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Diagnostics
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Urinary Stones and Infections
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Urinary Stones and Infections

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 12686

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alberto Trinchieri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Urology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
Interests: urinary calculi; urinary tract infection; prostatitis
Dr. Elisa De Lorenzis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
2. Urology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
Interests: prostate cancer; endourology; urolithiasis; robotics & minimally invasive urology; minimally invasive surgery; surgical oncology; ureteroscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Urinary tract infections are often associated with urinary stones, which complicates them due to the obstruction of the urinary tract and the acting as a foreign body on whose surface the growth of bacterial biofilms is favored. On the other hand, infection with urease-producing bacteria is by itself a cause of stones due to the urinary effect of urease that splits urea with consequent alkalinization of the urine and increase in urinary ammonium concentrations.

The presence of urinary infection in patients with urinary stones must be promptly diagnosed to avoid potential septic complications, especially in cases of obstruction or in the course of procedures for stone removal.

In this Special Issue, we would like to discuss the most recent evidence in the field of microbiological diagnosis of urinary infections complicated by urinary stones, with particular emphasis on the role of perioperative cultures, culture of stones, and rapid diagnostic methods for infection. The risk factors for the development of urinary sepsis and the diagnostic protocols for its early identification will also be discussed, including the blood measurement of markers of the systemic inflammatory process (C reactive protein, procalcitonin, etc.). We will also cover information on the results of the spectroscopic analysis of the stones associated with urinary infection, the spectrum of pathogens associated with this type of infections, and the diagnosis of unusual pathogens that are endowed with urease activity that may cause stone formation or encrusting cystitis (Ureaplasma urealyticum, Corynebacterium urealyticum). Finally, the role of metabolic screening in patients with infected stones will be evaluated.

We hope that this Special issue will provide information to clinicians dealing with the treatment of this type of stone that requires special attention for the prevention of its complications and the risk of recurrence.

Dr. Alberto Trinchieri
Dr. Elisa De Lorenzis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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10 pages, 969 KiB  
Article
Spectrum of Bacterial Pathogens from Urinary Infections Associated with Struvite and Metabolic Stones
by Adam Halinski, Kamran Hassan Bhatti, Luca Boeri, Jonathan Cloutier, Kaloyan Davidoff, Ayman Elqady, Goran Fryad, Mohamed Gadelmoula, Hongyi Hui, Kremena Petkova, Elenko Popov, Bapir Rawa, Iliya Saltirov, Francisco Rodolfo Spivacow, Belthangady Monu Zeeshan Hameed, Katarzyna Arkusz, Alberto Trinchieri and Noor Buchholz
Diagnostics 2023, 13(1), 80; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics13010080 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1693
Abstract
Objective: The purposes of this multi-center study were to evaluate the rate of infection stones and to evaluate the urine cultures of patients with infection stones. Materials: Charts of adulpatients with urinary stones were reviewed and data on stone analyses and urine cultures [...] Read more.
Objective: The purposes of this multi-center study were to evaluate the rate of infection stones and to evaluate the urine cultures of patients with infection stones. Materials: Charts of adulpatients with urinary stones were reviewed and data on stone analyses and urine cultures were collected. Results: In total, 1204 renal stone formers (RSFs) from 10 countries were included (776 males, 428 females). Fifty-six patients (4.6%) had struvite stones. The highest frequency of struvite stones was observed in India (23%) and Pakistan (18%). Lower rates were reported in Canada (2%), China (3%), Argentina (3%), Iraq (3%), Italy (3.5%) and Poland (3%), and intermediate rates in Egypt (5.5%) and Bulgaria (5.4%). Urine cultures were retrieved from 508 patients. Patients with struvite stones had a positive culture in 64.3% of the samples and patients with other stones, in 26.7%. In struvite stones, the most common isolates were Escherichia coli (27.7%) and Proteus spp. (27.7%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (16.7%); in other types of stone, it was Escherichia coli (47.6%), followed by Gram-positive bacteria (14.0%) Conclusions: The struvite stone composition was associated with a urinary infection, although an infection was not demonstrable with a conventional midstream urine culture in about 30%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Stones and Infections)
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9 pages, 816 KiB  
Article
Effects of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis on the Growth and Aggregation of Calcium Oxalate Crystal under Microaerobic Conditions
by Krittaya Saelee, Aroonlug Lulitanond, Nattaya Sae-ung, Vitoon Prasongwatana, Patcharee Boonsiri and Ratree Tavichakorntrakool
Diagnostics 2022, 12(11), 2651; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12112651 - 31 Oct 2022
Viewed by 2266
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis are common single- and polymicrobial urinary tract infections which can survive under various oxygen levels, including inside of stone matrices. Therefore, we aimed to investigate and compare the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) lithogenic activities including COM crystal growth [...] Read more.
Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis are common single- and polymicrobial urinary tract infections which can survive under various oxygen levels, including inside of stone matrices. Therefore, we aimed to investigate and compare the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) lithogenic activities including COM crystal growth and aggregation under microaerobic conditions of E. coli and P. mirabilis isolated from the same stone matrix. The crystal growth was analyzed as the delta crystal area while the crystal aggregation was analyzed as the number of crystal aggregates. The results showed that compared to blank control, E. coli, P. mirabilis and the co-culture of E. coli and P. mirabilis were able to significantly promote COM crystal growth under microaerobic conditions. Interestingly, the delta crystal area in the co-culture under microaerobic conditions was larger than that of E. coli alone and P. mirabilis alone. In addition, only P. mirabilis alone and the co-culture were able to significantly increase COM aggregates. This study demonstrated that single- and co-culture of E. coli and P. mirabilis could promote COM crystal growth and aggregation under microaerobic conditions. The co-culture of E. coli and P. mirabilis may provide the combination effect on COM crystal interactions. The bacterial surfaces and the important effects on bacteria–crystal interactions should be further evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Stones and Infections)
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14 pages, 2532 KiB  
Article
Urine Flow Cytometry Parameter Cannot Safely Predict Contamination of Urine—A Cohort Study of a Swiss Emergency Department Using Machine Learning Techniques
by Martin Müller, Nadine Sägesser, Peter M. Keller, Spyridon Arampatzis, Benedict Steffens, Simone Ehrhard and Alexander B. Leichtle
Diagnostics 2022, 12(4), 1008; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12041008 - 16 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3988
Abstract
Background: Urine flow cytometry (UFC) analyses urine samples and determines parameter counts. We aimed to predict different types of urine culture growth, including mixed growth indicating urine culture contamination. Methods: A retrospective cohort study (07/2017–09/2020) was performed on pairs of urine samples and [...] Read more.
Background: Urine flow cytometry (UFC) analyses urine samples and determines parameter counts. We aimed to predict different types of urine culture growth, including mixed growth indicating urine culture contamination. Methods: A retrospective cohort study (07/2017–09/2020) was performed on pairs of urine samples and urine cultures obtained from adult emergency department patients. The dataset was split into a training (75%) and validation set (25%). Statistical analysis was performed using a machine learning approach with extreme gradient boosting to predict urine culture growth types (i.e., negative, positive, and mixed) using UFC parameters obtained by UF-4000, sex, and age. Results: In total, 3835 urine samples were included. Detection of squamous epithelial cells, bacteria, and leukocytes by UFC were associated with the different types of culture growth. We achieved a prediction accuracy of 80% in the three-class approach. Of the n = 126 mixed cultures in the validation set, 11.1% were correctly predicted; positive and negative cultures were correctly predicted in 74.0% and 96.3%. Conclusions: Significant bacterial growth can be safely ruled out using UFC parameters. However, positive urine culture growth (rule in) or even mixed culture growth (suggesting contamination) cannot be adequately predicted using UFC parameters alone. Squamous epithelial cells are associated with mixed culture growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Stones and Infections)
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10 pages, 1140 KiB  
Article
Prognostic Accuracy of the qSOFA Score for In-Hospital Mortality in Elderly Patients with Obstructive Acute Pyelonephritis: A Multi-Institutional Study
by Yudai Ishikawa, Hiroshi Fukushima, Hajime Tanaka, Soichiro Yoshida, Minato Yokoyama, Yoh Matsuoka, Yasuyuki Sakai, Yukihiro Otsuka, Ryoji Takazawa, Masataka Yano, Tetsuro Tsukamoto, Tetsuo Okuno, Akira Noro, Katsushi Nagahama, Shigeyoshi Kamata and Yasuhisa Fujii
Diagnostics 2021, 11(12), 2277; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics11122277 - 05 Dec 2021
Viewed by 2207
Abstract
Prognostic accuracy of the quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score for mortality may be limited in elderly patients. Using our multi-institutional database, we classified obstructive acute pyelonephritis (OAPN) patients into young and elderly groups, and evaluated predictive performance of the qSOFA score [...] Read more.
Prognostic accuracy of the quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score for mortality may be limited in elderly patients. Using our multi-institutional database, we classified obstructive acute pyelonephritis (OAPN) patients into young and elderly groups, and evaluated predictive performance of the qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality. qSOFA score ≥ 2 was an independent predictor for in-hospital mortality, as was higher age, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) ≥ 2. In young patients, the area under the curve (AUC) of the qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality was 0.85, whereas it was 0.61 in elderly patients. The sensitivity and specificity of qSOFA score ≥ 2 for in-hospital mortality was 80% and 80% in young patients, and 50% and 68% in elderly patients, respectively. For elderly patients, we developed the CCI-incorporated qSOFA score, which showed higher prognostic accuracy compared with the qSOFA score (AUC, 0.66 vs. 0.61, p < 0.001). Therefore, the prognostic accuracy of the qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality was high in young OAPN patients, but modest in elderly patients. Although it can work as a screening tool to determine therapeutic management in young patients, for elderly patients, the presence of comorbidities should be considered at the initial assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Stones and Infections)
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11 pages, 2356 KiB  
Case Report
Encrusted Uretero-Pyelitis Caused by Corynebacterium urealyticum: Case Report and Literature Review
by Andrei Valentin Rusmir, Ionut Andrei Paunescu, Sandra Martis, Silviu Latcu, Dorin Novacescu, Claudia Ramona Bardan, Flaviu Bob, Monica Licker, Mircea Botoca, Alin Cumpanas and Razvan Bardan
Diagnostics 2022, 12(9), 2239; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diagnostics12092239 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1666
Abstract
We report the case of a 70-year-old female patient with solitary functioning left kidney and encrusted uretero-pyelitis caused by Corynebacterium urealyticum, which was treated by antibiotic therapy and oral acidification with L-methionine. We review the literature for similarly reported cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Stones and Infections)
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