Journal Description
Energies
Energies
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of related scientific research, technology development, engineering, and the studies in policy and management and is published semimonthly online by MDPI. The European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA), Polish Society of Applied Electromagnetics (PTZE), Association of European Renewable Energy Research Centres (EUREC), Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal (IChPW), International Society for Porous Media (InterPore) and CYTED are affiliated with Energies and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, RePEc, Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and many other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Control and Optimization)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 17.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2021).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our authors say about Energies.
- Sections: published in 41 topical sections.
- Companion journals for Energies include: Fuels, Gases, Nanoenergy Advances and Solar.
Impact Factor:
3.004 (2020)
;
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.085 (2020)
Latest Articles
Disturbance Observer-Based Model Predictive Super-Twisting Control for Soft Open Point
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3657; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103657 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
This paper presents a disturbance observer-based model predictive of super-twisting control for Soft Open Point (SOP). First, with the consideration of the disturbances caused by parameter mismatches and unmodelled dynamics, a super-twisting sliding-mode observer (STO) is proposed to observe the disturbances, and the
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This paper presents a disturbance observer-based model predictive of super-twisting control for Soft Open Point (SOP). First, with the consideration of the disturbances caused by parameter mismatches and unmodelled dynamics, a super-twisting sliding-mode observer (STO) is proposed to observe the disturbances, and the observed disturbances are introduced into the inner-loop as the compensation to improve the anti-disturbance of SOP system. Second, the outer-loop controller is designed by applying the super-twisting sliding-mode control (STC) approach to improve the dynamic performance and robustness. Third, to deal with large current harmonics by traditional model predictive control (MPC), a Three-Vector-based MPC (TV-MPC) is proposed to increase the number of voltage vectors in a sampling time. Finally, it is verified by simulations that the proposed method can reduce current harmonics, DC-side voltage setting time and improve the dynamic performance of SOP system effectively. In case of parameter mismatches, the proposed observer can observe the disturbances correctly to enhance the robustness of the SOP system.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Optimization of Electric Energy System)
Open AccessArticle
A Holistic Consideration of Megawatt Electrolysis as a Key Component of Sector Coupling
by
, , , , , , , , , , , , and
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3656; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103656 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
In the future, hydrogen (H2) will play a significant role in the sustainable supply of energy and raw materials to various sectors. Therefore, the electrolysis of water required for industrial-scale H2 production represents a key component in the generation of
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In the future, hydrogen (H2) will play a significant role in the sustainable supply of energy and raw materials to various sectors. Therefore, the electrolysis of water required for industrial-scale H2 production represents a key component in the generation of renewable electricity. Within the scope of fundamental research work on cell components for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers and application-oriented living labs, an MW electrolysis system was used to further improve industrial-scale electrolysis technology in terms of its basic structure and systems-related integration. The planning of this work, as well as the analytical and technical approaches taken, along with the essential results of research and development are presented herein. The focus of this study is the test facility for a megawatt PEM electrolysis stack with the presentation of the design, processing, and assembly of the main components of the facility and stack.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Energy Technologies)
Open AccessArticle
Luenberger Observer-Based Microgrid Control Strategy for Mixed Load Conditions
by
and
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3655; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103655 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
In this paper, a Luenberger observer-based microgrid control strategy is proposed to enhance the power quality of microgrids, when the grid loads are mixed and strongly non-linear. To improve performance under this condition, a Luenberger observer is designed for three phase power grids.
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In this paper, a Luenberger observer-based microgrid control strategy is proposed to enhance the power quality of microgrids, when the grid loads are mixed and strongly non-linear. To improve performance under this condition, a Luenberger observer is designed for three phase power grids. On the basis of the observer, the components of different frequencies and sequences of voltages and currents are obtained accurately. The virtual impedance of different frequencies and sequences is designed, which makes the equivalent line impedance meet the power-sharing condition, reducing the fundamental negative sequence voltages and harmonic voltages. The active power droop equation, meanwhile, is proposed, where the bus voltage is modified. The value range of virtual impedance is discussed in the complex frequency domain. The proposed control strategy does not require any communication lines, so the hardware structure is simplified. The simulations and experiments are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Energy and Propulsion Systems for Transportation Electrification)
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Open AccessArticle
Stackelberg-Game-Based Demand Response for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Network with High Penetration of Electric Vehicles
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3654; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103654 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
With the development of the economy, electricity demand continues to increase, and the time for electricity consumption is concentrated, which leads to increasing pressure on the voltage regulation of the distribution network. For example, a large number of electric vehicles charging during a
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With the development of the economy, electricity demand continues to increase, and the time for electricity consumption is concentrated, which leads to increasing pressure on the voltage regulation of the distribution network. For example, a large number of electric vehicles charging during a low-price period may cause the problem of under-voltage of the distribution network. On the other hand, the penetration of distributed power generation of renewable energy may cause over-voltage problems in the distribution network. This study proposes a Stackelberg game model between the distribution system operator and the load aggregator. In the Stackelberg game model, the distribution system operator affects the users’ electricity consumption time by issuing subsidies to decrease the frequency of voltage violations. As the representative of users, the load aggregator helps the users schedule the demand during the subsidized period to maximize profits. Case studies are carried out on the IEEE 33-bus power distribution system. The results show that the time of the subsidy can be optimized based on the Stackelberg game model. Both the distribution system operator and the load aggregator can obtain the optimal economic profits and then comprehensively improve the operating reliability and economy of the power distribution system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metaheuristics Algorithms for Electric Vehicles Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Reactive Power and Voltage Optimization of New-Energy Grid Based on the Improved Flower Pollination Algorithm
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3653; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103653 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
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In order to solve the reactive power and voltage control problem caused by the high proportion of new energy connected to the power grid, this paper takes the minimum voltage deviation, minimum network loss and maximum dynamic reactive power margin of the whole
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In order to solve the reactive power and voltage control problem caused by the high proportion of new energy connected to the power grid, this paper takes the minimum voltage deviation, minimum network loss and maximum dynamic reactive power margin of the whole system as the comprehensive optimization objectives and establishes a reactive power and voltage optimization model by considering the reactive power regulation ability of SVC (Static Var Compensator) and new energy units. In view of the continuous and discrete variables in the model, the traditional continuous FPA (Flower Pollination Algorithm) is discretized to form an improved continuous-discrete hybrid FPA, and the tournament selection mechanism is adopted to speed up the convergence. Through the example analysis of the IEEE-39 bus system, the feasibility of the proposed reactive power and voltage optimal control method in the new energy grid is verified. Compared with GA (Genetic Algorithm), the results show that the improved FPA has high optimization accuracy, which is suitable for solving the reactive power and voltage optimization problem of the new energy grid.
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Open AccessArticle
A Comparative Assessment on Different Aspects of the Non-Linear Instability Dynamics of Supercritical Fluid in Parallel Channel Systems
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3652; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103652 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
The thermal-hydraulic behavior of supercritical water reactors with a parallel channel configuration was examined through a non-linear instability analysis. This analysis was performed under wide-ranging conditions and aspects, including different working supercritical fluids, varied heat-flux and flow-rate conditions, and channel inclinations. The supercritical
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The thermal-hydraulic behavior of supercritical water reactors with a parallel channel configuration was examined through a non-linear instability analysis. This analysis was performed under wide-ranging conditions and aspects, including different working supercritical fluids, varied heat-flux and flow-rate conditions, and channel inclinations. The supercritical fluid (SCFs) dynamics were captured using the density, enthalpy, and velocity analytical approximation functions. The major findings show that both SCFs (water and carbon dioxide) experienced density wave oscillations at a low pseudo-subcooling number. Static instability characteristics were observed for supercritical water, at a relatively high subcooling number. Further, it was found that at different heat flux, the hotter channel makes the overall system more unstable, whereas, at equal heat flux, parallel channels perform similar to a single-channel system. However, the effect of the inclination angle was found to be negligible owing to supercritical pressure conditions. Moreover, stable and unstable limit cycles along with out-of-phase oscillation characteristics were observed in dynamic stability regions. The present model was also compared with experimental and numerical data. Moreover, co-dimension and numerical simulations were performed to confirm the observed non-linear characteristics. This study helps to enhance the heat transfer characteristics during safe operation of heated channel systems, such as nuclear reactors and solar thermal systems.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Nuclear Energy Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Proposal of Multidimensional Data Driven Decomposition Method for Fault Identification of Large Turbomachinery
by
and
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3651; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103651 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
High-power turbomachines are equipped with flexible rotors and journal bearings and operate above their first and sometimes even second critical speed. The transient response of such a system is complex but can provide valuable information about the dynamic state and potential malfunctions. However,
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High-power turbomachines are equipped with flexible rotors and journal bearings and operate above their first and sometimes even second critical speed. The transient response of such a system is complex but can provide valuable information about the dynamic state and potential malfunctions. However, due to the high complexity of the signal and the nonlinearity of the system response, the analysis of transients is a highly complex process that requires expert knowledge in diagnostics, machine dynamics, and extensive experience. The article proposes the Multidimensional Data Driven Decomposition (MD3) method, which allows decomposing a complex transient into several simpler, easier to analyze functions. These functions have physical meaning. Thus, the method belongs to the Explainable Artificial Intelligence area. The MD3 method proposes three scenarios and chooses the best based on the MSE quality index. The approach was first verified on a test rig and then validated on data from a real object. The results confirm the correctness of the method assumptions and performance. Furthermore, the MD3 method successfully identified the failure of rotor unbalance, both on the test rig and the real object data (large generator rotor in the power plant). Finally, further directions for research and development of the method are proposed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Research Trends of Identification of Mechanical Systems in the Energy Sector)
Open AccessArticle
Does the Responsibility System for Environmental Protection Targets Enhance Corporate High-Quality Development in China?
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3650; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103650 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
In 2017, China made an ambitious statement of high-quality development (HQD) with which to realize the goals of sustainability proposed by the United Nations. Our paper sheds new light on how the corporate high-quality development is affected by the responsibility system for environmental
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In 2017, China made an ambitious statement of high-quality development (HQD) with which to realize the goals of sustainability proposed by the United Nations. Our paper sheds new light on how the corporate high-quality development is affected by the responsibility system for environmental protection targets using a sample of energy-intensive firms from 2003 to 2018. We calculate the indexes for corporate high-quality development using entropy weighting for the five dimensions: efficiency, innovation, openness, greenness, and social responsibility. Then, we develop a difference-in-differences model to reveal that the responsibility system for environmental protection targets significantly dampens high-quality development of corporations, as the estimated coefficient is −0.0420 with a t-statistic of −2.9384. In contrast with private firms, the high-quality development of state-owned firms shows no significant correlation with environmental policy constraints. The efficiency of capital allocation by corporations mediates the effects of responsibility for environmental protection targets on high-quality development. Our study suggests several policy implications: first, understand the connotation of a high-quality development system, and formulate diversified regulatory policies. Second, the responsibility system for environmental protection targets in China should be implemented steadily within the firm’s abilities. Next, the high-quality development of private firms should generate great attention. Finally, corporate internal governance should be designed to improve high-quality development.
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Open AccessArticle
Combating Energy Poverty in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Global Economic Uncertainty
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3649; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103649 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
The effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic on the energy sector and the economy as a whole are being followed by the global energy crisis, which has been exacerbated by the war in Ukraine. The situation is particularly difficult for European countries, which
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The effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic on the energy sector and the economy as a whole are being followed by the global energy crisis, which has been exacerbated by the war in Ukraine. The situation is particularly difficult for European countries, which are heavily dependent on imported energy from Russia. In the face of such economic uncertainty, it is necessary to analyze and assess the energy poverty situation in the region. The article overviews the extent of energy poverty among European Union (EU) countries and determines regional differences by comparing the situation, trends and policy measures applied, followed by the challenges and opportunities to combat energy poverty among households during the global COVID-19 crisis and economic uncertainty. A scientific literature review was performed and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the energy poverty of households was identified. Moreover, a set of indicators reflecting the extent of energy poverty in different EU countries has been developed and an analysis of indicators was performed by comparing the situation, trends and policy measures applied.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Energy Sector)
Open AccessArticle
An LPV-Based Online Reconfigurable Adaptive Semi-Active Suspension Control with MR Damper
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3648; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103648 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
This study introduces an online reconfigurable road-adaptive semi-active suspension controller that reaches the performance objectives with satisfying the dissipativity constraint. The concept of the model is based on a nonlinear static model of the semi-active Magnetorheological (MR) damper with considering the bi-viscous and
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This study introduces an online reconfigurable road-adaptive semi-active suspension controller that reaches the performance objectives with satisfying the dissipativity constraint. The concept of the model is based on a nonlinear static model of the semi-active Magnetorheological (MR) damper with considering the bi-viscous and hysteretic behaviors of the damper. The input saturation problem has been solved by using the proposed method in the literature that allows the integration of the saturation actuator in the initial system to create a Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) system. The control input meets the saturation constraint; therewith, the dissipativity constraint is fulfilled. The online reconfiguration and adaptivity problem is solved by using an external scheduling variable that allows the trade-off between driving comfort and road holding/stability. The control design is based on the LPV framework. The proposed adaptive semi-active suspension controller is compared to passive suspension and Bingham model with Simulink simulation, and then the adaptivity of the controller is validated with the TruckSim environment. The results show that the proposed LPV controller has better performance results than the controlled Bingham and passive semi-active suspension model.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control Design for Electric Vehicles)
Open AccessArticle
Structural and Operating Features of the Creation of an Interstate Electric Power Interconnection in North-East Asia with Large-Scale Penetration of Renewables
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3647; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103647 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
Transition to green energy is the dominant process in the electricity sector globally, including in North-East Asia (NEA). The interstate power grid expansion in the NEA will facilitate the large-scale development of intermittent and uncertain green generation. This paper is aimed at considering
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Transition to green energy is the dominant process in the electricity sector globally, including in North-East Asia (NEA). The interstate power grid expansion in the NEA will facilitate the large-scale development of intermittent and uncertain green generation. This paper is aimed at considering the structural and operating features and effectiveness of a potential NEA power grid with large-scale penetration of renewables. A computing and geo-information system provides collection, processing, storage, and geo-visualization of technical and economic data. It incorporates a mathematical model for the optimization of the expansion and operation of power systems. Benefits (including saving the capacity, investment, fuel cost, and total cost) of power interconnection have been estimated in the study. Transfer capability required for the interstate electric ties was calculated and proved quite significant. A tax on greenhouse gases emission from thermal power plants, including carbon dioxide (CO2), has been used in the study as an economic incentive to facilitate the penetration of renewable energy sources in NEA power interconnection. An installed capacity, power generation mix, power exchange among countries, and operating modes (dispatching) have been calculated for different levels of CO2 emission tax. This study has shown the economic viability of the interconnection, defined major indices of interstate transmission grid infrastructure, revealed the changes in the mix of generating capacities and their operation under conditions of large-scale expansion of renewables, and found out the roles of various countries with different levels of CO2 tax, detailed the impact of CO2 emission tax in encouraging capacity additions and power generation growth from renewables. These capacities altogether suppress the expansion of coal-fired power plants in the potential North-East Asia power grid and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly SDG 7, to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Energy Market and Power System Modelling and Optimization)
Open AccessArticle
Determining the Optimal Directions of Investment in Regional Renewable Energy Development
by
, , , , , , and
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3646; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103646 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
The growth of renewable energy facilities worldwide creates new challenges for sustainable regional development. Unregulated investment flows in the green energy sector cause disparities in the deployment of various renewable energy technologies, worsen the ability to balance national energy systems, etc. This article
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The growth of renewable energy facilities worldwide creates new challenges for sustainable regional development. Unregulated investment flows in the green energy sector cause disparities in the deployment of various renewable energy technologies, worsen the ability to balance national energy systems, etc. This article is the first comprehensive study that offers a methodology for multifactor modeling of investment flows in regional green energy deployment considering the priorities of national, regional, and local authorities within the sustainable development concept. The proposed methodological approaches help (1) determine the types of renewable energy technologies for priority development in the region, (2) select specific green energy projects to receive budgetary support on territories, and (3) form the optimal mechanism for budget financing distribution on regional development of renewable energy technologies. The modeling factors include natural conditions and resource base of a territory; its economically feasible renewable energy potential; the territory’s energy needs; installed capacity and electricity generation of new green energy facilities; power plants’ life cycle duration, the investment amount, etc. The model approbation on the example of household solar and wind power plants in the Sumy region, Ukraine, has shown the need to significantly increase financial support for renewable energy projects, primarily due to the region’s energy deficit. Calculations revealed that the interest-free loan share for both technologies should be 2.843 and 2.844 times higher than the basic share of lending (20%). For the 30-kW solar power plant project, the indicator should be 64.67% instead of the basic one of 56.86% for home solar energy facilities. Thus, the methodological approaches presented in the article are new tools that allow territorial authorities to purposefully shape and manage investment flows in the renewable energy sector to ensure sustainable energy development of regions worldwide.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Systems Management: Economic, Social, Cultural, Legal and Environmental Components)
Open AccessCommunication
Predicting Electricity Imbalance Prices and Volumes: Capabilities and Opportunities
by
and
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3645; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103645 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
Electricity imbalance pricing provides the ultimate incentive for generators and suppliers to contract with one another ahead of time and deliver against their obligations. As delivery time approaches, traders must judge whether to trade-out a position or settle it in the balancing market
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Electricity imbalance pricing provides the ultimate incentive for generators and suppliers to contract with one another ahead of time and deliver against their obligations. As delivery time approaches, traders must judge whether to trade-out a position or settle it in the balancing market at the as-yet-unknown imbalance price. Forecasting the imbalance price (and related volumes) is therefore a necessity in short-term markets. However, this topic has received surprisingly little attention in the academic literature despite clear need by practitioners. Furthermore, the emergence of algorithmic trading demands automated forecasting and decision-making, with those best able to extract predictive information from available data gaining a competitive advantage. Here we present the case for developing imbalance price forecasting methods and provide motivating examples from the Great Britain’s balancing market, demonstrating forecast skill and value.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Improving the Maximum Power Extraction from Wind Turbines Using a Second-Generation CRONE Controller
by
, , , , , , , and
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3644; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103644 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
Developing precise and robust algorithms that can help in obtaining maximum power yield in a variable speed wind turbine is an important area of research in wind engineering. The present manuscript proposes a technique that utilizes a second-generation CRONE controller for the maximum
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Developing precise and robust algorithms that can help in obtaining maximum power yield in a variable speed wind turbine is an important area of research in wind engineering. The present manuscript proposes a technique that utilizes a second-generation CRONE controller for the maximum power tracking technique (MPPT) to maximize power generation in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a double-fed induction generator (DFIG). The authors propose this novel method because the classical controllers cannot provide adequate performance in terms of extracting the maximum energy from variable speed wind turbines when applying a real wind profile and they cannot guarantee the high stability of the WECS. Moreover, this novel controller sufficiently handles problems related to the control effort level. The performance of the second-generation CRONE method was mathematically modeled using MATLAB/Simulink and compared with four other types of MPPT control techniques, which include a proportional-integral linear controller (PI), nonlinear sliding mode controller (SMC), backstepping controller (BS), and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Two different wind profiles, a step wind profile and a real wind profile, were considered for the comparative study. The response time, dynamic error percentage, and static error percentage were the quantitative parameters compared, and the qualitative parameters included set-point tracking and precision. This test demonstrated the superiority of the second-generation CRONE controller in terms of all of the compared parameters.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Degradation in Textolite Elements of Damaged Surge Arresters
by
, , , and
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3643; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103643 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of the currents flowing through surge arresters on the internal insulating textolite structure. The samples were removed from high-voltage arresters that were taken out of service due to malfunction or failure. Discharge (short-circuit)
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The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of the currents flowing through surge arresters on the internal insulating textolite structure. The samples were removed from high-voltage arresters that were taken out of service due to malfunction or failure. Discharge (short-circuit) currents of diverse intensities and durations caused degradation effects of varying degrees of advancement in the material of the tested elements. The samples were examined using microscopic methods. The use of the microanalysis technique EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) made it possible to register changes in the elemental composition of the surface layer of the textolite materials, along with the intensification of the degradation effects. It was found that the high discharge current flows were subject to melting, charring and even burning of the organic adhesive. These effects caused serious changes in the content of elements in the top layer of the textolite and were the cause of a reduction in the service life, durability and reliability of the surge arresters. It was shown that the textolite materials had insufficient resistance to the effects of the emergency operation of the arresters after moisture ingress, which was a consequence of unsealing of the housing. A solution to this problem proposed by the authors could be the use of silicone elastomer as a covering of the textolite internal structure of surge arresters.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Power Distribution Systems)
Open AccessArticle
A Bi-Objective Sustainable Supply Chain Redesign: What Effect Does Energy Availability Have on Redesign?
by
and
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3642; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103642 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
During supply chain redesign processes, many environmental initiatives at facilities and their surrounding regions are affected by the closing, opening, or even broadening of facilities. These initiatives may be about the surplus renewable energies that the facility generates for its region, the renewable
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During supply chain redesign processes, many environmental initiatives at facilities and their surrounding regions are affected by the closing, opening, or even broadening of facilities. These initiatives may be about the surplus renewable energies that the facility generates for its region, the renewable energy sources that are available in the area for the facility, or the ecological relationships between facilities and their surrounding regions in general. The implications of these ecological relationships for the supply chain redesign problem were considered in this study in order to minimize the negative outcomes while minimizing the process’s related expenses. Thus, to minimize the unwanted effects, an objective function is defined in addition to the cost objective, which results in a bi-objective problem. Although small cases can be solved by exact methods such as AUGMECON, for larger scales, a matheuristic algorithm needs to be developed. The efficiency of the developed algorithm was investigated through numerical instances as well as with different metrics including a Pareto analysis. The results at larger scales show a shorter runtime of the matheuristic compared to the AUGMECON algorithm. Additionally, the matheuristic method provides a wider range of decision areas for managers.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Source-Load Coordinated Low-Carbon Economic Dispatch of Electric-Gas Integrated Energy System Based on Carbon Emission Flow Theory
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3641; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103641 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
The development of emerging technologies has enhanced the demand response (DR) capability of conventional loads. To study the effect of DR on the reduction in carbon emissions in an integrated energy system (IES), a two-stage low-carbon economic dispatch model based on the carbon
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The development of emerging technologies has enhanced the demand response (DR) capability of conventional loads. To study the effect of DR on the reduction in carbon emissions in an integrated energy system (IES), a two-stage low-carbon economic dispatch model based on the carbon emission flow (CEF) theory was proposed in this study. In the first stage, the energy supply cost was taken as the objective function for economic dispatch, and the actual carbon emissions of each energy hub (EH) were calculated based on the CEF theory. In the second stage, a low-carbon DR optimization was performed with the objective function of the load-side carbon trading cost. Then, based on the modified IEEE 39-bus power system/Belgian 20-node natural gas system, MATLAB/Gurobi was used for the simulation analysis in three scenarios. The results showed that the proposed model could effectively promote the system to reduce the load peak-to-valley difference, enhance the ability to consume wind power, and reduce the carbon emissions and carbon trading cost. Furthermore, as the wind power penetration rate increased from 20% to 80%, the carbon reduction effect basically remained stable. Therefore, with the growth of renewable energy, the proposed model can still effectively reduce carbon emissions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Multi-Energy Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Physicochemical Characterization of Phase Change Materials for Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Applications
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3640; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103640 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
The recovery and storage of process heat in industrial applications are some of the key factors to improve the sustainability and reliability of high temperature applications. In this sense, one of the main drawbacks is focused on the selection of proper thermal energy
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The recovery and storage of process heat in industrial applications are some of the key factors to improve the sustainability and reliability of high temperature applications. In this sense, one of the main drawbacks is focused on the selection of proper thermal energy storage (TES) materials. This paper performs a full characterization of four phase change storage materials (PCM), KOH, LiOH, NaNO3 and KNO3, which are proposed for storage applications between 270 and 500 °C, according to the results obtained through differential scanning calorimeter and thermogravimetric analysis. One of the main innovations includes the corrosive evaluation of these materials in a promising alumina forming alloy (OC4), close to their corresponding phase change temperature during 500 h. The physicochemical properties obtained confirm the optimal use of NaNO3 and KNO3 and recommend the use, with caution, of KOH, due to its higher corrosive potential. FeCr2O4, NiCr2O4 and FeAl2O4 were the main protective spinels formed in the alloy surface, however, the cross-section study in the alloy immersed in KOH, revealed a non-uniform behavior, presenting some cracks and spallation in the surface. On the other hand, the proposal of LiOH was disregarded since it presents a narrow operation temperature range between melting and solidification point.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Cold Storage for a Net-Zero Future)
Open AccessArticle
Flexibility Quantification and the Potential for Its Usage in the Case of Electric Bus Depots with Unidirectional Charging
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3639; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103639 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
One of the crucial steps for a successful integration of electric bus fleets into the existing electric power systems is the active and intelligent usage of their flexibility. This is important not only for reducing the eventual negative effects on the power grid
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One of the crucial steps for a successful integration of electric bus fleets into the existing electric power systems is the active and intelligent usage of their flexibility. This is important not only for reducing the eventual negative effects on the power grid but also for reducing energy and infrastructure costs. The first step in the optimal usage of flexibility is its quantification, which allows the maximum provision of flexibility without any negative effects for the fleet operation. This paper explores the available flexibility of large-scale electric bus fleets with a concept of centralized and unidirectional depot charging. An assessment of available positive and negative flexibility was conducted based on the data from two real bus depots in the city of Hamburg, Germany. The analysis shows the biggest flexibility potential was in the period from 16:00 h to 24:00 h, and the smallest one was in the periods from 08:00 h to 16:00 h, as well as from 02:00 h to 08:00 h. The paper also gives an overview of the possible markets for flexibility commercialization in Germany, which can provide an additional economic benefit for the fleet operators. A further analysis of the impact of parameters such as the timeline (working day or weekend), charging concept, ambient temperature, and electrical preconditioning provides an additional understanding of available flexibility.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coherent Security Planning for Power Systems)
Open AccessReview
Marine Exhaust Gas Treatment Systems for Compliance with the IMO 2020 Global Sulfur Cap and Tier III NOx Limits: A Review
by
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Energies 2022, 15(10), 3638; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103638 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2022
Abstract
In the present work, the contemporary exhaust gas treatment systems (EGTS) used for SOx, PM, and NOx emission mitigation from shipping are reviewed. Specifically, after-treatment technologies such as wet scrubbers with seawater and freshwater solution with NaOH, hybrid wet scrubbers,
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In the present work, the contemporary exhaust gas treatment systems (EGTS) used for SOx, PM, and NOx emission mitigation from shipping are reviewed. Specifically, after-treatment technologies such as wet scrubbers with seawater and freshwater solution with NaOH, hybrid wet scrubbers, wet scrubbers integrated in exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) installations, dry scrubbers, inert gas wet scrubbers and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are analyzed. The operational principles and the construction specifications, the performance characteristics and the investment and operation of the reviewed shipping EGTS are thoroughly elaborated. The SCR technology is comparatively evaluated with alternative techniques such as LNG, internal engine modifications (IEM), direct water injection (DWI) and humid air motor (HAM) to assess the individual NOx emission reduction potential of each technology. Detailed real data for the time several cargo vessels spent in shipyards for seawater scrubber installation, and actual data for the purchase cost and the installation cost of seawater scrubbers in shipyards are demonstrated. From the examination of the constructional, operational, environmental and economic parameters of the examined EGTS, it can be concluded that the most effective SOx emission abatement system is the closed-loop wet scrubbers with NaOH solution which can practically eliminate ship SOx emissions, whereas the most effective NOx emission mitigation system is the SCR which cannot only offer compliance of a vessel with the IMO Tier III limits but can also practically eliminate ship NOx emissions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Accelerating the Advent of Clean and Intelligent Thermal Engines)

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