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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 July 2022) | Viewed by 32036

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Prof. Dr. Seung-Hoon Hwang

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Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
Interests: wireless communication (5G/6G); internet of things (V2X, Positioning), spectrum engineering, optical wireless communication
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

5G wireless communication will become a core infrastructure for the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). One of the major objectives of 5G is to meet projected mobile traffic demand and to holistically address the communications needs of most sectors of the economy, including the automotive, manufacturing, media, retail, and consumer sectors. Therefore, innovations in telecommunication with 4IR drive new research opportunities in a variety of areas including artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, big data, Internet of Things (IoT), and mobile communications. In this Special Issue, we are particularly interested in describing, defining, and quantifying the potential problems in telecommunications and looking for innovative solutions, prototypes, and demonstrators which may be applied in economic sectors.

Topics of interests include but not limited to:

AI technologies such as machine/deep learning in telecommunication

IoT technologies such as cars, robots, drones, and wearable devices in telecommunication

5G/6G technologies for eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC in telecommunication

Positioning technologies in telecommunication

Spectrum-efficient technologies in telecommunication

Prof. Dr. Seung-Hoon Hwang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 822 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Fast Connectivity Construction via Deep Channel Learning Cognition in Beyond 5G D2D Networks

by Sang-Hoon Lee, Sangwon Seo, Soochang Park and Tae-Sung Kim

Electronics 2022, 11(10), 1580; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11101580 - 16 May 2022

Viewed by 1473

Abstract

Along with the recent advance in wireless networking and data processing technologies, demands for low latency communication (LLC) are increasing in a wide variety of future-driven autonomous applications such as a smart factory, self-driving cars, and so on. The fifth generation of cellular mobile communications (5G) will cover this need as one of three key capacities in their usage scenarios: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The 5G systems are composed of mobile devices and various internet of things (IoT) devices for sensing, acting, and information services; they configure diverse networking topologies such as direct mobile-to-mobile, also known as device-to-device (D2D). In the 5G D2D network systems, the network topologies are easily broken because of the mobile devices such as smartphones, IoT devices, and so on. Thus, for the highly flexible and extensible 5G D2D network systems, mobility support for the mobile devices is necessary. In this paper, we first explore the mobility issues in beyond 5G D2D. Since there are static and mobile elements in the 5G application domains such as the smart factory, overall mobility would lead to highly frequent topology reconfiguration or connectivity reconstruction. Thus, latency-related problems derived from topology changes and connectivity failures due to the mobility are addressed. To handle the problems, a fast connectivity construction scheme, denoted by LMK, is proposed with a deep neural network dealing with learning on radio signal information in order to achieve the LLC. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed framework can provide reliable connectivity for the MAC layer link with a low latency data transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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13 pages, 8566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Collaborative Reliable Event Transport Based on Mobile-Assisted Sensing in Urban Digital Twin

by Taehun Yang, Soochang Park and Sang-Ha Kim

Electronics 2022, 11(10), 1550; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11101550 - 12 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1337

Abstract

For urban digital twin, this paper comes up with a novel urban data acquisition scheme, denoted by collaborative reliable event transport (cRET), that conducts micro-scale sensing resolution in urban environments. cRET relies on battery-powered sensors with Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) modules and the smart mobile devices that people carry around urban places. However, the traditional data acquisition schemes with mobile assistance suffer from the poor communication channel quality of BLE. So, it is tough to achieve enough reliability of event observation. Hence, cRET utilizes overhearing-based collaboration among sensors to improve the data delivery ratio. It also could support reliable transmission over mobile devices despite high-speed moving. A proof-of-concept demonstrates that the reliability is improved by the overhearing and collaboration among sensors against low-channel conditions and a high moving speed of mobile devices, i.e., 30 km/h and more. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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12 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Communication Reliability from the Semantic Level under Low SNR

by Yueling Liu, Yichi Zhang, Peng Luo, Shengteng Jiang, Kuo Cao, Haitao Zhao and Jibo Wei

Electronics 2022, 11(9), 1358; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11091358 - 24 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1810

Abstract

In the low signal-to-noise ratio region, a large number of bit errors occur, and it may exceed the channel error correction capability of the receiver. Traditional communication system may use the technology of automatic repeat-request to deal with this problem, which is time consuming and a waste of resources. To enhance the reliability of the communication system, we investigate reasoning and decoding at the semantic level instead of the grammar level. In particular, we propose a semantic communication model for text transmission, assisting the communication system to be more robust in terrible channel environments. Based on the traditional communication system, the language model BERT, part of speech tagging, and prior information concerning bit-flipping are introduced to enhance the semantic reasoning ability of the transceiver. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the effects of the sub-strategies on the performances of the improved communication model, such as the existence of a candidate set and language model. The numerical results show the effectiveness of our model in terms of improving the semantic accuracy measured by BLUE, the METEOR score, and the similarity score based on BERT between transmitted messages and recovered messages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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30 pages, 9018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quasi-Real RFI Source Generation Using Orolia Skydel LEO Satellite Simulator for Accurate Geolocation and Tracking: Modeling and Experimental Analysis

by Abulasad Elgamoudi, Hamza Benzerrouk, Ganapathy Arul Elango and René Jr Landry

Electronics 2022, 11(5), 781; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11050781 - 03 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2120

Abstract

Accurate geolocation and tracking of Radio-Frequency Interference (RFI) sources, which affect wireless and satellite systems such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Satellite Communication (SatCom) systems, are considered to be a significant issue. Several studies connected to civil and military operations on this issue have been investigated recently. The literature review has surveyed many algorithm simulations for optimizing geolocation and target-tracking estimation. Although most of these algorithms have their own advantages, they have weaknesses, such as accuracy, mathematical complexity, difficulties in implementation, and validation in the real environment, etc. This study has been concerned with investigating the accuracy of geolocation and tracking under high speed and powerful rotation using extracted data from the Orolia Skydel simulator, which simulates the space environment involving Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites as sensors and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) as RFI emitters. Various scenarios modeled using the Orolia Simulator for quasi-real dynamic trajectories of LEO satellites have been created. The assumed approaches have been verified by Cramer–Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) and Posterior CRLB (PCRLB) to determine the increase in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value. The simulation scenarios have been performed using the Monte Carlo iteration. Eventually, the overall achieved results of the considered approaches using data acquired from the Orolia Simulator were presented and compared with theoretical simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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16 pages, 6357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid of Angular and Distance Protection for Coexistence of 5G Base Stations and Satellite Earth Stations

by Shuzhi Liu, Yiqiao Wei and Seung-Hoon Hwang

Electronics 2022, 11(4), 623; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics11040623 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1418

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the coexistence of the 5G communication network with a fixed-satellite service (FSS) in the 3.5 GHz and 26 GHz frequency bands. We analyzed an angular protection scheme for the FSS Earth station (ES) and 5G base stations (BSs). In addition, we defined the fixed BS-ES relative location, relative distance, and angular changes. The angular protection was integrated into the exclusion and restricted zones proposed by the distance protection scheme for simulation analysis to develop a transmit power control scheme based on the Citizens Broadband Radio Service. Its performances were extensively analyzed through simulations. The proposed scheme was evaluated in practical scenarios: rural macrocells, urban macrocells, and urban microcells, as defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The influence of antenna type was also researched, and BSs with 4 × 4, 8 × 8 and 16 × 16 antenna arrays, as specified by 3GPP, were considered for 5G networks. Finally, the results prove that the angular protection solution can solve the coexistence of the 5G system and the FSS. In addition, when angular protection and distance protection are used simultaneously, the coexistence effect of the two systems can be strengthened. Moreover, this work provides a quantitative perception for selecting system parameters, including an interference margin for the different scenarios and antenna types, the exclusion size, and the reduction area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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12 pages, 933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Differential Geometry to the Array Manifolds of Linear Arrays in Antenna Array Processing

by Alamgir Safi, Muhammad Asghar Khan, Muhammad Adnan Aziz, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Tanweer Ahmad Cheema, Insaf Ullah, Abu Jahid, Abdulaziz H Alghtani and Ayman A. Aly

Electronics 2021, 10(23), 2964; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10232964 - 28 Nov 2021

Viewed by 1451

Abstract

This article deals with the application of differential geometry to the array manifolds of non-uniform linear antenna array (NULA) when estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of multiple sources present in an environment using far field approximation. In order to resolve this issue, we utilized a doublet linear antenna array (DLA) comprising two individual NULAs, along with a proposed algorithm that chooses correct directions of the impinging sources with the help of the prior knowledge of the ambiguous directions calculated with the application of differential geometry to the manifold curves of each NULA. The algorithm checks the correlation of the estimated direction of arrival (DOAs) by both the individual NULA with its corresponding ambiguous set of directions and chooses the output of the NULA, which has a minimum correlation between their estimated DOAs and corresponding ambiguous DOAs. DLA is designed such that the intersection of all the ambiguous set of DOAs among the individual NULAs are null sets. DOA of sources, which imping signals from different directions on the DLA, are estimated using three direction finding (DF) techniques, such as, genetic algorithm (GA), pattern search (PS), and a hybrid technique that utilizes both GA and PS at the same time. As compared to the existing techniques of ambiguity resolution, the proposed algorithm improves the estimation accuracy. Simulation results for all the three DF techniques utilizing the DLA along with the proposed algorithm are presented using MATLAB. As compared to the genetic algorithm and pattern search, the intelligent hybrid technique, such that, GA–PS, had better estimation accuracy in choosing corrected DOAs, despite the fact that the impinging DOAs were from ambiguous directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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23 pages, 15901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distance Protection for Coexistence of 5G Base Station and Satellite Earth Station

by Yiqiao Wei, Shuzhi Liu and Seung-Hoon Hwang

Electronics 2021, 10(12), 1481; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10121481 - 19 Jun 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2918

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the coexistence of the 5G communication network with a fixed-satellite service (FSS) in the 3.5 GHz and 26 GHz frequency bands. We analyze a distance protection scheme for the FSS Earth station (ES) and 5G base stations (BS). Furthermore, we define the exclusion and restriction zones to develop a transmit power control scheme based on the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS). An interactive power control scheme is also devised for the restriction zone and extensively analyzed through simulations. The proposed scheme is examined for practical scenarios such as the rural macrocells (RMa), urban macrocells (UMa), and urban microcells (UMi) as defined by the 3GPP. The impact of the antenna type is also investigated, and BSs with omnidirectional, 4 × 4, 8 × 8, and 16 × 16 antenna arrays are examined, as defined by 3GPP, for the 5G networks. The results confirm that 5G systems can coexist with the FSS and provide quantitative insights into the selection of the system parameters, including interference margins, exclusion sizes, and reduction zones, for different scenarios and antenna types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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19 pages, 5610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Multihop Underground Magnetic Induction Communication

by Mariam Ishtiaq and Seung-Hoon Hwang

Electronics 2021, 10(11), 1255; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10111255 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1982

Abstract

Magnetic induction (MI) is a promising solution for realizing wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) for many applications such as smart agriculture, surveillance, and environmental monitoring. In this study, a practical deployment model for a multihop MI-WUSN was developed, and its end-to-end performance was evaluated in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio, channel capacity, and bit error rate. We considered a multihop MI-WUSN and evaluated its end-to-end statistical performance for two scenarios pertaining to the hop state: (1) independent and identical distribution (IID) and (2) independent and non-identical distribution (INID). We derived analytical expressions for the performance evaluation and analysis of both scenarios by varying the number of hops and channel conditions. Our extensive numerical results show that asymptotic performance bounds can be obtained for the IID of hops. An analysis of the INID of hops yielded practical results that can facilitate decisive optimisation trade-offs and that can help reduce the system design overhead. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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17 pages, 1879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TCP Acknowledgment Optimization in Low Power and Embedded Devices

by Arūnas Statkus, Šarūnas Paulikas and Audrius Krukonis

Electronics 2021, 10(6), 639; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10060639 - 10 Mar 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2770

Abstract

Paper investigates transport control protocol (TCP) acknowledgment (ACK) optimization in low power or embedded devices to improve their performance on high-speed links by limiting the ACK rate. Today the dominant protocol for interconnecting network devices is the TCP and it has a great influence on the entire network operation if the processing power of network devices is exhausted to the processing data from the TCP stack. Therefore, on high-speed not congested networks the bottleneck is no longer the network link but low-processing power network devices. A new ACK optimization algorithm has been developed and implemented in the Linux kernel. Proposed TCP stack modification minimizes the unneeded technical expenditure from TCP flow by reducing the number of ACKs. The results of performed experiments show that TCP ACK rate limiting leads to the noticeable decrease of CPU utilization on low power devices and an increase of TCP session throughput but does not impact other TCP QoS parameters, such as session stability, flow control, connection management, congestion control or compromises link security. Therefore, more resources of the low-power network devices could be allocated for high-speed data transfer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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11 pages, 2439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Coding and Decoding Reconfigurable Radiation Pattern Modulation Symbols

by Sebastian Celis, Mohamed Farhat, Li Zhang, Hakan Bagci, Ahmed M. Eltawil and Khaled N. Salama

Electronics 2021, 10(5), 614; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10050614 - 06 Mar 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1590

Abstract

In this paper, we propose the theoretical framework for a reconfigurable radiation pattern modulation (RRPM) scheme, which is reminiscent of the index modulation technique. In the proposed scheme, information is encoded using far-field radiation patterns generated by a set of programmable radiating elements. A considerable effort has been invested to allow for high transmission of the reconfigurable radiation pattern symbols; yet, the receiving system has received little attention and has always been considered ideal. Depending on the number of receivers and their respective positions, two variables are considered here for data transmission: the sampling resolution and the fraction of the covered space by the receiving antennas. Hence, we quantitatively investigate their effect on the bit-error-rate (BER) by making use of a limited number of measurements that approximate the behavior of the system under real-field conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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25 pages, 1793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Winner Spectrum Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Single-Sided Auction Theoretic Modelling Approach with Sequential Bidding

by Monisha Devi, Nityananda Sarma and Sanjib K. Deka

Electronics 2021, 10(5), 602; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics10050602 - 05 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

Cognitive radio (CR) has evolved as a novel technology for overcoming the spectrum-scarcity problem in wireless communication networks. With its opportunistic behaviour for improving the spectrum-usage efficiency, CR enables the desired secondary users (SUs) to dynamically utilize the idle spectrum owned by primary users. On sensing the spectrum to identify the idle frequency bands, proper spectrum-allocation mechanisms need to be designed to provide an effectual use of the radio resource. In this paper, we propose a single-sided sealed-bid sequential-bidding-based auction framework that extends the channel-reuse property in a spectrum-allocation mechanism to efficiently redistribute the unused channels. Existing auction designs primarily aim at maximizing the auctioneer’s revenue, due to which certain CR constraints remain excluded in their models. We address two such constraints, viz. the dynamics in spectrum opportunities and varying availability time of vacant channels, and formulate an allocation problem that maximizes the utilization of the radio spectrum. The auctioneer strategises winner determination based on bids collected from SUs and sequentially leases the unused channels, while restricting the channel assignment to a single-channel-multi-user allocation. To model the spectrum-sharing mechanism, we initially developed a group-formation algorithm that enables the members of a group to access a common channel. Furthermore, the spectrum-allocation and pricing algorithms are operated under constrained circumstances, which guarantees truthfulness in the model. An analysis of the simulation results and comparison with existing auction models revealed the effectiveness of the proposed approach in assigning the unexploited spectrum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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14 pages, 2369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Side-Information-Aided Preprocessing Scheme for Deep-Learning Classifier in Fingerprint-Based Indoor Positioning

by Yue Liu, Rashmi Sharan Sinha, Shu-Zhi Liu and Seung-Hoon Hwang

Electronics 2020, 9(6), 982; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics9060982 - 12 Jun 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2856

Abstract

Deep-learning classifiers can effectively improve the accuracy of fingerprint-based indoor positioning. During fingerprint database construction, all received signal strength indicators from each access point are combined without any distinction. Therefore, the database is created and utilised for deep-learning models. Meanwhile, side information regarding specific conditions may help characterise the data features for the deep-learning classifier and improve the accuracy of indoor positioning. Herein, a side-information-aided preprocessing scheme for deep-learning classifiers is proposed in a dynamic environment, where several groups of different databases are constructed for training multiple classifiers. Therefore, appropriate databases can be employed to effectively improve positioning accuracies. Specifically, two kinds of side information, namely time (morning/afternoon) and direction (forward/backward), are considered when collecting the received signal strength indicator. Simulations and experiments are performed with the deep-learning classifier trained on four different databases. Moreover, these are compared with conventional results from the combined database. The results show that the side-information-aided preprocessing scheme allows better success probability than the conventional method. With two margins, the proposed scheme has 6.55% and 5.8% improved performances for simulations and experiments compared to the conventional scheme. Additionally, the proposed scheme, with time as the side information, obtains a higher success probability when the positioning accuracy requirement is loose with larger margin. With direction as the side information, the proposed scheme shows better performance for high positioning precision requirements. Thus, side information such as time or direction is advantageous for preprocessing data in deep-learning classifiers for fingerprint-based indoor positioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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13 pages, 483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Scheduling and Power Allocation Using Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in Multi-Cell Beamforming Networks

by Kyungseop Shin and Ohyun Jo

Electronics 2020, 9(6), 896; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics9060896 - 28 May 2020

Viewed by 1902

Abstract

The proliferation of smart devices has boosted the improvement of wireless network technologies. Herein, networking functions should be properly guaranteed even in highly dense environments in terms of service quality and data rate. In this paper, we present an efficient power allocation algorithm using non-orthogonal multiple access and smart array antennas to increase the capacity in highly overlapped multi-cell environments. We evaluate the proposed algorithm and compare with the conventional orthogonal multiple access scheme with smart antennas. Through intensive simulations and experiments at the system level for performance evaluations, it is confirmed that the proposed scheme obtains a drastic throughput gain up to 50% in the overlapped region of highly dense networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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15 pages, 3382 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Improved RSSI-Based Data Augmentation Technique for Fingerprint Indoor Localisation

by Rashmi Sharan Sinha and Seung-Hoon Hwang

Electronics 2020, 9(5), 851; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/electronics9050851 - 21 May 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4971

Abstract

Recently, deep-learning-based indoor localisation systems have attracted attention owing to their higher performance compared with traditional indoor localization systems. However, to achieve satisfactory performance, the former systems require large amounts of data to train deep learning models. Since obtaining the data is usually a tedious task, this requirement deters the use of deep learning approaches. To address this problem, we propose an improved data augmentation technique based on received signal strength indication (RSSI) values for fingerprint indoor positioning systems. The technique is implemented using available RSSI values at one reference point, and unlike existing techniques, it mimics the constantly varying RSSI signals. With this technique, the proposed method achieves a test accuracy of 95.26% in the laboratory simulation and 94.59% in a real-time environment, and the average location error is as low as 1.45 and 1.60 m, respectively. The method exhibits higher performance compared with an existing augmentation method. In particular, the data augmentation technique can be applied irrespective of the positioning algorithm used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Telecommunication)

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