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Electronics
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Intelligent Modelling and Control in Renewable Energy Systems
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Intelligent Modelling and Control in Renewable Energy Systems

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Artificial Intelligence".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2020) | Viewed by 48058

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. José Manuel Andújar Márquez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain
Interests: intelligent control; renewable energies; education in engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Juan M. Enrique

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Huelva, Huelva 21007, Spain
Interests: photovoltaic systems; photovoltaics; I–V; IT systems
Dr. Borja Millán

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Huelva, Huelva 21007, Spain
Interests: renewable energy; fuel cells; electronics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The health of our world, the Earth, cannot wait. Time is running out. The fossil fuel-based economy must be changed as soon as possible.

The good news is that today it is perfectly possible to make this change. The Earth has enough renewable resources; so, it is in our hands to take advantage of them. For this, it is vital to be able to control by means of suitable systems the force of the wind, solar radiation, geothermal energy, etc.

Renewable sources are inherently nonlinear, both regarding their availability and their control. So, perhaps the best approach to achieve more efficient ways of extracting energy from renewable resources is to use techniques that can deal naturally with nonlinearities, such as intelligent systems. These refer to approaches to control systems design, modelling, identification, and operation that use artificial intelligence techniques.

In this Special Issue, potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • Identification and modelling of renewable energy-sources and systems using artificial intelligence techniques.
  • Design of intelligent controllers for renewable energy systems.
  • Intelligent forecasting models for renewable resources.
  • Intelligent control and management of renewable smart grids.
  •  Intelligent control and management of buildings with renewable energy systems.

Prof. Dr. José Manuel Andújar
Dr. Juan M. Enrique
Dr. Borja Millán
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • intelligent systems
  • intelligent modelling
  • intelligent control
  • artificial intelligence techniques
  • renewable energy sources
  • renewable energy systems
  • renewable smart grids

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 7984 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Fuzzy Logic-Based Energy Management System for Microgrids with Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage System
by Francisco José Vivas, Francisca Segura, José Manuel Andújar, Adriana Palacio, Jaime Luis Saenz, Fernando Isorna and Eduardo López
Electronics 2020, 9(7), 1074; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics9071074 - 30 Jun 2020
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4525
Abstract
This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based energy management system (EMS) for microgrids with a combined battery and hydrogen energy storage system (ESS), which ensures the power balance according to the load demand at the time that it takes into account the improvement of [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based energy management system (EMS) for microgrids with a combined battery and hydrogen energy storage system (ESS), which ensures the power balance according to the load demand at the time that it takes into account the improvement of the microgrid performance from a technical and economic point of view. As is known, renewable energy-based microgrids are receiving increasing interest in the research community, since they play a key role in the challenge of designing the next energy transition model. The integration of ESSs allows the absorption of the energy surplus in the microgrid to ensure power supply if the renewable resource is insufficient and the microgrid is isolated. If the microgrid can be connected to the main power grid, the freedom degrees increase and this allows, among other things, diminishment of the ESS size. Planning the operation of renewable sources-based microgrids requires both an efficient dispatching management between the available and the demanded energy and a reliable forecasting tool. The developed EMS is based on a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), which presents different advantages regarding other controllers: It is not necessary to know the model of the plant, and the linguistic rules that make up its inference engine are easily interpretable. These rules can incorporate expert knowledge, which simplifies the microgrid management, generally complex. The developed EMS has been subjected to a stress test that has demonstrated its excellent behavior. For that, a residential-type profile in an actual microgrid has been used. The developed fuzzy logic-based EMS, in addition to responding to the required load demand, can meet both technical (to prolong the devices’ lifespan) and economic (seeking the highest profitability and efficiency) established criteria, which can be introduced by the expert depending on the microgrid characteristic and profile demand to accomplish. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Modelling and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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25 pages, 9719 KiB  
Article
An Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-Size PEM Electrolyzer: Design, Control and Physical Implementation
by Julio José Caparrós Mancera, Francisca Segura Manzano, José Manuel Andújar, Francisco José Vivas and Antonio José Calderón
Electronics 2020, 9(5), 871; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics9050871 - 24 May 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 24403
Abstract
The progressive increase in hydrogen technologies’ role in transport, mobility, electrical microgrids, and even in residential applications, as well as in other sectors is expected. However, to achieve it, it is necessary to focus efforts on improving features of hydrogen-based systems, such as [...] Read more.
The progressive increase in hydrogen technologies’ role in transport, mobility, electrical microgrids, and even in residential applications, as well as in other sectors is expected. However, to achieve it, it is necessary to focus efforts on improving features of hydrogen-based systems, such as efficiency, start-up time, lifespan, and operating power range, among others. A key sector in the development of hydrogen technology is its production, renewable if possible, with the objective to obtain increasingly efficient, lightweight, and durable electrolyzers. For this, scientific works are currently being produced on stacks technology improvement (mainly based on two technologies: polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and alkaline) and on the balance of plant (BoP) or the industrial plant (its size depends on the power of the electrolyzer) that runs the stack for its best performance. PEM technology offers distinct advantages, apart from the high cost of its components, its durability that is not yet guaranteed and the availability in the MW range. Therefore, there is an open field of research for achievements in this technology. The two elements to improve are the stacks and BoP, also bearing in mind that improving BoP will positively affect the stack operation. This paper develops the design, implementation, and practical experimentation of a BoP for a medium-size PEM electrolyzer. It is based on the realization of the optimal design of the BoP, paying special attention to the subsystems that comprise it: the power supply subsystem, water management subsystem, hydrogen production subsystem, cooling subsystem, and control subsystem. Based on this, a control logic has been developed that guarantees efficient and safe operation. Experimental results validate the designed control logic in various operating cases, including warning and failure cases. Additionally, the experimental results show the correct operation in the different states of the plant, analyzing the evolution of the hydrogen flow pressure and temperature. The capacity of the developed PEM electrolysis plant is probed regarding its production rate, wide operating power range, reduced pressurization time, and high efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Modelling and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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27 pages, 8213 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen vs. Battery in the Long-term Operation. A Comparative Between Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Renewable Microgrids
by Andrea Monforti Ferrario, Francisco José Vivas, Francisca Segura Manzano, José Manuel Andújar, Enrico Bocci and Luigi Martirano
Electronics 2020, 9(4), 698; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics9040698 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5135
Abstract
The growth of the world’s energy demand over recent decades in relation to energy intensity and demography is clear. At the same time, the use of renewable energy sources is pursued to address decarbonization targets, but the stochasticity of renewable energy systems produces [...] Read more.
The growth of the world’s energy demand over recent decades in relation to energy intensity and demography is clear. At the same time, the use of renewable energy sources is pursued to address decarbonization targets, but the stochasticity of renewable energy systems produces an increasing need for management systems to supply such energy volume while guaranteeing, at the same time, the security and reliability of the microgrids. Locally distributed energy storage systems (ESS) may provide the capacity to temporarily decouple production and demand. In this sense, the most implemented ESS in local energy districts are small–medium-scale electrochemical batteries. However, hydrogen systems are viable for storing larger energy quantities thanks to its intrinsic high mass-energy density. To match generation, demand and storage, energy management systems (EMSs) become crucial. This paper compares two strategies for an energy management system based on hydrogen-priority vs. battery-priority for the operation of a hybrid renewable microgrid. The overall performance of the two mentioned strategies is compared in the long-term operation via a set of evaluation parameters defined by the unmet load, storage efficiency, operating hours and cumulative energy. The results show that the hydrogen-priority strategy allows the microgrid to be led towards island operation because it saves a higher amount of energy, while the battery-priority strategy reduces the energy efficiency in the storage round trip. The main contribution of this work lies in the demonstration that conventional EMS for microgrids’ operation based on battery-priority strategy should turn into hydrogen-priority to keep the reliability and independence of the microgrid in the long-term operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Modelling and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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16 pages, 2669 KiB  
Article
Development of a High-Performance, FPGA-Based Virtual Anemometer for Model-Based MPPT of Wind Generators
by Giuseppe La Tona, Massimiliano Luna, Maria Carmela Di Piazza, Marcello Pucci and Angelo Accetta
Electronics 2020, 9(1), 83; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics9010083 - 01 Jan 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3056
Abstract
Model-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of wind generators (WGs) eliminates dead times and increases energy yield with respect to iterative MPPT techniques. However, it requires the measurement of wind speed. Under this premise, this paper describes the implementation of a high-performance virtual [...] Read more.
Model-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of wind generators (WGs) eliminates dead times and increases energy yield with respect to iterative MPPT techniques. However, it requires the measurement of wind speed. Under this premise, this paper describes the implementation of a high-performance virtual anemometer on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. Said anemometer is based on a growing neural gas artificial neural network that learns and inverts the mechanical characteristics of the wind turbine, estimating wind speed. The use of this device in place of a conventional anemometer to perform model-based MPPT of WGs leads to higher reliability, reduced volume/weight, and lower cost. The device was conceived as a coprocessor with a slave serial peripheral interface (SPI) to communicate with the main microprocessor/digital signal processor (DSP), on which the control system of the WG was implemented. The best compromise between resource occupation and speed was achieved through suitable hardware optimizations. The resulting design is able to exchange data up to a 100 kHz rate; thus, it is suitable for high-performance control of WGs. The device was implemented on a low-cost FPGA, and its validation was performed using input profiles that were experimentally acquired during the operation of two different WGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Modelling and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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15 pages, 1931 KiB  
Article
Fuel Cell Hybrid Model for Predicting Hydrogen Inflow through Energy Demand
by José-Luis Casteleiro-Roca, Antonio Javier Barragán, Francisca Segura Manzano, José Luis Calvo-Rolle and José Manuel Andújar
Electronics 2019, 8(11), 1325; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics8111325 - 10 Nov 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2990
Abstract
Hydrogen-based energy storage and generation is an increasingly used technology, especially in renewable systems because they are non-polluting devices. Fuel cells are complex nonlinear systems, so a good model is required to establish efficient control strategies. This paper presents a hybrid model to [...] Read more.
Hydrogen-based energy storage and generation is an increasingly used technology, especially in renewable systems because they are non-polluting devices. Fuel cells are complex nonlinear systems, so a good model is required to establish efficient control strategies. This paper presents a hybrid model to predict the variation of H2 flow of a hydrogen fuel cell. This model combining clusters’ techniques to get multiple Artificial Neural Networks models whose results are merged by Polynomial Regression algorithms to obtain a more accurate estimate. The model proposed in this article use the power generated by the fuel cell, the hydrogen inlet flow, and the desired power variation, to predict the necessary variation of the hydrogen flow that allows the stack to reach the desired working point. The proposed algorithm has been tested on a real proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and the results show a great precision of the model, so that it can be very useful to improve the efficiency of the fuel cell system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Modelling and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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26 pages, 3827 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Airflow Controls for a Stalling-Free Operation of an Oscillating Water Column-Based Wave Power Generation Plant
by Fares M’zoughi, Izaskun Garrido, Soufiene Bouallègue, Mounir Ayadi and Aitor J. Garrido
Electronics 2019, 8(1), 70; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics8010070 - 08 Jan 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3925
Abstract
Control engineering in renewable energy systems is a delicate and tedious task, especially due to the unpredictable nature of the renewable resources, which requires precision and robustness. These requirements can be ensured using intelligent control, which provides better performance than many conventional techniques [...] Read more.
Control engineering in renewable energy systems is a delicate and tedious task, especially due to the unpredictable nature of the renewable resources, which requires precision and robustness. These requirements can be ensured using intelligent control, which provides better performance than many conventional techniques and methods. This paper focuses on the modeling and the intelligent control of the NEREIDA wave power plant of Mutriku in Spain. In this context, the design of two novel intelligent airflow controls for a stalling-free operation of the Wells turbine-based power take-off system is presented and compared. The airflow control will ensure the avoidance of the stalling behavior using an intelligent PID controller. The first control design methodology is based on the metaheuristic algorithms to ensure the optimization of the controller gains. The second methodology is based on the fuzzy gain scheduling of the gains. Two study cases were performed to compare the optimized-PID and FGS-PID to a conventional PID in two wave conditions. The results show the superior performance of both proposed controls over the conventional PID, providing power generation improvement in regular and irregular waves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Modelling and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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22 pages, 8036 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Optimization of the Coordinated Multi-VSG Sources
by Xiangwu Yan, Aazim Rasool, Farukh Abbas, Haaris Rasool and Hongxia Guo
Electronics 2019, 8(1), 28; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics8010028 - 26 Dec 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3063
Abstract
The penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) into a grid via inverters causes a stability issue due to the absence of an inertia. A virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is designed to provide an artificial inertia and droop control to the grid-connected inverters. The [...] Read more.
The penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) into a grid via inverters causes a stability issue due to the absence of an inertia. A virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is designed to provide an artificial inertia and droop control to the grid-connected inverters. The different power ratings of multiple VSGs create complications in the coordination due to unequal droop or damping coefficient ‘ D ’. The dependency of a factor ‘ D ’ on P − ω droop control under static state and a damping behavior during power oscillation under dynamic state is analyzed by considering three cases on multi-VSGs microgrid system and the equivalent equations of P − ω droop control are derived for all three cases to see the effect of a load on the overall system’s frequency. A master–slave configuration of a VSG is proposed to deliver maximum power during static state, but provides P − ω control during the dynamic state. Simulation results verify the improvement introduced by the proposed VSG control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Modelling and Control in Renewable Energy Systems)
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