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Diversity
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Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation of Primates
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Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation of Primates

A special issue of Diversity (ISSN 1424-2818). This special issue belongs to the section "Biodiversity Conservation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 9118

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Renato Richard Hilário

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Environment and Development, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, Brazil
Interests: primate ecology; primate behavior and conservation; mammal ecology and conservation; landscape ecology
Dr. João Pedro Souza-Alves

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
Interests: primate ecology; primate behavior and conservation; plant–animal interaction; ecology of exotic species

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Primates are an important component of the ecosystems of tropical regions. In addition to having strong relationships with their habitats, they also interact deeply with humans. Several primate species face threats throughout the globe, such as hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, habitat degradation and the introduction of exotic species, among others. Such negative factors may lead to a reduction in habitat area and change the availability and distribution of food, thus affecting primate ecology and behavior. However, there are also many efforts to promote primate conservation. Considering the great primate diversity and the limited number of researchers, especially in the most remote regions, there are still numerous gaps of knowledge about primate ecology, diversity, and conservation.

This Special Issue aims to contribute to the knowledge on primates, welcoming papers that advance the knowledge of primate conservation and phylogenetics, as well as primate ecology, including studies relating primate behavior to environmental factors, feeding ecology, landscape ecology, and other ecological studies.

Dr. Renato Richard Hilário
Dr. João Pedro Souza-Alves
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diversity is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • feeding ecology
  • behavioral ecology
  • landscape ecology
  • phylogenetics
  • conservation

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 4549 KiB  
Article
Spatial Ecology of Reddish-Brown Cuxiú Monkeys (Chiropotes sagulatus, Pitheciidae) in an Isolated Forest Remnant: Movement Patterns and Edge Effects
by Sarah A. Boyle, Waldete C. Lourenço, Lívia R. da Silva and Wilson R. Spironello
Diversity 2023, 15(6), 731; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/d15060731 - 01 Jun 2023
Viewed by 885
Abstract
Habitat loss, and subsequent fragmentation, can increase the amount of forest edge. Primate species vary in their responses to such changes in their habitat. We studied the movement ecology of a group of reddish-brown cuxiú monkeys (Chiropotes sagulatus, Pitheciidae) in a [...] Read more.
Habitat loss, and subsequent fragmentation, can increase the amount of forest edge. Primate species vary in their responses to such changes in their habitat. We studied the movement ecology of a group of reddish-brown cuxiú monkeys (Chiropotes sagulatus, Pitheciidae) in a small (13 ha), isolated forest remnant that was <3% of the species’ typical home range in the region. Every 5 min we recorded the group’s latitude and longitude, and the behavior of all individuals in sight. We calculated distance, speed, and trajectory of travel routes, and distance from every location to the nearest forest edge. Using Lidar data, we calculated canopy height. Cuxiús traveled in all cardinal directions, but they turned left more often than right, and they traveled at a faster speed to locations where the monkeys fed than where they did not eat. Although cuxiús used forest from the edge to the interior, they concentrated their movements and activities >30 m from the forest edge. Furthermore, their food sites were located less often near the forest edge, and canopy height of food trees near the forest edge was lower than canopy height of food trees at a greater distance from the edge. Although edge effects impacted the monkeys’ movement, trees >15 m at the forest edge can provide resources. Future research can examine ecological variables in more detail with the movement patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation of Primates)
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24 pages, 1508 KiB  
Article
Prioritizing Areas for Primate Conservation in Argentina
by Ilaria Agostini, Santiago José Elías Velazco, Juan Ariel Insaurralde, Romina Pavé, Ingrid Holzmann, Eduardo Fernández-Duque, María Paula Tujague, Silvana Peker, Martín M. Kowalewski and Mario Santiago Di Bitetti
Diversity 2022, 14(11), 982; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/d14110982 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3560
Abstract
Argentina lies within the southernmost distributional range of five neotropical primates, the brown howler monkey Alouatta guariba, the black-and-gold howler monkey Alouatta caraya, the black-horned capuchin Sapajus nigritus, the Azara’s capuchin Sapajus cay, and the Azara’s owl monkey Aotus [...] Read more.
Argentina lies within the southernmost distributional range of five neotropical primates, the brown howler monkey Alouatta guariba, the black-and-gold howler monkey Alouatta caraya, the black-horned capuchin Sapajus nigritus, the Azara’s capuchin Sapajus cay, and the Azara’s owl monkey Aotus azarae; the first three of which are globally threatened. These species occupy different ecoregions: the Alto Paraná Atlantic forest, the Araucaria moist forest, the humid Chaco, the Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna, the Paraná Ffooded savanna, and the Southern Andean Yungas. The recently approved National Primate Conservation Plan of Argentina calls for identifying priority areas to focus conservation actions for these species. We used species distribution models to estimate species ranges and then used the Zonation software to perform a spatial conservation prioritization analysis based on primate habitat quality and connectivity to identify potential areas of importance at national and ecoregional levels. Only 7.2% (19,500 km2) of the area inhabited by primates in Argentina is under protection. Outside the current protected areas, the top-ranked 1% and 5% priority areas identified in our analysis covered 1894 and 7574 km2, respectively. The top 1% areas were in the Atlantic forest of Misiones province, where S. nigritus, A. guariba, and A. caraya are distributed, and in the humid portion of eastern Chaco and Formosa provinces, where A. azarae and A. caraya are present. The top 5% areas included portions of the Yungas, where S. cay is the only primate present. Priority areas in Chaco and Formosa provinces are particularly relevant because of the paucity of protected areas and the high deforestation rate. The endangered A. guariba population will benefit from the better protection of the priority areas of Misiones. The potential priority areas proposed herein, considered within a context of a broad participatory process involving relevant stakeholders and local people, will help guide new and innovative conservation policies and practices while supporting management objectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation of Primates)
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Review

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23 pages, 1442 KiB  
Review
Plant Diversity in the Diet of Costa Rican Primates in Contrasting Habitats: A Meta-Analysis
by Óscar M. Chaves, Vanessa Morales-Cerdas, Jazmín Calderón-Quirós, Inés Azofeifa-Rojas, Pablo Riba-Hernández, Daniela Solano-Rojas, Catalina Chaves-Cordero, Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal and Amanda D. Melin
Diversity 2023, 15(5), 602; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/d15050602 - 28 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1758
Abstract
In human-modified tropical landscapes, the survival of arboreal vertebrates, particularly primates, depends on their plant dietary diversity. Here, we assess the diversity of plants included in the diet of Costa Rican non-human primates, CR-NHP (i.e., Alouatta palliata palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Cebus [...] Read more.
In human-modified tropical landscapes, the survival of arboreal vertebrates, particularly primates, depends on their plant dietary diversity. Here, we assess the diversity of plants included in the diet of Costa Rican non-human primates, CR-NHP (i.e., Alouatta palliata palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Cebus imitator, and Saimiri oerstedii) inhabiting different habitat types across the country. Specifically, we analyzed 37 published and unpublished datasets to assess: (i) richness and dietary α-plant diversity, (ii) the β-diversity of dietary plant species and the relative importance of plant species turnover and nestedness contributing to these patterns, and (iii) the main ecological drivers of the observed patterns in dietary plants. Dietary data were available for 34 Alouatta, 16 Cebus, eight Ateles, and five Saimiri groups. Overall dietary plant species richness was higher in Alouatta (476 spp.), followed by Ateles (329 spp.), Cebus (236 spp.), and Saimiri (183 spp.). However, rarefaction curves showed that α-diversity of plant species was higher in Ateles than in the other three primate species. The γ-diversity of plants was 868 species (95% C.I. = 829–907 species). The three most frequently reported food species for all CR-NHP were Spondias mombin, Bursera simaruba, and Samanea saman, and the most consumed plant parts were leaves, fruits, and flowers. In general, plant species turnover, rather than nestedness, explained the dissimilarity in plant diet diversity (βsim > 0.60) of CR-NHP. Finally, primate species, habitat type (life zone and disturbance level) and, to a lesser degree, study province, were the best predictors of the dietary plant assemblages. Our findings suggest that CR-NHP diets are diverse, even in severely disturbed habitats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation of Primates)
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14 pages, 4683 KiB  
Review
Small but Nice–Seed Dispersal by Tamarins Compared to Large Neotropical Primates
by Eckhard W. Heymann, Lisieux Fuzessy and Laurence Culot
Diversity 2022, 14(12), 1033; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/d14121033 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1707
Abstract
Tamarins, small Neotropical primates of the genera Saguinus and Leontocebus, have a mainly frugivorous-faunivorous diet. While consuming the pulp of a high diversity of fruit species, they also swallow seeds and void them intact, thus acting as seed dispersers. Here we compare [...] Read more.
Tamarins, small Neotropical primates of the genera Saguinus and Leontocebus, have a mainly frugivorous-faunivorous diet. While consuming the pulp of a high diversity of fruit species, they also swallow seeds and void them intact, thus acting as seed dispersers. Here we compare different aspects of the seed dispersal ecology of tamarins with that of large Neotropical primates from the genera Ateles (spider monkeys) and Lagothrix (woolly monkeys). Due to their small body size, tamarins disperse seeds of a smaller size range, fewer seeds per defecation, and seeds from a smaller number of different plant species per defecation compared to these atelines. We discuss whether tamarin seed dispersal is redundant or complementary to seed dispersal by atelines. On the level of plant species, our comparisons suggest that redundancy or complementarity depends on the plant species concerned. On the habitat level, seed dispersal by tamarins and large New World primates is probably complementary. Particularly, since tamarins are capable of persisting in disturbed forests and near human settlements, they are more likely to contribute to the natural regeneration of such areas than larger primates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation of Primates)
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