis and related treatments are welcome. Submissions that include treatment only will not be considered. Research related to image-guided treatment companion diagnosis, however, is acceptable. In this Special Issue, topics include but are not limited to facial asymmetry analysis, fMRI examinations for orofacial pain, radiographic diagnosis of impacted teeth, cephalometric analysis, CBCT examinations on available insertion sites for TADs, the applications of artificial intelligence in orthodontics, and diagnostic evaluation of treatment difficulty for clear aligner therapy.

Prof. Dr. Wenli Lai
Dr. Hu Long
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

orthodontics
cone-beam computed tomography
panoramic radiography
cephalometric examinations
temporary anchorage devices
TADs
clear aligner therapy
fMRI
facial asymmetry
impacted teeth
artificial intelligence

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Mandibular Posterior Anatomic Limit with Skeletal Patterns and Root Morphology Using Three-Dimensional Cone Beam Computed Tomography Comprehensive Analysis

by Keiichiro Iguchi, Yong-Il Kim, Mohamed Adel, Mohamed Nadim, Reina Hatanaka, So Koizumi and Tetsutaro Yamaguchi

Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 3019; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12123019 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1568

Abstract

This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the mandibular posterior anatomic limit (MPAL) and skeletal anteroposterior and vertical skeletal patterns, with consideration of factors that may be related. In total, 230 people were included: 49 Japanese, 122 Egyptian, and 59 Korean people. The MPAL was measured at 0, 2, 4, and 6 mm from the root furcation along the sagittal and cuspal lines at the distance from the distal root of the mandibular right second molar to the mandibular cortex of the lingual bone. Eight different MPALs were evaluated using multiple regression analysis with explanatory variables for anteroposterior and vertical skeletal patterns and qualitative variables for age, sex, population, the presence of third molars, number of roots, presence of C-shaped roots, and Angle malocclusion classification. The MPAL was significantly larger as the mandibular plane angle decreased. The MPAL near the root apex was significantly larger as the A-nasion-point B angle increased, and the MPAL near the root apex measured at the cuspal line was significantly larger for C-type roots. The present study showed that a C-shaped root affected the MPAL in addition to the anteroposterior and vertical skeletal patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment)

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10 pages, 431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cone Beam Computerized Tomographic Analysis of Collum Angle of the Maxillary Central Incisors in Different Types of Malocclusion: Comparative Assessment in Saudi, Jordan and Egypt Subpopulation

by Rakhi Issrani, Namdeo Prabhu, Sunitha Siddanna, Sarah Hatab Alanazi, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Manay Srinivas Munisekhar, May Othman Hamza, Reham Fawzi Dawood Shabanah and Rasha Saleh Ali Gadh

Diagnostics 2022, 12(6), 1506; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12061506 - 20 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1563

Abstract

Background: The collum angle (CA) is an extremely significant for patients who are undergoing orthodontic, dental implant restoration, prosthodontic and periodontic treatments. Aim and Objectives: To determine and compare the mean CA for maxillary central incisor in different types of malocclusion utilizing 3D Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) images. The additional objectives were to determine and compare the mean CA for maxillary central incisor based upon the demographic characteristics among Saudi, Jordan and Egypt subpopulation and to test for significant differences in the CA of maxillary central incisor with different molar malocclusions. Methodology: A total of 400 CBCT images were included from the radiology archive at the College of Dentistry, Jouf University (Sakaka, Saudi Arabia). The CBCT images were divided into four groups based upon molar classifications. The selected records were used for the measurement of CA of maxillary central incisor using the measurement tool built into 3D:OnDemand software. Statistical analysis was done using independent t test and ANOVA to examine the differences between gender and races. Results: The mean CA for Class II div 2 exhibited significantly higher crown-root variation as compared other groups (p < 0.0001). Males sample showed greater value of CA for each group as compared to the females and this difference was statistically significant for all the groups other than for Class I (p < 0.05). The post hoc pairwise comparisons between the races showed statistically insignificant findings (p > 0.05). Significant difference was found on pairwise comparisons among different malocclusion groups other than for group Class I/Class II div 1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The CA of Class II div 2 group was the greatest as compared to other malocclusion groups. Males sample showed greater value of CA for each group as compared to the females and this difference was statistically significant for all the groups other than for Class I. Statistically insignificant difference was noted for the mean CA among different races whereas significant difference was found on pairwise comparisons among different malocclusion groups other than for group Class I/Class II div 1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment)

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10 pages, 3089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Optimal Sites for the Insertion of Orthodontic Mini Implants at Mandibular Symphysis Region through Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

by Shizhen Zhang, Xiaoyu Wei, Lufei Wang, Zhouqiang Wu, Lu Liu, Xinyu Yan, Wenli Lai and Hu Long

Diagnostics 2022, 12(2), 285; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12020285 - 23 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2535

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the overall bone thickness (OBT) and cortical bone thickness (CBT) of mandibular symphysis and to determine the optimal sites for the insertion of orthodontic mini implants. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 32 patients were included in this study. The sample was further categorized into three facial types: low-, average-, and high-angle. OBT and CBT were measured at the mandibular symphysis region. All measurements were performed at six different heights from the cementoenamel junction [CEJ] and at seven different angles to the occlusal plane. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical comparison and a p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Our results revealed that neither OBT nor CBT was influenced by age or sex, except for the observation that CBT was significantly greater in adults than in adolescents. OBT and CBT were significantly greater in low-angle cases than in average- and high-angle cases. Both OBT and CBT were significantly influenced by insertion locations, heights and angles, and their interactions. CBT and OBT were greatest at the location between two lower central incisors, and became greater with increases in insertion height and angle. Both recommended and optimal insertion sites were mapped. The mandibular symphysis region was suitable for the placement of orthodontic mini implants. The optimal insertion site was 6–10 mm apical to the CEJ between two lower central incisors, with an insertion angle being 0–60 degrees to the occlusal plane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment)

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10 pages, 505 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Changes in the Mandible Following Rapid Maxillary Expansion in Children with Class II Malocclusion: A Systematic Review

by Małgorzata Kotarska, Nazan Kucukkeles, Joanna Lis, Beata Kawala, Kornelia Rumin and Michał Sarul

Diagnostics 2022, 12(7), 1688; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12071688 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1877

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether rapid maxillary expansion (RME) allows favorable changes in the mandible during the treatment of class II malocclusion before the growth spurt. Methods: A search of Pubmed/Medline, the Science Direct, and the Google Scholar database was performed. The keywords used were: orthodontics, rapid maxillary expansion, class II, and growing patients. Relevant articles were assessed for quality according to Cochrane guidelines, and then changes in SNA, SNB, ANB, NL-NSL (or SN-SNP.SNA), and ML-NSL (or SN-Go-Gn) relationships were analyzed. Results: The selection process brought forth five articles, including 162 patients (91 females, 71 males) for detailed analysis. The quality of the evidence (GRADE) for comparisons and outcomes was assessed as moderate for SNB and ANB and as low or very low for other variables. Conclusions: The results of this systematic review showed that there is a small body of moderate-quality evidence for statistically and clinically favorable changes in SNB and ANB angles and a small body of low-quality evidence for changes in vertical parameters after RME. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment)

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16 pages, 2999 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Methods of Anterior Torque Control during Retraction: A Systematic Review

by Anna Ewa Kuc, Jacek Kotuła, Marek Nahajowski, Maciej Warnecki, Joanna Lis, Ellie Amm, Beata Kawala and Michał Sarul

Diagnostics 2022, 12(7), 1611; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12071611 - 01 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2182

Abstract

Background: There are various methods of controlling the inclination of the incisors during retraction, but there is no evidence as to the advantages of some methods over others. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of the methods used to control torque during anterior teeth retraction. Methods: In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the main research question was defined in the PICO format [P: patients with complete permanent dentition; I: the maxillary incisor torque after (I) and before I retraction with straight-wire appliance and different modes of torque control; O: statistically significant differences in torque values of the upper incisors after orthodontic treatment]. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for keywords combining: retraction orthodontics, torque control orthodontics, torque orthodontics, inclination orthodontics, torque control retraction. The articles were subjected to risk of bias and quality analyses with the ROBINS-I protocol and the modified Newcastle–Ottawa QAS, respectively. Meta-analyses were performed with both fixed- and random-effects models. Results: 13 articles were selected in which total number of 580 subjects took part. In all studies, incisors were retroclined during retraction by 2.46° (mean difference), which was statistically significant. Considering the articles separately, the differences in torque between the study group and the control group were statistically significant in six articles. The Q statistic was 36.25 with p = 0.0003 and I² = 66.9%, which indicated a high level of study heterogeneity. Conclusion: Both properly performed corticotomy and en-masse retraction using orthodontic microimplants seem to be the most effective and scientifically validated methods of torque control. Further high-quality research is needed to perform better quality analyses and draw more reliable conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment)

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15 pages, 945 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

A Novel Mathematical Method to Diagnose the Transverse Growth Deficit of the Nasomaxillary Complex

by Clara Guinot-Barona, Inmaculada Soler Segarra, Santiago Arias de Luxán, Raquel Laparra Hernández, Laura Marqués Martínez and Esther García Miralles

Diagnostics 2022, 12(7), 1537; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12071537 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1416

Abstract

The diagnosis of transverse growth deficit of the maxilla in daily clinical practice is carried out mainly through the experience of a well-trained clinician, which implies a lack of objective criteria applicable in a protocolized manner. The objective of this study was to establish a mathematical method to diagnose maxillary compression in relation to the dimensions of the skull and mandible. Methods: Records of 97 cases with an overall mean age of 9.8 ± 2.6 years were analyzed by three experienced orthodontists. The group of transverse compression was comprised of 62 cases and the control group of 35 cases. The main measurements of the widths were made on a frontal teleradiography of the skull (cranial, zygomatic, orbital, maxillary, bigonial and biantegonial width) and a lateral teleradiography of the skull (facial axis, mandibular plane, SNA, SNB, ANB and Wits). It was established that from the cranial width it is possible to predict the group to which each subject studied belongs—the compression group or the control group. A mathematical formula was obtained in the form of logistic regression that allows for the diagnosis of the presence of maxillary compression based on the cranial, maxillary and orbital widths with a sensitivity of 88.7% and a specificity of 77.1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment)

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14 pages, 8423 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

En-Mass Retraction of Maxillary Anterior Teeth with Severe Proclination and Root Resorption—A Case Report

by Chenshuang Li, Wenlu Jiang, Shih-Chin Chen, Krisena Borenstein, Nipul Tanna, Chun-Hsi Chung and Won Moon

Diagnostics 2022, 12(5), 1055; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12051055 - 22 Apr 2022

Viewed by 4556

Abstract

Molar distalization has been a validated method to correct dental sagittal relationships and create space to relieve mild to moderate crowding. In the current case report, an adult female patient had a mild skeletal Class III relationship and dental Class III molar relationship. Four premolars and one lower incisor were extracted during the previous two rounds of orthodontic treatments, and the maxillary anterior teeth were left with severe proclination and root resorption. Limited by the available teeth, extraction was not an option for her. Thus, molar distalization with TADs was the best option used in the treatment to address her chief complaint. In addition, a proper bite opening was performed to eliminate occlusion trauma. Utilizing the mid-palatal TADs, the maxillary central incisors were retracted 7.9 mm and retroclined 33 degrees, and the molar distalization was achieved as much as 8 mm. The cross-section slices of CBCT images confirmed the proper retraction of maxillary incisors and well-positioned roots in the alveolar bone. Moreover, the root resorption was not worsened from the treatment. Clinically, the maxillary anterior teeth were preserved esthetically and functionally. This case report illustrates that with proper diagnosis and treatment mechanics, significant tooth movement can be achieved even on extremely proclined maxillary incisors with severe root resorption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment)

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