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Advanced Operation, Control, and Optimization of Grid-Integrated Renewable Energy Systems

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 12521

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ikhlaq Hussain

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
Interests: power electronics; wind energy system; photovoltaic system; power quality; hybrid energy storage system; battery management system; optimization; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Marif Daula Siddique

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
Interests: power converter; renewable energy resources; electrical systems for industrial applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Mukul Chankaya

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Guest Editor

School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
Interests: power quality; power electronics optimization; adaptive controls; renewable energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Grid integration of renewable energy resources (RES) has become an obvious choice as the world is obligated to support green energy and reduce greenhouse gases. Grid-integrated wind and PV systems have proven their credibility and reliability with small to medium and utility-scale systems. The hybrid energy systems with battery management systems further reduce the shortcomings of the associated RES increases voltage and frequency stability of the grid. The operational effectiveness of grid-integration RES is highly dependent on its associated controls. The advanced inverter controls allow grid-integrated RES to operate under diverse dynamic conditions while maintaining power quality. Most of the controls are PI-controller-based, where the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) and optimization-based gain tuning can enhance the overall performance of the system.

The Special issue will focus on all aspects related to the grid integration of RES into the modern grid. The topic of interest are:

1. Concentrated/diffused integration of RES for rural and urban areas;
2. Virtual grid for the vehicle to grid and grid to vehicle fast charging of EVs;
3. AC/DC microgrids and hybrid distribution system (DC and AC) integrated RES;
4. Effect of increasing penetration of RES on voltage and frequency stability of the existing grid;
5. Grid integration of RES via grid-supporting and grid-forming inverters;
6. Advanced/hybrid and AI-based controls of DC–DC converters, DC–AC inverters;
7. Optimization-based controls of RES for efficiency improvements;
8. Hybrid energy storage systems and battery management systems for RES.

Prof. Dr. Ikhlaq Hussain
Dr. Marif Daula Siddique
Dr. Mukul Chankaya
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

power electronics
wind energy system
photovoltaic system
power quality
hybrid energy storage system
battery management system
optimization
artificial intelligence

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 5680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ILA Optimisation Based Control for Enhancing DC Link Voltage with Seamless and Adaptive VSC Control in a PV-BES Based AC Microgrid

by Farhat Afzah Samoon, Ikhlaq Hussain and Sheikh Javed Iqbal

Energies 2023, 16(21), 7309; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16217309 - 28 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 779

Abstract

The paper presents a grid-connected microgrid with a photovoltaic system and a battery as a storage element. The optimal design and control of storage elements and power quality improvement are enhanced using sigmoid-function-based variable step size (SFB-VSS) adaptive LMS control. The DC-link voltage and battery current are enhanced using an ILA-optimization-based PI controller. Comparative analysis shows that an ILA-optimized PI controller improves battery stress and DC-link voltage fluctuations, enhancing overall system stability. The relative percentage error of V_dc is only 0.5714% for ILA-optimized values as compared to GA, PSO, and manually tuned PI gains which are 0.857%, 1.14285%, and 0.86%, respectively. ILA-optimized parameters also enhance battery current, reducing stress on the battery. The system was studied under various dynamic conditions, achieving power balance in all conditions. The system has the capability of seamless transfer of control from GC mode to SA mode when the grid is disconnected. The proposed VSC control shows better performance in steady-state and dynamic conditions, maintaining a THD under 5%, which follows IEEE standard 519, and providing better DC offset rejection, fewer oscillations in the weight component of the load, and better convergence. The proposed control also enhances the frequency of the grid, ensuring a smooth transition between modes. The system is simulated in the MATLAB Simulink environment, and all the optimization techniques were carried out offline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Operation, Control, and Optimization of Grid-Integrated Renewable Energy Systems)

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26 pages, 31757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Design and Operation of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Oakland University

by Edrees Yahya Alhawsawi, Hanan Mikhael D. Habbi, Mansour Hawsawi and Mohamed A. Zohdy

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5830; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16155830 - 06 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1704

Abstract

This research paper presents a comprehensive study on the optimal planning and design of hybrid renewable energy systems for microgrid (MG) applications at Oakland University. The HOMER Pro platform analyzes the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of integrating renewable energy technologies. The research also focuses on the importance of addressing unmet load in the MG system design to ensure the university’s electricity demand is always met. By optimizing the integration of various renewable energy technologies, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), energy storage system (ESS), combined heat and power (CHP), and wind turbine energy (WT), the study aims to fulfill the energy requirements while reducing reliance on traditional grid sources and achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed MG configurations are designed to be scalable and flexible, accommodating future expansions, load demands changes, and technological advancements without costly modifications or disruptions. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of technical, economic, and environmental factors and addressing unmet load, this research contributes to advancing renewable energy integration within MG systems. It offers a complete guide for Oakland University and other institutions to effectively plan, design, and implement hybrid renewable energy solutions, fostering a greener and more resilient campus environment. The findings demonstrate the potential for cost-effective and sustainable energy solutions, providing valuable guidance for Oakland University’s search for energy resilience and environmental surveillance, which has a total peak load of 9.958 MW. The HOMER simulation results indicate that utilizing all renewable resources, the estimated net present cost (NPC) is a minimum of USD 30 M, with a levelized energy cost (LCOE) of 0.00274 USD/kWh. In addition, the minimum desired load will be unmetered on some days in September. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Operation, Control, and Optimization of Grid-Integrated Renewable Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 3135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Dispatching of Smart Hybrid Energy Systems for Addressing a Low-Carbon Community

by Wei Wu, Shih-Chieh Chou and Karthickeyan Viswanathan

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3698; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16093698 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1213

Abstract

A smart hybrid energy system (SHES) is presented using a combination of battery, PV systems, and gas/diesel engines. The economic/environmental dispatch optimization algorithm (EEDOA) is employed to minimize the total operating cost or total CO₂ emission. In the face of the uncertainty of renewable power generation, the constraints for loss-of-load probability (LOLP) and the operating reserve for the rechargeable battery are taken into account for compensating the imbalance between load demand and power supplies. The grid-connected and islanded modes of SHES are demonstrated to address a low-carbon community. For forecasting load demand, PV power, and locational-based marginal pricing (LBMP), the proper forecast model, such as long short-term memory (LSTM) or extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), is implemented to improve the EEDOA. A few comparisons show that (i) the grid-connected mode of SHES is superior to the islanded-connected mode of SHES due to lower total operating cost and less total CO₂-eq emissions, and (ii) the forecast-assisted EEDOA could effectively reduce total operating cost and total CO₂-eq emissions of both modes of SHES as compared to no forecast-assisted EEDOA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Operation, Control, and Optimization of Grid-Integrated Renewable Energy Systems)

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26 pages, 9499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Configuration of a Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Turbine/Biomass/Hydro-Pumped Storage-Based Energy System Using a Heap-Based Optimization Algorithm

by Ahmed S. Menesy, Hamdy M. Sultan, Ibrahim O. Habiballah, Hasan Masrur, Kaisar R. Khan and Muhammad Khalid

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3648; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16093648 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1805

Abstract

Recently, renewable energy resources (RESs) have been utilized to supply electricity to remote areas, instead of the conventional methods of electrical energy production. In this paper, the optimal design of a standalone hybrid RES comprising photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass sources as well as an energy storage system, such as a hydro-pumped storage system, is studied. The problem of the optimal sizing of the generating units in the proposed energy system is formulated as an optimization problem and the algorithms heap-based optimizer (HBO), grey wolf optimizer (GWO), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are applied to achieve the optimal sizing of each component of the proposed grid-independent hybrid system. The optimization problem is formulated depending on the real-time meteorological data of the Ataka region on the Red Sea in Egypt. The main goal of the optimization process is to minimize the cost of energy (COE) and the loss of power supply probability (LPSP), while satisfying the constraints of system operation. The results clarify that the HBO algorithm succeeded in obtaining the best design for the selected RE system with the minimum COE of 0.2750 USD/kWh and a net present cost (NPC) of USD 8,055,051. So, the HBO algorithm has the most promising performance over the GWO algorithm in addressing this optimization problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Operation, Control, and Optimization of Grid-Integrated Renewable Energy Systems)

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22 pages, 7344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Model Predictive Direct Power Control for Parallel Distributed Generation in Grid-Tied Microgrids

by Muhammad Zubair Asif Bhatti, Abubakar Siddique, Waseem Aslam, Shahid Atiq and Hussain Sarwar Khan

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1441; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16031441 - 01 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1891

Abstract

This research proposes an improved finite control set direct power model predictive control method (FCS-DPMPC) for grid-tie distributed generation (DG). FCS-DPMPC predicts the system outcomes using the system model. During the next sampling time, a voltage vector is defined using the cost function to minimize the power ripple, consequently allowing flexibility for power regulation. Furthermore, the impact of implementing a one-step delay is studied and compensated through a model forecast pattern. In addition, a new two-step horizon technique has been developed to minimize switching frequency and computation burden. Simulation results for single DG and parallel operated DGs in a grid-tie manner confirm the effectiveness of the suggested control strategy, which signifies that this is an appropriate approach for distributed generation in microgrids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Operation, Control, and Optimization of Grid-Integrated Renewable Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 12487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controller Coordination Strategy for DC Microgrid Using Distributed Predictive Control Improving Voltage Stability

by Marvin Lema, Wilson Pavon, Leony Ortiz, Ama Baduba Asiedu-Asante and Silvio Simani

Energies 2022, 15(15), 5442; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155442 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1970

Abstract

The paper presents the design and control strategy of an isolated DC microgrid, which is based on classical control techniques, predictive control and iterative algorithms. The design control parameters are maximum overshoot, settling time and voltage ripple. The strategy is designed to operate in two different modes, end-users minimum and maximum demand scenarios, and this is achieved through the incorporation of network dynamic loads. The control methodology developed allows to obtain a fast response of the design set points, and an efficient control for disturbance rejection. The simulation results obtained satisfy the proposed design guidelines by obtaining a maximum overshoot of 4.8%, settling time of 0.012 seconds and a voltage ripple of 0.1 percentage. The implemented system simulation was developed in Matlab-Simulink software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Operation, Control, and Optimization of Grid-Integrated Renewable Energy Systems)

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Review

Jump to: Research

29 pages, 5529 KiB

Open AccessReview

State-of-the-Art Grid Stability Improvement Techniques for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Stations for Future Outlooks

by Kabir Momoh, Shamsul Aizam Zulkifli, Petr Korba, Felix Rafael Segundo Sevilla, Arif Nur Afandi and Alfredo Velazquez-Ibañez

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3956; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16093956 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

The growing trend for electric vehicles (EVs) and fast-charging stations (FCSs) will cause the overloading of grids due to the high current injection from FCSs’ converters. The insensitive nature of the state of charge (SOC) of EV batteries during FCS operation often results in grid instability problems, such as voltage and frequency deviation at the point of common coupling (PCC). Therefore, many researchers have focused on two-stage converter control (TSCC) and single-stage converter (SSC) control for FCS stability enhancement, and suggested that SSC architectures are superior in performance, unlike the TSCC methods. However, only a few research works have focused on SSC techniques, despite the techniques’ ability to provide inertia and damping support through the virtual synchronous machine (VSM) strategy due to power decoupling and dynamic response problems. TSCC methods deploy current or voltage control for controlling EVs’ SOC battery charging through proportional-integral (PI), proportional-resonant (PR), deadbeat or proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers, but these are relegated by high current harmonics, frequency fluctuation and switching losses due to transient switching. This paper reviewed the linkage between the latest research contributions, issues associated with TSCC and SSC techniques, and the performance evaluation of the techniques, and subsequently identified the research gaps and proposed SSC control with SOC consideration for further research studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Operation, Control, and Optimization of Grid-Integrated Renewable Energy Systems)

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