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Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2019) | Viewed by 67465

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Miltiadis D. Lytras

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Guest Editor

Computer Science Department, College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Interests: cognitive computing; artificial intelligence; data science; bioinformatics; innovation; big data research; data mining; emerging technologies; information systems; technology driven innovation; knowledge management; semantic web
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Kwok Tai Chui

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Guest Editor

Department of Technology, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Ho Man Tin, Hong Kong
Interests: big data; bioinformatics; computational intelligence; data science; energy monitoring and management; intelligent transportation; optimization; semantic web
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Earth has experienced rapid climate change and global warming is important to our future. The migration from electrical grid to smart grid has been one of the crucial areas in smart city. Smart grid offers attractive advantages like carbon emission reduction, energy saving via reduction consumption, better customer service, fraud detection and demand response. Its multidisciplinary nature motivates the need for innovative and robust solutions coming from different fields of knowledge. Attributed to the complexity and abundance of data, artificial intelligence plays an important role for the success of smart grid.

This special issue aims to consolidate recent advances in artificial intelligence for smart grid, research in theory and applications. Pilot study in smart grid is especially welcome. Topics of interest for the special issue include (but are not limited to)

New theories and applications of machine learning algorithms in smart grid
Design, development and application of deep learning in smart grid
Artificial intelligence in advanced metering infrastructure
Multiobjective optimization algorithms in smart grid
Disaggregation techniques in non-intrusive load monitoring
Modelling and simulation (or co-simulation) in smart grid
Internet of Things and smart grid
Data driven analytics (descriptive, diagnostic, predictive and prescriptive) in smart grid
Artificial intelligence techniques for security
Fraud detection and predictive maintenance
Demand response in smart grid
Peak load management approach in smart grid
Interoperability in smart grid
Cloud computing based smart grid
Vehicle-to-grid design, development and application

Prof. Dr. Miltiadis D. Lytras
Dr. Kwok Tai Chui
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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7 pages, 192 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Recent Development of Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications

by Miltiadis D. Lytras and Kwok Tai Chui

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3108; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12163108 - 13 Aug 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5192

Abstract

Human beings share the same community in which the usage of energy by fossil fuels leads to deterioration in the environment, typically global warming. When the temperature rises to the critical point and triggers the continual melting of permafrost, it can wreak havoc on the life of animals and humans. Solutions could include optimizing existing devices, systems, and platforms, as well as utilizing green energy as a replacement of non-renewable energy. In this special issue “Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications”, eleven (11) papers, including one review article, have been published as examples of recent developments. Guest editors also highlight other hot topics beyond the coverage of the published articles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

Research

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15 pages, 2432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Static Young’s Modulus for Sandstone Formation Using Artificial Neural Networks

by Ahmed Abdulhamid Mahmoud, Salaheldin Elkatatny, Abdulwahab Ali and Tamer Moussa

Energies 2019, 12(11), 2125; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12112125 - 03 Jun 2019

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 3976

Abstract

In this study, we used artificial neural networks (ANN) to estimate static Young’s modulus (E_static) for sandstone formation from conventional well logs. ANN design parameters were optimized using the self-adaptive differential evolution optimization algorithm. The ANN model was trained to predict E_static from conventional well logs of the bulk density, compressional time, and shear time. The ANN model was trained on 409 data points from one well. The extracted weights and biases of the optimized ANN model was used to develop an empirical relationship for E_static estimation based on well logs. This empirical correlation was tested on 183 unseen data points from the same training well and validated using data from three different wells. The optimized ANN model estimated E_static for the training dataset with a very low average absolute percentage error (AAPE) of 0.98%, a very high correlation coefficient (R) of 0.999 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9978. The developed ANN-based correlation estimated E_static for the testing dataset with a very high accuracy as indicated by the low AAPE of 1.46% and a very high R and R² of 0.998 and 0.9951, respectively. In addition, the visual comparison of the core-tested and predicted E_static of the validation dataset confirmed the high accuracy of the developed ANN-based empirical correlation. The ANN-based correlation overperformed four of the previously developed E_static correlations in estimating E_static for the validation data, E_static for the validation data was predicted with an AAPE of 3.8% by using the ANN-based correlation compared to AAPE’s of more than 36.0% for the previously developed correlations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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17 pages, 3333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Framework to Predict the Rheological Properties of CaCl₂ Brine-Based Drill-in Fluid Using Artificial Neural Network

by Ahmed Gowida, Salaheldin Elkatatny, Emad Ramadan and Abdulazeez Abdulraheem

Energies 2019, 12(10), 1880; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12101880 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3061

Abstract

Calcium chloride brine-based drill-in fluid is commonly used within the reservoir section, as it is specially formulated to maximize drilling experience, and to protect the reservoir from being damaged. Monitoring the drilling fluid rheology including plastic viscosity,

P V,

apparent viscosity, [...] Read more.

P V,

apparent viscosity,

A V,

yield point,

Y_{p},

flow behavior index,

n,

and flow consistency index,

k,

has great importance in evaluating hole cleaning and optimizing drilling hydraulics. Therefore, it is very crucial for the mud rheology to be checked periodically during drilling, in order to control its persistent change. Such properties are often measured in the field twice a day, and in practice, this takes a long time (2–3 h for taking measurements and cleaning the instruments). However, mud weight,

M W

, and Marsh funnel viscosity,

M F

, are periodically measured every 15–20 min. The objective of this study is to develop new models using artificial neural network, ANN, to predict the rheological properties of calcium chloride brine-based mud using

M W

and

M F

measurements then extract empirical correlations in a white-box mode to predict these properties based on

M W

and

M F

. Field measurements, 515 points, representing actual mud samples, were collected to build the proposed ANN models. The optimized parameters of these models resulted in highly accurate results indicated by a high correlation coefficient, R, between the predicted and measured values, which exceeded 0.97, with an average absolute percentage error, AAPE, that did not exceed 6.1%. Accordingly, the developed models are very useful for monitoring the mud rheology to optimize the drilling operation and avoid many problems such as hole cleaning issues, pipe sticking and loss of circulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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17 pages, 4505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Nonintrusive Load Monitoring Approach based on Linear-Chain Conditional Random Fields

by Hui He, Zixuan Liu, Runhai Jiao and Guangwei Yan

Energies 2019, 12(9), 1797; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12091797 - 11 May 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2810

Abstract

In a real interactive service system, a smart meter can only read the total amount of energy consumption rather than analyze the internal load components for users. Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM), as a vital part of smart power utilization techniques, can provide load disaggregation information, which can be further used for optimal energy use. In our paper, we introduce a new method called linear-chain conditional random fields (CRFs) for NILM and combine two promising features: current signals and real power measurements. The proposed method relaxes the independent assumption and avoids the label bias problem. Case studies on two open datasets showed that the proposed method can efficiently identify multistate appliances and detect appliances that are not easily identified by other models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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15 pages, 11809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insulator Detection Method in Inspection Image Based on Improved Faster R-CNN

by Zhenbing Zhao, Zhen Zhen, Lei Zhang, Yincheng Qi, Yinghui Kong and Ke Zhang

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1204; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12071204 - 28 Mar 2019

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 5077

Abstract

The detection of insulators in power transmission and transformation inspection images is the basis for insulator state detection and fault diagnosis in thereafter. Aiming at the detection of insulators with different aspect ratios and scales and ones with mutual occlusion, a method of insulator inspection image based on the improved faster region-convolutional neural network (R-CNN) is put forward in this paper. By constructing a power transmission and transformation insulation equipment detection dataset and fine-tuning the faster R-CNN model, the anchor generation method and non-maximum suppression (NMS) in the region proposal network (RPN) of the faster R-CNN model were improved, thus realizing a better detection of insulators. The experimental results show that the average precision (AP) value of the faster R-CNN model was increased to 0.818 with the improved anchor generation method under the VGG-16 Net. In addition, the detection effect of different aspect ratios and different scales of insulators in the inspection images was improved significantly, and the occlusion of insulators could be effectively distinguished and detected using the improved NMS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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30 pages, 2963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Electric Load and Price Forecasting Using Enhanced Extreme Learning Machine Optimization in Smart Grids

by Aqdas Naz, Muhammad Umar Javed, Nadeem Javaid, Tanzila Saba, Musaed Alhussein and Khursheed Aurangzeb

Energies 2019, 12(5), 866; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12050866 - 05 Mar 2019

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 6017

Abstract

A Smart Grid (SG) is a modernized grid to provide efficient, reliable and economic energy to the consumers. Energy is the most important resource in the world. An efficient energy distribution is required as smart devices are increasing dramatically. The forecasting of electricity consumption is supposed to be a major constituent to enhance the performance of SG. Various learning algorithms have been proposed to solve the forecasting problem. The sole purpose of this work is to predict the price and load efficiently. The first technique is Enhanced Logistic Regression (ELR) and the second technique is Enhanced Recurrent Extreme Learning Machine (ERELM). ELR is an enhanced form of Logistic Regression (LR), whereas, ERELM optimizes weights and biases using a Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Relief-F and Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) are used for feature selection and extraction. On the basis of selected features, classification is performed using ELR. Cross validation is done for ERELM using Monte Carlo and K-Fold methods. The simulations are performed on two different datasets. The first dataset, i.e., UMass Electric Dataset is multi-variate while the second dataset, i.e., UCI Dataset is uni-variate. The first proposed model performed better with UMass Electric Dataset than UCI Dataset and the accuracy of second model is better with UCI than UMass. The prediction accuracy is analyzed on the basis of four different performance metrics: Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The proposed techniques are then compared with four benchmark schemes. The comparison is done to verify the adaptivity of the proposed techniques. The simulation results show that the proposed techniques outperformed benchmark schemes. The proposed techniques efficiently increased the prediction accuracy of load and price. However, the computational time is increased in both scenarios. ELR achieved almost 5% better results than Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and almost 3% than LR. While, ERELM achieved almost 6% better results than ELM and almost 5% than RELM. However, the computational time is almost 20% increased with ELR and 50% with ERELM. Scalability is also addressed for the proposed techniques using half-yearly and yearly datasets. Simulation results show that ELR gives 5% better results while, ERELM gives 6% better results when used for yearly dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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14 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solving the Energy Efficient Coverage Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Distributed Genetic Algorithm Approach with Hierarchical Fitness Evaluation

by Zi-Jia Wang, Zhi-Hui Zhan and Jun Zhang

Energies 2018, 11(12), 3526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11123526 - 18 Dec 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3433

Abstract

This paper proposed a distributed genetic algorithm (DGA) to solve the energy efficient coverage (EEC) problem in the wireless sensor networks (WSN). Due to the fact that the EEC problem is Non-deterministic Polynomial-Complete (NPC) and time-consuming, it is wise to use a nature-inspired meta-heuristic DGA approach to tackle this problem. The novelties and advantages in designing our approach and in modeling the EEC problems are as the following two aspects. Firstly, in the algorithm design, we realized DGA in the multi-processor distributed environment, where a set of processors run distributed to evaluate the fitness values in parallel to reduce the computational cost. Secondly, when we evaluate a chromosome, different from the traditional model of EEC problem in WSN that only calculates the number of disjoint sets, we proposed a hierarchical fitness evaluation and constructed a two-level fitness function to count the number of disjoint sets and the coverage performance of all the disjoint sets. Therefore, not only do we have the innovations in algorithm, but also have the contributions on the model of EEC problem in WSN. The experimental results show that our proposed DGA performs better than other state-of-the-art approaches in maximizing the number of disjoin sets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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Graphical abstract

35 pages, 5228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Based on Novel Transient Signal in Household Appliances with Low Sampling Rate

by Thi-Thu-Huong Le and Howon Kim

Energies 2018, 11(12), 3409; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11123409 - 05 Dec 2018

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6940

Abstract

Nowadays climate change problems have been more and more concerns and urgent in the real world. Especially, the energy power consumption monitoring is a considerate trend having positive effects in decreasing affecting climate change. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is the best economic solution to solve the electrical consumption monitoring issue. NILM captures the electrical signals from the aggregate energy consumption, feature extraction from these signals and then learning and predicting the switch ON/OFF of appliances used these feature extracted. This paper proposed a NILM framework including data acquisition, data feature extraction, and classification model. The main contribution is to develop a new transient signal in a different aspect. The proposed transient signal is extracted from the active power signal in the low-frequency sampling rate. This transient signal is used to detect the event of household appliances. In household appliances event detection, we applied to Decision Tree and Long Short-Time Memory (LSTM) models. The average accuracies of these models achieved 92.64% and 96.85%, respectively. The computational and result experiments present the solution effectiveness for the accurate transient signal extraction in the electrical input signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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30 pages, 1709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Effective and Efficient Energy Management of Single Home and a Smart Community Exploiting Heuristic Optimization Algorithms with Critical Peak and Real-Time Pricing Tariffs in Smart Grids

by Muhammad Awais, Nadeem Javaid, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Syed Irtaza Haider, Zahoor Ali Khan and Danish Mahmood

Energies 2018, 11(11), 3125; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11113125 - 12 Nov 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4091

Abstract

Nowadays, automated appliances are exponentially increasing. Therefore, there is a need for a scheme to accomplish the electricity demand of automated appliances. Recently, many Demand Side Management (DSM) schemes have been explored to alleviate Electricity Cost (EC) and Peak to Average Ratio (PAR). In this paper, energy consumption problem in a residential area is considered. To solve this problem, a heuristic based DSM technique is proposed to minimize EC and PAR with affordable user’s Waiting Time (WT). In heuristic techniques: Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) and Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) are implemented. Furthermore, a novel heuristic algorithm has been proposed by merging the best features of the aforementioned existing algorithms. We test the proposed scheme on single homes and on smart community (involving multiple households). Different Operational Time Intervals (OTIs) are also considered for implementation. We have performed simulations for validating the our scheme. Results clearly demonstrate that the proposed Hybrid Bacterial Flower Pollination Algorithm (HBFPA) shows efficacy for EC and for reduction of PAR with reasonable user WT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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20 pages, 2555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Sustainability in Smart Cities: Artificial Intelligence, Smart Monitoring, and Optimization of Energy Consumption

by Kwok Tai Chui, Miltiadis D. Lytras and Anna Visvizi

Energies 2018, 11(11), 2869; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11112869 - 23 Oct 2018

Cited by 147 | Viewed by 12350

Abstract

Energy sustainability is one of the key questions that drive the debate on cities’ and urban areas development. In parallel, artificial intelligence and cognitive computing have emerged as catalysts in the process aimed at designing and optimizing smart services’ supply and utilization in urban space. The latter are paramount in the domain of energy provision and consumption. This paper offers an insight into pilot systems and prototypes that showcase in which ways artificial intelligence can offer critical support in the process of attaining energy sustainability in smart cities. To this end, this paper examines smart metering and non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) to make a case for the latter’s value added in context of profiling electric appliances’ electricity consumption. By employing the findings in context of smart cities research, the paper then adds to the debate on energy sustainability in urban space. Existing research tends to be limited by data granularity (not in high frequency) and consideration of about six kinds of appliances. In this paper, a hybrid genetic algorithm support vector machine multiple kernel learning approach (GA-SVM-MKL) is proposed for NILM, with consideration of 20 kinds of appliance. Genetic algorithm helps to solve the multi-objective optimization problem and design the optimal kernel function based on various kernel properties. The performance indicators are sensitivity (S_e), specificity (S_p) and overall accuracy (OA) of the classifier. First, the performance evaluation of proposed GA-SVM-MKL achieves S_e of 92.1%, S_p of 91.5% and OA of 91.8%. Second, the percentage improvement of performance indicators using proposed method is more than 21% compared with traditional kernel. Third, results reveal that by keeping different modes of electric appliance as identical class label, the performance indicators can increase to about 15%. Forth, tunable modes of GA-SVM-MKL classifier are proposed to further enhance the performance indicators up to 7%. Overall, this paper is a bold and novel contribution to the debate on energy utilization and sustainability in urban spaces as it integrates insights from artificial intelligence, IoT, and big data analytics and queries them in a context defined by energy sustainability in smart cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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Review

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29 pages, 1345 KiB

Open AccessReview

NILM Techniques for Intelligent Home Energy Management and Ambient Assisted Living: A Review

by Antonio Ruano, Alvaro Hernandez, Jesus Ureña, Maria Ruano and Juan Garcia

Energies 2019, 12(11), 2203; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12112203 - 10 Jun 2019

Cited by 178 | Viewed by 13095

Abstract

The ongoing deployment of smart meters and different commercial devices has made electricity disaggregation feasible in buildings and households, based on a single measure of the current and, sometimes, of the voltage. Energy disaggregation is intended to separate the total power consumption into specific appliance loads, which can be achieved by applying Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) techniques with a minimum invasion of privacy. NILM techniques are becoming more and more widespread in recent years, as a consequence of the interest companies and consumers have in efficient energy consumption and management. This work presents a detailed review of NILM methods, focusing particularly on recent proposals and their applications, particularly in the areas of Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) and Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), where the ability to determine the on/off status of certain devices can provide key information for making further decisions. As well as complementing previous reviews on the NILM field and providing a discussion of the applications of NILM in HEMS and AAL, this paper provides guidelines for future research in these topics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems and Applications)

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