Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers

A special issue of Diseases (ISSN 2079-9721). This special issue belongs to the section "Gastroenterology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (26 April 2022) | Viewed by 31210

Special Issue Editors

Division of Gastroenterology, Northeast Ohio Medical University - Summa Health System, Akron, OH 443040, USA
Interests: abdominal pain; bloating; bloody stool; celiac disease; Clostridium difficile colitis (C. diff); constipation; Crohn’s disease; diarrhea; dysphagia; gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); hepatitis C; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); liver diseases; nausea; pancreatitis; nutrition; vomiting; colon cancer screening
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Gastroenterology and Hepatology faculty, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
Interests: Colorectal cancer prevention; outcome research; quality improvement; gastrointestinal bleeding
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As we have learned from patients with inflammatory bowel disease, untreated chronic inflammation leads to increased risk of colorectal cancers. Although inflammation and its potential tumorogenic effects have been well established in the last two decades, exact molecular mechanisms are still being discovered. Discovery of these pathways will lead to novel therapeutic options. Luminal gastrointestinal cancers arise from pre-malignant lesions, usually in the setting of chronic inflammation leading to dysplastic mucosal changes and, eventually, carcinomas. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and long-standing esophagitis will lead to Barrett's esophagus and subsequently esophageal adenocarcinoma. A similar pathway is applicable for gastric inflammation from H. pylori infection and this chronic inflammation leading to gastric adenocarcinoma. Inflammation cascade can be triggered from environmental factors such as hyperacidity; infectious etiologies such as H. pylori. Underlying genetic factors and increased autoimmunity will also contribute this progression. We are also learning more about the microbiome and its effect on cancer pathogenesis.

In this Special Issue, we would like to increase our knowledge on this exciting field of research in gastrointestinal tract cancers from a multidisciplinary perspective. Understanding the inflammation to carcinoma pathway is a vital step for new discoveries.

This Special Issue "Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers" will play an important role to bring researchers from different fields to share their knowledge.

We welcome your contribution to the Special Issue.

Dr. Veysel Tahan
Dr. Ebubekir S. Daglilar
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation
  • Microbiome
  • H. pylori and Gastric cancer
  • Inflammatory bowel disease and Colorectal cancer
  • Obesity and inflammation

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Review

13 pages, 322 KiB  
Review
Human Papillomavirus Infection and Oropharyngeal and Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Causal Relationship?
by Zeynep Deniz, Suleyman Uraz, Ryan Holem, Resat Ozaras and Veysel Tahan
Diseases 2022, 10(4), 94; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diseases10040094 - 20 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1903
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The risk of being infected at least once in a lifetime among both men and women is estimated to be 50%. Although the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic [...] Read more.
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The risk of being infected at least once in a lifetime among both men and women is estimated to be 50%. Although the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and improve within 2 years, approximately 10% of individuals develop a persistent infection and have an increased risk of developing carcinomas. The association of HPV and genital cancer is well established. However, there is evidence that HPV may also be associated with other cancers, including those of the gastrointestinal system. The aim of this review is to organize the current evidence of associations between HPV infections and oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal cancers, including the following: oropharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, and anal cancers. A comprehensive review of the most up-to-date medical literature concluded that an HPV infection might have a role in the oncogenesis of gastrointestinal tract cancers. HPV may have a causal relationship with oropharyngeal and esophageal squamous cell cancers. However, the association between HPV and gastric and colorectal cancers is weaker. The development of cancer in the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal tract is usually multifactorial, with HPV having a role in at least a subset of these cancers. HPV infections pose a big challenge due to their burden of infection and their oncogenic potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers)
9 pages, 268 KiB  
Review
Gastric Cancer Due to Chronic H. pylori Infection: What We Know and Where We Are Going
by Patrick Joseph Tempera, Mark Michael, Omar Tageldin and Stephen Hasak
Diseases 2022, 10(3), 57; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diseases10030057 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2541
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an established cause of many gastrointestinal pathologies including peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, and gastric cancer. It is an entity that affects the global population, and its true nature has only been known since the 1980s. Although there is much known [...] Read more.
Helicobacter pylori is an established cause of many gastrointestinal pathologies including peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, and gastric cancer. It is an entity that affects the global population, and its true nature has only been known since the 1980s. Although there is much known about H. pylori including its pathophysiology, detection, and eradication, resistance to current therapy models is common. This is problematic because untreated or inadequately treated H. pylori increases morbidity and mortality related to gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease among others. In order to improve the treatment and reduce resistance, there is significant ongoing research identifying new detection and eradication methods for H. pylori. This review aims to highlight what has already been established regarding H. pylori’s epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and treatment as well as the most current and novel research involving detection and treatment of H. pylori. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers)
14 pages, 287 KiB  
Review
Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome Effect and Role in Disease Development
by Neira Crnčević, Mirsada Hukić, Sara Deumić, Amir Selimagić, Ada Dozić, Ismet Gavrankapetanović, Dženana Klepo and Monia Avdić
Diseases 2022, 10(3), 45; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diseases10030045 - 08 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2721
Abstract
In recent years, it has been shown that gastrointestinal microflora has a substantial impact on the development of a large number of chronic diseases. The imbalance in the number or type of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to diseases and conditions, [...] Read more.
In recent years, it has been shown that gastrointestinal microflora has a substantial impact on the development of a large number of chronic diseases. The imbalance in the number or type of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to diseases and conditions, including autism spectrum disorder, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, diabetes, and small bowel cancers. This can occur as a result of genetics, alcohol, tobacco, chemotherapeutics, cytostatics, as well as antibiotic overuse. Due to this, essential taxa can be lost, and the host’s metabolism can be severely affected. A less known condition called small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) can be seen in patients who suffer from hypochlorhydria and small intestine cancers. It is characterized as a state in which the bacterial population in the small intestine exceeds 105–106 organisms/mL. The latest examination methods such as double-balloon enteroscopy and wireless capsule endoscopy have the potential to increase the accuracy and precision of diagnosis and provide better patient care. This review paper aims to summarize the effect of the gastrointestinal environment on chronic disease severity and the development of cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers)
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16 pages, 4377 KiB  
Review
The 8th Wonder of the Cancer World: Esophageal Cancer and Inflammation
by Harleen Kaur Chela, Karthik Gangu, Hamza Ertugrul, Alhareth Al Juboori, Ebubekir Daglilar and Veysel Tahan
Diseases 2022, 10(3), 44; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diseases10030044 - 07 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2898
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a devastating malignancy which can be detected at an early stage but is more often diagnosed as an advanced process. It affects both men and women and inflicts the young and the elderly. There are multiple underlying factors involved in [...] Read more.
Esophageal cancer is a devastating malignancy which can be detected at an early stage but is more often diagnosed as an advanced process. It affects both men and women and inflicts the young and the elderly. There are multiple underlying factors involved in the pathogenesis of this cancer including inflammation. The interplay of these factors promotes inflammation through various mechanisms including the recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, mediators such as cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and interleukins, among others. The presentation can vary widely with one of the most notable symptoms being dysphagia. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptomatology, imaging and endoscopy with biopsy. Once the diagnosis has been established, treatment and prognosis are based on the stage of the disease. This review outlines esophageal cancer and its link to inflammation in relation to pathogenesis, along with clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers)
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25 pages, 2061 KiB  
Review
Inflammation and Gastric Cancer
by Aunchalee Jaroenlapnopparat, Khushboo Bhatia and Sahin Coban
Diseases 2022, 10(3), 35; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diseases10030035 - 22 Jun 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5336
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a major killer globally, although its incidence has declined over the past century. It is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common reason for cancer-related deaths worldwide. Gastric cancer is the outcome of a complex interaction between [...] Read more.
Gastric cancer remains a major killer globally, although its incidence has declined over the past century. It is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common reason for cancer-related deaths worldwide. Gastric cancer is the outcome of a complex interaction between environmental, host genetic, and microbial factors. There is significant evidence supporting the association between chronic inflammation and the onset of cancer. This association is particularly robust for gastrointestinal cancers in which microbial pathogens are responsible for the chronic inflammation that can be a triggering factor for the onset of those cancers. Helicobacter pylori is the most prominent example since it is the most widespread infection, affecting nearly half of the world’s population. It is well-known to be responsible for inducing chronic gastric inflammation progressing to atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, and eventually, gastric cancer. This review provides an overview of the association of the factors playing a role in chronic inflammation; the bacterial characteristics which are responsible for the colonization, persistence in the stomach, and triggering of inflammation; the microbiome involved in the chronic inflammation process; and the host factors that have a role in determining whether gastritis progresses to gastric cancer. Understanding these interconnections may improve our ability to prevent gastric cancer development and enhance our understanding of existing cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers)
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9 pages, 277 KiB  
Review
The Role of Inflammation in Anal Cancer
by Amir Selimagic, Ada Dozic, Azra Husic-Selimovic, Nijaz Tucakovic, Amir Cehajic, Anela Subo, Azra Spahic and Nedim Vanis
Diseases 2022, 10(2), 27; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diseases10020027 - 06 May 2022
Viewed by 3208
Abstract
The aim of this article was to present a summary of the current resources available in the literature regarding the role of inflammation in anal cancer development. Anal cancer is relatively uncommon, accounting for about 2.7% of all reported gastrointestinal cancers in the [...] Read more.
The aim of this article was to present a summary of the current resources available in the literature regarding the role of inflammation in anal cancer development. Anal cancer is relatively uncommon, accounting for about 2.7% of all reported gastrointestinal cancers in the United States. However, the importance of understanding the pathogenesis and risk factors for anal cancer has been recognized over the last several decades due to a noticed increase in incidence worldwide. Infections, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology cause chronic inflammation that promotes tumorigenesis. The association between chronic inflammation and cancer development is widely accepted. It is based on different pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to cellular transformation and changes in immunological response, allowing tumor cells to avoid apoptosis and immune surveillance. However, there are still many molecular and cellular mechanisms that remain largely unexplored. Further studies on this topic could be of tremendous significance in elucidating anal cancer pathogenesis and developing immunotherapeutic approaches for its treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers)
9 pages, 275 KiB  
Review
The Relationship between Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Review
by Tamara Alhobayb, Rahul Peravali and Motaz Ashkar
Diseases 2021, 9(4), 93; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diseases9040093 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3244
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with poor prognosis, leading to significant cancer-related mortality and an overall five-year survival rate of about nine percent. Acute and chronic pancreatitis have been associated with PDAC through common risk factors based on multiple epidemiological [...] Read more.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with poor prognosis, leading to significant cancer-related mortality and an overall five-year survival rate of about nine percent. Acute and chronic pancreatitis have been associated with PDAC through common risk factors based on multiple epidemiological studies. Acute pancreatitis (AP) might be one of the earliest manifestations of PDAC, but evolving chronic pancreatitis (CP) following recurrent bouts of AP has been proposed as a risk factor for cancer development in the setting of persistent inflammation and ongoing exposure to carcinogens. This review aims to highlight the evidence supporting the relationship between acute and chronic pancreatitis with PDAC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers)
12 pages, 498 KiB  
Review
Colorectal Dysplasia and Cancer Surveillance in Ulcerative Colitis
by Emily Reznicek, Mohammad Arfeen, Bo Shen and Yezaz A. Ghouri
Diseases 2021, 9(4), 86; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diseases9040086 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3779
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a risk factor for the development of inflammation-associated dysplasia or colitis-associated neoplasia (CAN). This transformation results from chronic inflammation, which induces changes in epithelial proliferation, survival, and migration via the induction of chemokines and cytokines. There are notable differences [...] Read more.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a risk factor for the development of inflammation-associated dysplasia or colitis-associated neoplasia (CAN). This transformation results from chronic inflammation, which induces changes in epithelial proliferation, survival, and migration via the induction of chemokines and cytokines. There are notable differences in genetic mutation profiles between CAN in UC patients and sporadic colorectal cancer in the general population. Colonoscopy is the cornerstone for surveillance and management of dysplasia in these patients. There are several modalities to augment the quality of endoscopy for the better detection of dysplastic or neoplastic lesions, including the use of high-definition white-light exam and image-enhanced colonoscopy, which are described in this review. Clinical practice guidelines regarding surveillance strategies in UC have been put forth by various GI societies, and overall, there is agreement between them except for some differences, which we highlight in this article. These guidelines recommend that endoscopically detected dysplasia, if feasible, should be resected endoscopically. Advanced newer techniques, such as endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection, have been utilized in the treatment of CAN. Surgery has traditionally been the mainstay of treating such advanced lesions, and in cases where endoscopic resection is not feasible, a proctocolectomy, followed by ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, is generally recommended. In this review we summarize the approach to surveillance for cancer and dysplasia in UC. We also highlight management strategies if dysplasia is detected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers)
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25 pages, 1674 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Inflammatory Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer
by Ahamed A Khalyfa, Shil Punatar, Rida Aslam and Alex Yarbrough
Diseases 2021, 9(4), 79; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/diseases9040079 - 30 Oct 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4230
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. Traditionally, mechanisms of colorectal cancer formation have focused on genetic alterations including chromosomal damage and microsatellite instability. In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence supporting the role of [...] Read more.
Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. Traditionally, mechanisms of colorectal cancer formation have focused on genetic alterations including chromosomal damage and microsatellite instability. In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence supporting the role of inflammation in colorectal cancer formation. Multiple cytokines, immune cells such T cells and macrophages, and other immune mediators have been identified in pathways leading to the initiation, growth, and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Outside the previously explored mechanisms and pathways leading to colorectal cancer, initiatives have been shifted to further study the role of inflammation in pathogenesis. Inflammatory pathways have also been linked to some traditional risk factors of colorectal cancer such as obesity, smoking and diabetes, as well as more novel associations such as the gut microbiome, the gut mycobiome and exosomes. In this review, we will explore the roles of obesity and diet, smoking, diabetes, the microbiome, the mycobiome and exosomes in colorectal cancer, with a specific focus on the underlying inflammatory and metabolic pathways involved. We will also investigate how the study of colon cancer from an inflammatory background not only creates a more holistic and inclusive understanding of this disease, but also creates unique opportunities for prevention, early diagnosis and therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation and Cancers)
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