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Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines
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Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 39830

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Damijan Miljavec

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory for Electrical Machines, Department of Mechatronic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: analysis, modeling, design and optimization of conventional and unconventional electrical machines; design of actuators; optimization techniques; introduction of new materials and measurement methods in the area of electrical machines; multiphysics design of electric machines; coupled analysis (electromagnetic, thermal and mechanic) in the field of electrical machines

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editor is inviting submissions in form of research articles as well as review articles to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Analysis, Design, and Optimization of Electric Machines”.

In recent decades, electrical machines have seen extensive development, both scientific and technology-related. New concepts in design, introduction of new materials, increased efficiency, and involvement of new optimization and calculation techniques allow broadening their utilization in different industrial areas. They are recognized as important components in many traditional industrial applications, such as industrial drives, power generation systems, and home appliances, as well as in new, emerging ones such as electrical vehicles, medicine, aeronautics, and autonomous subsea vessels. This Special Issue serves to address the present challenging issues with new designs and optimization techniques in the field of electric machines.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Electrical machine design;
  • Optimization techniques in design of electrical machines;
  • Determination of parameters based on calculation techniques in the design procedures;
  • Calculation and measurement of stray effects and losses in electric machines;
  • Design of electrical machines for enhanced cooling capability;
  • Influence of manufacturing processes on electrical machine performance;
  • Analysis of electrical machines based on analytical and/or numerical approaches confirmed by measurements;
  • High-speed electric motors;
  • Electric machines with reduced rare earth materials;
  • New materials for electrical machines;
  • Innovative electrical machine topologies towards high efficiency;
  • Low-voltage (24–72 V) multiphase electrical machines;
  • Electrical machines in medicine

Prof. Dr. Damijan Miljavec
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electric machines
  • Electromagnetic design
  • Thermal design
  • Optimization techniques
  • Measurement techniques
  • Analytical methods
  • Numerical methods
  • Stray effects
  • Stray losses
  • High-speed electric motors
  • Low voltage electrical machines
  • Magnetic materials
  • Electrical machine parameters
  • Parameters of equivalent circuits

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 13255 KiB  
Article
Temperature-Dependent Ferromagnetic Loss Approximation of an Induction Machine Stator Core Material Based on Laboratory Test Measurements
by Miklós Kuczmann and Tamás Orosz
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1116; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16031116 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1279
Abstract
The accurate measurement and modeling of ferromagnetic material losses are vital issues during the design and analysis of electrical machines. Higher loss values can describe the manufactured rotor and stator machine plates better than the catalog data obtained by standardized measurements using the [...] Read more.
The accurate measurement and modeling of ferromagnetic material losses are vital issues during the design and analysis of electrical machines. Higher loss values can describe the manufactured rotor and stator machine plates better than the catalog data obtained by standardized measurements using the Epstein frame. In this paper, different temperature-dependent models based on the loss-separation principle are introduced and compared with the measurements. The model parameters are computed from customized laboratory and standardized measurements. The customized measurements based on the stator part of an induction machine in the range of the automotive industry standard, i.e., in [−40 °C, ⋯, 180 °C]. The proposed model and measurement process can be used in the post-processing stage of numerical field analysis to obtain electromagnetic losses according to the agreement between measured and simulated results. During a numerically expensive optimization process, this model can be used to consider the temperature dependence of the losses more accurately. The study shows that more than 50% of loss increase can be measured, compared with the catalog data, if we use the manufactured, stator-based, customized measurements based on the estimation of the iron loss parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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22 pages, 4502 KiB  
Article
Thermal Effects in the End-Winding Region of Electrical Machines
by Mario Vukotić, Stefan Lutovski, Nina Šutar, Damijan Miljavec and Selma Čorović
Energies 2023, 16(2), 930; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16020930 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2290
Abstract
The main heat transfer mechanism in the end-winding region of electrical machines is convection. In order to increase the air motion, the rotor is equipped with a series of blades. Their geometry is reflected in the fanning factor, i.e., the ratio between the [...] Read more.
The main heat transfer mechanism in the end-winding region of electrical machines is convection. In order to increase the air motion, the rotor is equipped with a series of blades. Their geometry is reflected in the fanning factor, i.e., the ratio between the rotor peripheral speed and air velocity. An accurate calculation procedure for the fanning factor has not yet been given. Knowing its value is crucial for the determination of air velocity and heat transfer coefficient (HTC), as the latter describes the end-winding heat removal capability. In this study, the convective heat transfer phenomena between the end winding and air inside the end-winding region were analyzed, with the heat generated only in the end winding, mimicked with a custom designed coil, and air moved by the blades. The analysis was performed by experimental testing and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Measurements data were used to build a reliable CFD model. Further on, CFD results were used to derive a generalized analytical equation for calculation of the end-winding HTC, related to blade geometry and rotor rotational speed. The developed analytical model significantly improves the quality of real-time lumped circuit thermal modeling of electrical machines and, thus, enriches this field of science. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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19 pages, 5111 KiB  
Article
A Pre-Sizing Method for Salient Pole Synchronous Reluctance Machines with Loss Minimization Control for a Small Urban Electrical Vehicle Considering the Driving Cycle
by Nicolas Bernard, Linh Dang, Luc Moreau and Salvy Bourguet
Energies 2022, 15(23), 9110; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15239110 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1039
Abstract
In this paper, a design methodology for synchronous reluctance machines (SynRM) working with variable torque and speed profiles was presented. Unlike conventional solutions which size the machine considering a reduced number of working points in order to reduce the computation time, the solution [...] Read more.
In this paper, a design methodology for synchronous reluctance machines (SynRM) working with variable torque and speed profiles was presented. Unlike conventional solutions which size the machine considering a reduced number of working points in order to reduce the computation time, the solution proposed in this paper takes into account all the points which allow for better management of the constraints along the cycle to avoid an oversizing of the machine. To solve this problem with a reduced computation time, the geometry of the motor as well as the control strategy were optimized in two steps. In the first step, the d-q axis stator currents were analytically expressed. In the second step, the geometry was optimized with the use of a genetic algorithm. As an application of this method, the case of a small and low-cost electric vehicle (EV) was chosen with the objective of minimizing both the mass and the energy lost for the standardized urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). The method was based on the use of a 1-D analytical model which was validated by a 2D finite element analysis (FEA). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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17 pages, 9254 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Reluctance Machine with Skewed Permanent Magnets and Zero-Sequence Current Excitation
by Ziqi Huang, Xing Zhao, Weiyu Wang and Shuangxia Niu
Energies 2022, 15(22), 8384; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15228384 - 09 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 969
Abstract
The reluctance machine is a potential candidate for electrical vehicle propulsion because of its reliable structure, low cost, flexible flux regulation ability, and wide speed range. However, the torque density is unsatisfactory because of the poor excitation ability and low stator core utilization [...] Read more.
The reluctance machine is a potential candidate for electrical vehicle propulsion because of its reliable structure, low cost, flexible flux regulation ability, and wide speed range. However, the torque density is unsatisfactory because of the poor excitation ability and low stator core utilization factor. To solve this problem, in this paper, a novel hybrid reluctance machine (HRM) with the skewed permanent magnet (PM) and the zero-sequence current is proposed for electric vehicles. The skewed PM has two magnetomotive force (MMF) components with different functions. The radial MMF component provides extra torque by the flux modulation effect. The tangential MMF component can generate a constant biased field in the stator core to relieve the saturation caused by the zero-sequence current and thus improve the utilization factor of the stator core. Therefore, torque improvement and the relief of stator core saturation can be simultaneously achieved by the skewed PM. In this paper, the machine structure and principle of the proposed machine are introduced. And ultimately, the machine’s electromagnetic performances are evaluated under different PM magnetization directions and zero-sequence current angles by using finite element analysis (FEA). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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22 pages, 10760 KiB  
Article
Harmonization and Validation of Jiles–Atherton Static Hysteresis Models
by Urban Rupnik, Alen Alić and Damijan Miljavec
Energies 2022, 15(18), 6760; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15186760 - 15 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1172
Abstract
The aim of the proposed paper is to harmonize the Jiles–Atherton (J–A) static hysteresis loop models presented by different authors at different publication dates. The reviewed papers, which explain the hysteresis loop model of magnetic materials originally developed by Jiles are taken into [...] Read more.
The aim of the proposed paper is to harmonize the Jiles–Atherton (J–A) static hysteresis loop models presented by different authors at different publication dates. The reviewed papers, which explain the hysteresis loop model of magnetic materials originally developed by Jiles are taken into consideration due to their different variable nomenclature and even physical meaning. Inconsistency between Jiles’ referenced works is shown and the consequences are presented as differences between BH curve behaviors and, on the application level, as differences in calculated static hysteresis losses. The harmonization of J–A hysteresis models is presented and confirmed by numerical calculations and measured data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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17 pages, 5040 KiB  
Article
Mathematical Modeling of Transient Processes in the Susceptible Motion Transmission in a Ship Propulsion System Containing a Shaft Synchronous Generator
by Andriy Chaban, Tomasz Perzyński, Andrzej Popenda, Radosław Figura and Vitaliy Levoniuk
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3266; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15093266 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1707
Abstract
Within the scope of the presented work, a mathematical model of a prototype of a complex motion transmission on a ship was developed. The abovementioned motion transmission includes long elastic elements with distributed mechanical parameters. The system, containing the motion transmission under consideration, [...] Read more.
Within the scope of the presented work, a mathematical model of a prototype of a complex motion transmission on a ship was developed. The abovementioned motion transmission includes long elastic elements with distributed mechanical parameters. The system, containing the motion transmission under consideration, is driven by an engine via epicyclic gearing. The torque is transmitted via a long drive shaft to a propeller working with a variable blade geometry. The rotor of a synchronous generator is mounted on the ship’s long drive shaft. This shaft generator produces electricity that is fed to the ship’s electrical network. With the use of the developed mathematical model, electromechanical transients occurring during the transmission of mechanical power are analyzed. This paper analyzes the motion transmission with the use of computer simulation and presents the results of research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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19 pages, 34798 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of Tubular Moving Magnet Linear Oscillating Actuator for Linear Compressors
by Aftab Ahmad, Basharat Ullah, Zahoor Ahmad, Guangchen Liu and Muhammad Jawad
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3224; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15093224 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2017
Abstract
To overcome energy crises, attention is being paid to saving energy from household appliances. Traditional compressors are in need of being replaced by efficient linear compressors. This paper presents a new tubular moving magnet linear oscillating actuator (TMM-LOA) for compressor application. The proposed [...] Read more.
To overcome energy crises, attention is being paid to saving energy from household appliances. Traditional compressors are in need of being replaced by efficient linear compressors. This paper presents a new tubular moving magnet linear oscillating actuator (TMM-LOA) for compressor application. The proposed topology utilizes outer mover topology with separators between the mover and stator modules. The number of stator and mover modules can be increased or decreased based on the requirement. The addition of a separator avoids the flux cancellation and makes the proposed topology fault-tolerant. The design variables are optimized by using a parametric sweep, and the performance in terms of thrust force is observed. Both the static and transient analyses were performed to analyze the machine performance at various currents and stroke. Both mechanical and electrical resonance phenomena are discussed. The efficiency of the proposed TMM-LOA is calculated for one, two and three modules. Finally, the proposed topology is compared with other topologies proposed in the literature to show the superiority of the proposed design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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13 pages, 6967 KiB  
Article
Hybrid-Excited Permanent Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine
by Marcin Wardach, Pawel Prajzendanc, Ryszard Palka, Kamil Cierzniewski, Rafal Pstrokonski, Michal Cichowicz, Szymon Pacholski, Jakub Ciurus and Chen Hao
Energies 2022, 15(9), 2997; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15092997 - 20 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1953
Abstract
This paper presents the results of simulation tests of a unique hybrid-excited permanent magnet machine operating in in different working regimes. The common feature of analyzed machine is a presence of magnetic barriers in the rotor structure. Structurally, this machine combines the advantages [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of simulation tests of a unique hybrid-excited permanent magnet machine operating in in different working regimes. The common feature of analyzed machine is a presence of magnetic barriers in the rotor structure. Structurally, this machine combines the advantages of the PMa-SynRM machine (Permanent Magnet-assisted Synchronous Machine) and a wound synchronous machine. The paper presents, among other results, the voltage and torque characteristics as a function of the current in the stator and the additional DC control coil. Selected results of experimental studies are also shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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24 pages, 5767 KiB  
Article
Modelling of the Electrically Excited Synchronous Machine with the Rotary Transformer Design Influence
by Roman Manko, Mario Vukotić, Danilo Makuc, Danijel Vončina, Damijan Miljavec and Selma Čorović
Energies 2022, 15(8), 2832; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15082832 - 13 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3334
Abstract
An electrically excited synchronous machine (EESM) is a promising alternative to the permanent magnets synchronous machines being used in the automotive industry. However, the main disadvantage of the EESM with the conventional excitation system with brushes is the presence of slip rings on [...] Read more.
An electrically excited synchronous machine (EESM) is a promising alternative to the permanent magnets synchronous machines being used in the automotive industry. However, the main disadvantage of the EESM with the conventional excitation system with brushes is the presence of slip rings on the shaft, which need regular maintenance. A promising alternative to the conventional excitation system of the EESM is a wireless power transfer (WPT) system. In this paper, we focused on WPT excitation system based on the rotary transformers. First, the model of the EESM in the d-q reference frame with vector control system has been built (based on the parameters of the real machine) and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink software. Second, the influence of the rotary transformer design parameters on the dynamic performance of the EESM has been investigated. Finally, different topologies of the rotary transformers found in the literature have been analyzed, modeled and compared using an analytical and numerical approach. Based on the obtained results, the most suitable electrical parameters (i.e., geometry parameters, supply frequency, magnetizing and leakage inductance, winding resistance and efficiency) of the rotary transformer have been identified and implemented into the d-q model of EESM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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19 pages, 4381 KiB  
Article
Impact of a Punching Process on the SyRM Iron Loss: SPICE Model as an Effective Tool for Iron Loss Modeling
by Zbigniew Gmyrek
Energies 2021, 14(21), 7185; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14217185 - 02 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1491
Abstract
Many technologies for cutting the magnetic laminations, from which electric motors cores are built, change material properties, among which are magnetizability and iron loss, thus affecting the motor parameters such as motor efficiency. This problem is particularly important for low-power motors, in which [...] Read more.
Many technologies for cutting the magnetic laminations, from which electric motors cores are built, change material properties, among which are magnetizability and iron loss, thus affecting the motor parameters such as motor efficiency. This problem is particularly important for low-power motors, in which the dimensions of the magnetic circuit elements are relatively small. The correct estimation of the motor efficiency is important as early as at its design stage. This is possible when the correct material characteristics are used. This knowledge and analytical model enabling fast estimation of material properties (depending on the actual size) are necessary for engineers, who design electrical motors by analyzing many solution variants in a short time. The author proposes an analytical model of changing material properties, implemented in SPICE software. Its effectiveness was compared with measurement results while being a competitive solution in relation to other analytical models. The proposed SPICE model allowed evaluating material properties for lamination of any width. In the end, the knowledge concerning the material properties was used to calculate the iron loss in the stator of the SyRM motor, showing the need to use the material characteristics calculated for the specified width of the core piece. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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18 pages, 12245 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Air Gap Length and Capacitive Auxiliary Winding in Three-Phase Induction Motors Based on a Genetic Algorithm
by Mbika Muteba
Energies 2021, 14(15), 4407; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14154407 - 21 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5940
Abstract
There is a necessity to design a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) for high-speed applications with a larger air gap length in order to limit the distortion of air gap flux density, the thermal expansion of stator and rotor teeth, centrifugal forces, [...] Read more.
There is a necessity to design a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) for high-speed applications with a larger air gap length in order to limit the distortion of air gap flux density, the thermal expansion of stator and rotor teeth, centrifugal forces, and the magnetic pull. To that effect, a larger air gap length lowers the power factor, efficiency, and torque density of a three-phase SCIM. This should inform motor design engineers to take special care during the design process of a three-phase SCIM by selecting an air gap length that will provide optimal performance. This paper presents an approach that would assist with the selection of an optimal air gap length (OAL) and optimal capacitive auxiliary stator winding (OCASW) configuration for a high torque per ampere (TPA) three-phase SCIM. A genetic algorithm (GA) assisted by finite element analysis (FEA) is used in the design process to determine the OAL and OCASW required to obtain a high torque per ampere without compromising the merit of achieving an excellent power factor and high efficiency for a three-phase SCIM. The performance of the optimized three-phase SCIM is compared to unoptimized machines. The results obtained from FEA are validated through experimental measurements. Owing to the penalty functions related to the value of objective and constraint functions introduced in the genetic algorithm model, both the FEA and experimental results provide evidence that an enhanced torque per ampere three-phase SCIM can be realized for a large OAL and OCASW with high efficiency and an excellent power factor in different working conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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19 pages, 12992 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Three-Phase Wye-Delta Connected LLC
by Jing-Yuan Lin, Chuan-Ting Chen, Kuan-Hung Chen and Yi-Feng Lin
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3606; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14123606 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2078
Abstract
Three-phase wye–delta LLC topology is suitable for voltage step down and high output current, and has been used in the industry for some time, e.g., for server power and EV charger. However, no comprehensive circuit analysis has been performed for three-phase wye–delta LLC. [...] Read more.
Three-phase wye–delta LLC topology is suitable for voltage step down and high output current, and has been used in the industry for some time, e.g., for server power and EV charger. However, no comprehensive circuit analysis has been performed for three-phase wye–delta LLC. This paper provides complete analysis methods for three-phase wye–delta LLC. The analysis methods include circuit operation, time domain analysis, frequency domain analysis, and state–plane analysis. Circuit operation helps determine the circuit composition and operation sequence. Time domain analysis helps understand the detail operation, equivalent circuit model, and circuit equation. Frequency domain analysis helps obtain the curve of the transfer function and assists in circuit design. State–plane analysis is used for optimal trajectory control (OTC). These analyses not only can calculate the voltage/current stress, but can also help design three-phase wye-delta connected LLC and provide the OTC control reference. In addition, this paper uses PSIM simulation to verify the correctness of analysis. At the end, a 5-kW three-phase wye–delta LLC prototype is realized. The specification of the prototype is a DC input voltage of 380 V and output voltage/current of 48 V/105 A. The peak efficiency is 96.57%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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12 pages, 4717 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Effect of the Magnetization Distribution of Multi-Pole PM on SPMSM Performance Using Equivalent Magnetic Circuit Considering Dead Zone
by Jae-Hyun Kim, Kyoung-Soo Cha, Sung-Woo Hwang, Soo-Gyung Lee, Min-Ro Park, Young-Doo Yoon and Myung-Seop Lim
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3279; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14113279 - 03 Jun 2021
Viewed by 1863
Abstract
In multi-pole permanent magnets (PMs) such a ring-type PMs, as multi-poles are magnetized in one segment, the ends of each pole are weakly magnetized, which is known as the dead zone. Thus, when analyzing characteristics of the motor with multi-pole PMs, accurate results [...] Read more.
In multi-pole permanent magnets (PMs) such a ring-type PMs, as multi-poles are magnetized in one segment, the ends of each pole are weakly magnetized, which is known as the dead zone. Thus, when analyzing characteristics of the motor with multi-pole PMs, accurate results can be obtained by considering the magnetization distribution. For this reason, this paper proposed an equivalent magnetic circuit (EMC) for external-rotor surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs) considering the dead zone to analyze the effects of the dead zone on the characteristics of the motor. As the magnetization in the dead zone gradually decreases toward the end of the pole, the magnetization distribution is assumed to have a trapezoidal shape. To describe the magnetization distribution, each pole was divided into several elements, and the equivalent residual magnetic flux density was applied to the elements of the dead zone. Finally, the validity of the proposed EMC was verified by comparing the back electro-motive force and air-gap magnetic flux density obtained by the EMC, finite-element analysis, and test. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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11 pages, 3303 KiB  
Article
Effect of Pole and Slot Combination on the AC Joule Loss of Outer-Rotor Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Using a High Fill Factor Machined Coil
by Soo-Hwan Park, Eui-Chun Lee, Gi-Ju Lee, Soon-O. Kwon and Myung-Seop Lim
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3073; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14113073 - 25 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3836
Abstract
This paper proposes a design guideline for selecting the pole and slot combination of an outer-rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using a maximum slot occupation (MSO) coil. Because the MSO coil has a large conductor area, the AC Joule loss in the [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a design guideline for selecting the pole and slot combination of an outer-rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using a maximum slot occupation (MSO) coil. Because the MSO coil has a large conductor area, the AC Joule loss in the conductors may be increased at high frequencies. To ensure high-efficiency for the PMSM, it is necessary to reduce the loss. Thus, it is important to select the pole- and slot- combination that has the minimum AC Joule loss. The loss is caused by skin/proximity effects and variations in the slot leakage flux. The skin effect is due to the armature winding and the variation in the slot leakage flux is due to the field flux. A method for separating the AC Joule loss due to each component using the frozen permeability method is proposed. Based on the proposed method, the effect of each cause on the loss at various pole- and slot- combinations is analyzed in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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16 pages, 12158 KiB  
Article
A Complex Study of Stator Tooth-Coil Winding Thermal Models for PM Synchronous Motors Used in Electric Vehicle Applications
by Lukáš Veg, Jan Kaska, Martin Skalický and Roman Pechánek
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2395; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14092395 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2431
Abstract
The operational reliability and high efficiency of modern electrical machines depend on the ability to transfer heat in the construction parts of the machine. Therefore, many authors study various thermal models and work on the development of effective heat dissipation. New insights and [...] Read more.
The operational reliability and high efficiency of modern electrical machines depend on the ability to transfer heat in the construction parts of the machine. Therefore, many authors study various thermal models and work on the development of effective heat dissipation. New insights and methods lead to improved techniques for the thermal design of electrical machines. This paper presents an experimentally validated thermal model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with an improved slot winding model. It also deals with various approaches to homogenization and equivalent material properties of a tooth-coil winding sub-model. First, an algorithm for building a lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) of PMSM is described and its properties and problems are discussed. Subsequently, a sub-model of a slot with a winding based on the finite element method (FEM) is introduced. This sub-model is able to generate different conductor distributions based on probabilistic methods for a specified fill factor. This allows the verification of various homogenization approaches and at the same time it is a tool that automatically calculates thermal resistances for the LPTN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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18 pages, 7345 KiB  
Article
Consideration of the Insulation Design Method on a ±200 kV Converter Valve Unit in an HVDC Converter Hall
by Seungmin Bang, Ho-Seung Kim, Jae-Hong Koo and Bang-Wook Lee
Energies 2021, 14(8), 2296; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14082296 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1973
Abstract
A converter valve unit, which converts Alternating Current (AC) to Directing Current (DC) and DC to AC, is one of the key elements of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. The insulation design of a converter valve unit should be considered for air [...] Read more.
A converter valve unit, which converts Alternating Current (AC) to Directing Current (DC) and DC to AC, is one of the key elements of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. The insulation design of a converter valve unit should be considered for air clearance according to the DC superimposed overvoltage and the insulator that maintains the insulation performance and the corona shield to suppress DC corona discharge. There is no prescribed standard for the insulation design of a converter valve unit. Moreover, insulation performance under an applied DC voltage has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, it is necessary to study the insulation design method of the converter valve unit. In this paper, consideration of the insulation design method on a ±200 kV converter valve unit in an HVDC converter hall is performed. The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the 3D model. Additionally, the safety factor (SF) is applied in accordance with the dielectric test in IEC 62271-1. As a result, an insulation design process on the converter valve unit is proposed and the insulation design is carried through the design factors. It is confirmed that design factors on the air clearance, insulator and corona shield have a significant effect on a highly reliable insulation design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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Review

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29 pages, 5540 KiB  
Review
Review of Vibroacoustic Analysis Methods of Electric Vehicles Motors
by Emil Król, Marcin Maciążek and Tomasz Wolnik
Energies 2023, 16(4), 2041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16042041 - 19 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1887
Abstract
The dynamic development of electromobility has resulted in new directions of research, one of which is the analysis of the noise of traction motors. The designs of the motors used in electric vehicles are relatively new and often modified. In addition, strong competition [...] Read more.
The dynamic development of electromobility has resulted in new directions of research, one of which is the analysis of the noise of traction motors. The designs of the motors used in electric vehicles are relatively new and often modified. In addition, strong competition also forces an increase in the power generated per unit mass of the motor, often at the expense of weakening the mechanical structure. This may result in an increase in the noise level generated by the electric drive, so this issue should be analyzed at the motor design stage. Different construction and operating conditions in relation to industrial or railway traction motors make it necessary to constantly develop methods for the noise analysis of the motors for electric vehicles. The aim of this article is to review the methods used so far in an analysis of the noise generated by the motors for electric vehicles. Three main methods are used by the authors of this paper: the analytical method, the hybrid method using two-dimensional models, and the hybrid method using three-dimensional models. In addition to the review of these methods, the paper also focuses on a synthetic summary of the most important factors determining the level and nature of the noise generated by electric vehicle motors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Design and Optimization of Electric Machines)
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