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Electronics
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Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities
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Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Networks".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2018) | Viewed by 73717

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Subhas Mukhopadhyay

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
Interests: smart sensors; sensing technology; WSN; IoT; ICT; smart grid; energy harvesting
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Tarikul Islam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Electrical Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia (University), New Delhi-110025, India
Interests: capacitive sensors; impedance sensors; surface acoustic wave sensors; fractional order constant phase sensors; sensors array for e-nose; interfacing circuits for the sensors; signal conditioning circuits (analog/digital); measurements of physical and chemical parameters; health monitoring for smart grids (Gas Insulated Switch Gear and Protection Transformer); automatic dispensing system; structural health monitoring; food quality; smart agriculture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Less budget, resource constraints, and continuous software upgrades are a few problems affecting the implementation of smart cities. The only solution to these problems is to develop smarter technology and a more efficient usage in order to meet the needs of smart cities. A combination of smart sensors, universal platform, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Internet of Things (IoT), energy harvesting, cloud computing, and open source technologies, compatible with Next Generation Networks (NGN), will help towards the actual achievement of a smart city. It is now possible to develop significant technology platforms and IoT solutions for smart cities without a massive investment. However, IoT interoperability is still at a very early stage and standardization is difficult to achieve as it is usually led by companies with strong market positions. There is a need for stand-alone development, where large companies will not dictate terms and conditions.

The aim of this Special Issue is to report on the design and development of smart sensors, a universal interfacing platform, along with the IoT framework, extending it to next generation networks (4G, 5G, and future networks) for monitoring parameters of interest with the goal of achieving smart cities. Examples of this work include developing novel sensors for monitoring environmental pollution and other parameters, and making the data available to a wider community through remote access cloud computing. The proposed universal interfacing platform with the IoT frame work will solve many challenging issues and it will significantly boost the growth of IoT-related applications, not just in the environmental monitoring domain, but in the other key areas, such as smart home, wearables, smart city with smart waste management, smart E-metering, smart water supply, intelligent traffic control, smart grid, remote health care applications, etc., in any country. The need is to develop a low-cost solution so that any country, without investing a massive amount of resources, can exploit the research outcomes.

Dr. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Dr. Tarikul Islam
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Smart sensors
  • sensing technology
  • wireless sensor networks
  • Internet of Things
  • Smart Home
  • Assisted Living
  • Smart Cities
  • Environmental Monitoring
  • wireless protocol
  • IoT framework
  • Cloud computing

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

4 pages, 170 KiB  
Editorial
Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities
by Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay and Tarikul Islam
Electronics 2019, 8(4), 376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics8040376 - 28 Mar 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2582
Abstract
Smart cities represent a multidiscipline field continuously evolved by the advancement of sensor-based information technology and communication technology [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 1263 KiB  
Article
A Load Balancing Routing Mechanism Based on SDWSN in Smart City
by Xin Cui, Xiaohong Huang, Yan Ma and Qingke Meng
Electronics 2019, 8(3), 273; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics8030273 - 01 Mar 2019
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4419
Abstract
In the wireless sensor network infrastructure of smart cities, whether the network traffic is balanced will directly affect the service quality of the network. Because of the traditional WSN (wireless sensor network) architecture, load balancing technology is difficult to meet the requirements of [...] Read more.
In the wireless sensor network infrastructure of smart cities, whether the network traffic is balanced will directly affect the service quality of the network. Because of the traditional WSN (wireless sensor network) architecture, load balancing technology is difficult to meet the requirements of adaptability and high flexibility. This paper proposes a load balancing mechanism based on SDWSN (software defined wireless sensor network). This mechanism utilizes the advantages of a centralized control SDN (software defined network) and flexible traffic scheduling. The OpenFlow protocol is used to monitor the running status and link load information of the network in real time. According to the bandwidth requirement of the data flow, the improved load balanced routing is obtained by an Elman neural network. The simulation results show that the improved SDSNLB (software-defined sensor network load balancing) routing algorithm has better performance than LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol in balancing node traffic and improving throughput. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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15 pages, 2273 KiB  
Article
Proactive Content Delivery with Service-Tier Awareness and User Demand Prediction
by Jing Hu, Yaling Lai, Ao Peng, Xuemin Hong and Jianghong Shi
Electronics 2019, 8(1), 50; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics8010050 - 02 Jan 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2740
Abstract
Cost-effective delivery of massive data content is a pressing challenge facing modern mobile communication networks. In the literature, two primary approaches to tackle this challenge are service-tier differentiation and personalized proactive content caching. However, these two approaches have not been integrated and studied [...] Read more.
Cost-effective delivery of massive data content is a pressing challenge facing modern mobile communication networks. In the literature, two primary approaches to tackle this challenge are service-tier differentiation and personalized proactive content caching. However, these two approaches have not been integrated and studied in a unified framework. This paper proposes an integrated proactive content delivery scheme that jointly exploits the availability of multiple service tiers and multi-user behavior prediction. Three optimal algorithms and one heuristic algorithm are introduced to solve the cost-minimization problems of multi-user proactive content delivery under different modelling assumptions. The performance of the proposed scheme is systematically investigated to reveal the impacts of proactive window size, service-tier price ratio, and traffic cost model on the system performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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15 pages, 824 KiB  
Article
Using Entropy of Social Media Location Data for the Detection of Crowd Dynamics Anomalies
by Carlos Garcia-Rubio, Rebeca P. Díaz Redondo, Celeste Campo and Ana Fernández Vilas
Electronics 2018, 7(12), 380; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics7120380 - 03 Dec 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3265
Abstract
Evidence of something unusual happening in urban areas can be collected from different data sources, such as police officers, cameras, or specialized physical infrastructures. In this paper, we propose using geotagged posts on location-based social networks (LBSNs) to detect crowd dynamics anomalies automatically [...] Read more.
Evidence of something unusual happening in urban areas can be collected from different data sources, such as police officers, cameras, or specialized physical infrastructures. In this paper, we propose using geotagged posts on location-based social networks (LBSNs) to detect crowd dynamics anomalies automatically as evidence of a potential unusual event. To this end, we use the Instagram API media/search endpoint to collect the location of the pictures posted by Instagram users in a given area periodically. The collected locations are summarized by their centroid. The novelty of our work relies on using the entropy of the sequence of centroid locations in order to detect abnormal patterns in the city. The proposal is tested on a data set collected from Instagram during seven months in New York City and validated with another data set from Manchester. The results have also been compared with an alternative approach, a training phase plus a ranking of outliers. The main conclusion is that the entropy algorithm succeeds inn finding abnormal events without the need for a training phase, being able to dynamically adapt to changes in crowd behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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27 pages, 3410 KiB  
Article
RoomFort: An Ontology-Based Comfort Management Application for Hotels
by Daniele Spoladore, Sara Arlati, Sara Carciotti, Massimiliano Nolich and Marco Sacco
Electronics 2018, 7(12), 345; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics7120345 - 22 Nov 2018
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5376
Abstract
Business traveling is attracting growing attention due to the expansion of international markets. This fact calls for an increasing attention of the tourism sector toward the needs of business travellers, who often require services that are different from the ones desired by leisure [...] Read more.
Business traveling is attracting growing attention due to the expansion of international markets. This fact calls for an increasing attention of the tourism sector toward the needs of business travellers, who often require services that are different from the ones desired by leisure tourists. The application of smart solutions coming from Context Awareness and Ambient Intelligence aimed at promoting guests’ comfort and well-being, also in cases in which they have special needs, represents a promising solution to tackle business travellers’ requirements and thus, to increase hotels attractiveness and incomes. In this context, this work introduces RoomFort, a smart comfort management system aimed at enhancing comfort of hotel room guests and leveraging on semantic representations of comfort, environment, and sensors. RoomFort provides a set of domain ontologies to formalize comfort-related metrics and to exploit the automatic reasoning capabilities provided by Semantic Web technologies, while gathering data through a network of sensors to ensure guests are provided with tailored comfort profiles during their stays in the hotel. Particular focus has been placed on visual comfort, since indoor lighting features constitute one of the main factors influencing the two main activities that most business travellers accomplish in their hotel room: working and relaxing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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16 pages, 2821 KiB  
Article
Evolution of Wireless Sensor Network for Air Quality Measurements
by Patricia Arroyo, Jesús Lozano and José Ignacio Suárez
Electronics 2018, 7(12), 342; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics7120342 - 22 Nov 2018
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4194
Abstract
This study addresses the development of a wireless gas sensor network with low cost, small size, and low consumption nodes for environmental applications and air quality detection. Throughout the article, the evolution of the design and development of the system is presented, describing [...] Read more.
This study addresses the development of a wireless gas sensor network with low cost, small size, and low consumption nodes for environmental applications and air quality detection. Throughout the article, the evolution of the design and development of the system is presented, describing four designed prototypes. The final proposed prototype node has the capacity to connect up to four metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors, and has high autonomy thanks to the use of solar panels, as well as having an indirect sampling system and a small size. ZigBee protocol is used to transmit data wirelessly to a self-developed data cloud. The discrimination capacity of the device was checked with the volatile organic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). An improvement of the system was achieved to obtain optimal success rates in the classification stage with the final prototype. Data processing was carried out using techniques of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, such as radial basis networks and principal component analysis (PCA). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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11 pages, 4380 KiB  
Article
An Unpowered Sensor Node for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment (Humic Acid Detection)
by Rashid Mirzavand, Mohammad Mahdi Honari, Bahareh Laribi, Behnam Khorshidi, Mohtada Sadrzadeh and Pedram Mousavi
Electronics 2018, 7(10), 231; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics7100231 - 03 Oct 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4099
Abstract
A zero-power microwave sensor is reported for the real-time assessment of water quality. The proposed structure is able to transmit sensed data directly to a base-station without additional data processing at the wireless sensor node (WSN) which results in less power consumption. The [...] Read more.
A zero-power microwave sensor is reported for the real-time assessment of water quality. The proposed structure is able to transmit sensed data directly to a base-station without additional data processing at the wireless sensor node (WSN) which results in less power consumption. The base-station propagates a single tone signal at the frequency of f0/2. At the sensing node, an antenna absorbs that signal and a passive frequency doubler makes its frequency twice, i.e., f0, which will be used as the carrier signal. Two pairs of open-ended coaxial probes are used as liquid sensors; one inside a known reference sample and the other one inside the water under test. A combination of both sensors’ data will be sent to the base-station. A special six-port structure is used for modulation of sensed data over the carrier. At the base-station, a receiver will demodulate the received signal for extracting the sensed data. As an example, the system has been evaluated at f0 = 2.45 GHz for the detection of Humic-Acid levels as a common contaminant of river waters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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30 pages, 4651 KiB  
Article
Semantic and Dweller-Based Decision Support System for the Reconfiguration of Domestic Environments: RecAAL
by Daniele Spoladore and Marco Sacco
Electronics 2018, 7(9), 179; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics7090179 - 07 Sep 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4707
Abstract
Researches in the field of ambient assisted living (AAL) have increased in the last ten years, and the paradigms of the smart home have widely spread. Smart homes must consider the health-related issues and the real needs deriving from the ageing of their [...] Read more.
Researches in the field of ambient assisted living (AAL) have increased in the last ten years, and the paradigms of the smart home have widely spread. Smart homes must consider the health-related issues and the real needs deriving from the ageing of their dwellers. In the smart home, appliances are expected to provide support to the residents, especially when they are characterized by disabilities and/or impairments related to ageing. While most of the AAL solutions presented in literature rely on complex systems and architectures, residents affected by mild or moderate disabilities can take advantage of just a simpler reconfiguration of living environments, i.e., the replacement of certain appliances with others that are able to help them in coping with their limitations. This paper proposes a semantic-based decision support system (DSS), which relies on ontological models, to assist designers in domestic environments’ reconfiguration. The ontology leverages semantic representations of dwellers and domestic environments’ domains of knowledge to foster the adoption of appliances able to help the residents to live independently. The development process of the ontology is presented in detail together with the results deriving from reasoning processes. To ease the reconfiguration of domestic environments, a prototypical application taking advantage of the DSS is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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11 pages, 2191 KiB  
Article
A “Smart” Trap Device for Detection of Crawling Insects and Other Arthropods in Urban Environments
by Panagiotis Eliopoulos, Nikolaos-Alexandros Tatlas, Iraklis Rigakis and Ilyas Potamitis
Electronics 2018, 7(9), 161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics7090161 - 24 Aug 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8423
Abstract
We introduce a device for the automatic detecting and reporting of crawling insects in urban environments. It is a monitoring device for urban pests that complies with the context of smart homes and smart cities, and is compatible with the emerging discipline of [...] Read more.
We introduce a device for the automatic detecting and reporting of crawling insects in urban environments. It is a monitoring device for urban pests that complies with the context of smart homes and smart cities, and is compatible with the emerging discipline of the Internet of Things (IoT). We believe it can find its place in every room of a hotel, hospital, military camp, and residence. This box-shaped device attracts targeted insect pests, senses the entering insect, and takes automatically a picture of the internal space of the box. The e-trap includes strong attractants (pheromone and/or food) to increase capture efficiency and traps the insect on its sticky floor. The device carries the necessary optoelectronic sensors to monitor all entrances of the trap. As the insect enters it interrupts the infrared light source. This triggers a detection event; a picture is taken, and a time-stamp is set before delivering the picture through the Wi-Fi to an authorized person/stakeholder. The device can be integrated seamlessly in urban environments and operates unobtrusively to human activities. We report results on various insect pests and depending on the insect species, can reach a detection accuracy ranging from 96 to 99%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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14 pages, 4986 KiB  
Article
MWCNT–Epoxy Nanocomposite Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring
by Omid Sam-Daliri, Lisa-Marie Faller, Mohammadreza Farahani, Ali Roshanghias, Hannes Oberlercher, Tobias Mitterer, Alireza Araee and Hubert Zangl
Electronics 2018, 7(8), 143; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics7080143 - 09 Aug 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6110
Abstract
We address multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for structural health monitoring in adhesive bonds, such as in building structures. MWCNT-loaded composites are employed to sense strain changes under tension load using an AC impedance measurement setup. Different weight percentages of 1, 1.5, 2 and [...] Read more.
We address multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for structural health monitoring in adhesive bonds, such as in building structures. MWCNT-loaded composites are employed to sense strain changes under tension load using an AC impedance measurement setup. Different weight percentages of 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 wt % MWCNTs are added to the base epoxy resin using different dispersion times, i.e., 5, 10, and 15 min. The equivalent parallel resistance of the specimens is first measured by applying an alternating voltage at different frequencies. To determine the mechanical as well as sensory properties, the specimens are then subjected to a tensile test with concurrent impedance measurement at a fixed pre-chosen frequency. Using alternating voltage, a higher sensitivity of the impedance reading can be achieved. Employing these sensors in buildings and combining the readings of a network of such devices can significantly improve the buildings’ safety. Additionally, networks of such sensors can be used to identify necessary maintenance actions and locations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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22 pages, 10113 KiB  
Article
Design of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic System with a Novel Bi-Reflector PV System (BRPVS) and Optimal Control Mechanism: An Experimental Study
by Muhammad Adil Khan, Kamran Zeb, Waqar Uddin, P. Sathishkumar, Muhammad Umair Ali, S. Hussain, M. Ishfaq, Himanshu, Archana Subramanian and Hee-Je Kim
Electronics 2018, 7(7), 119; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics7070119 - 18 Jul 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6692
Abstract
Environment protection and energy saving are the most attractive trends in zero-carbon buildings. The most promising and environmentally friendly technique is building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), which can also replace conventional buildings based on non-renewable energy. Despite the recent advances in technology, the cost [...] Read more.
Environment protection and energy saving are the most attractive trends in zero-carbon buildings. The most promising and environmentally friendly technique is building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), which can also replace conventional buildings based on non-renewable energy. Despite the recent advances in technology, the cost of BIPV systems is still very high. Hence, reducing the cost is a major challenge. This paper examines and validates the effectiveness of low-cost aluminum (Al) foil as a reflector. The design and the performance of planer-reflector for BIPV systems are analyzed in detail. A Bi-reflector solar PV system (BRPVS) with thin film Al-foil reflector and an LLC converter for a BIPV system is proposed and experimented with a 400-W prototype. A cadmium–sulfide (CdS) photo-resistor sensor and an Arduino-based algorithm was developed to control the working of the reflectors. Furthermore, the effect of Al-foil reflectors on the temperature of PV module has been examined. The developed LLC converter confirmed stable output voltage despite large variation in input voltage proving its effectiveness for the proposed BRPVS. The experimental results of the proposed BRPVS with an Al-reflector of the same size as that of the solar PV module offered an enhancement of 28.47% in the output power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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2766 KiB  
Article
New Technique for Posture Identification in Smart Prayer Mat
by Kasman Kasman and Vasily G. Moshnyaga
Electronics 2017, 6(3), 61; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics6030061 - 23 Aug 2017
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 10938
Abstract
Smart praying mats are essential to help old and forgetful Muslims perform their religious needs. Due to the binary representation of pressure sensors embedded into the mat for posture identification, existing smart praying systems either use large sensing arrays, thus becoming expensive and [...] Read more.
Smart praying mats are essential to help old and forgetful Muslims perform their religious needs. Due to the binary representation of pressure sensors embedded into the mat for posture identification, existing smart praying systems either use large sensing arrays, thus becoming expensive and bulky, or utilize only a limited number of sensors, minimizing the cost of posture recognition accuracy. This article presents a new technique for detecting human postures and counting posture cycles by a smart mat. Unlike related solutions, the proposed technique identifies postures by voltage levels observed from five sensors only. The technique has been implemented in a prototype smart mat and experimentally evaluated by 30 Islam worshipers. The results show that it provides unobtrusive and robust (100%) recognition of all six postures of the Muslim praying cycle and reliable cycle counting. The implementation is inexpensive, easy to use and quite helpful for users. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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4916 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity Enhancement of a PPM Level Capacitive Moisture Sensor
by Lokesh Kumar, Tarikul Islam and Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Electronics 2017, 6(2), 41; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics6020041 - 20 May 2017
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8573
Abstract
Measurement of moisture at ppm or ppb level is very difficult and the fabrication of such sensors at low cost is always challenging. High sensitivity is an important parameter for trace level (ppm) humidity sensors. Anelectronic detection circuit for interfacing the humidity sensor [...] Read more.
Measurement of moisture at ppm or ppb level is very difficult and the fabrication of such sensors at low cost is always challenging. High sensitivity is an important parameter for trace level (ppm) humidity sensors. Anelectronic detection circuit for interfacing the humidity sensor with high sensitivity requires a simple hardware circuit with few active devices. The recent trends for increasing the sensitivity include fabricating nanoporous film with a very large surface area. In the present work, the sensitivity of a parallel plate capacitive type sensor with metal oxide sensing film has been significantly improved with an aim to detect moisture from 3 to 100 ppm in the industrial process gases used to fabricate semiconductors and other sensitive electronic devices. The sensitivity has been increased by (i) fabricating a nanoporous film of aluminum oxide using the sol-gel method and (ii) increasing the cross-sectional area of a parallel plate capacitor. A novel double sided capacitive structure has been proposed where two capacitors have been fabricated—one on the top and one on the bottom side of a flat alumina substrate—and then the capacitors are connected in parallel. The structure has twice the sensitivity of a single sensor in the same ppm range but the size of the structure remains unchanged. The important characteristics of the sensors such as the sensitivity (S = Δ C Δ p p m × 100 ), the response time (tr), and the recovery time (tc) are determined and compared with a commercial SHAW, UKdew point meter. The fabricated double sided sensor has comparable sensitivity (S = 100%, tr (s) = 28, tc (s) = 40) with the commercial meter (S = 100.5%, tr (s) = 258) but has a faster response time. The proposed method of sensitivity enhancement is simple, and mass producible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)
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