Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
5.5
3.2
Journals
Energies
Special Issues
Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications,...
energies-logo
Submit to Energies Review for Energies Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

► Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser
share announcement

Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 March 2022) | Viewed by 31870

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Udaya K Madawala

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckalnd, Auckalnd 1023, New Zealand
Interests: wireless (inductive) power transfer; power electronics; renewable energy; V2G systems
Dr. Craig Baguley

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
Interests: power electronics; magnetic component design and application; power systems in the pacificislands; renewable energy
Dr. Shantha Gamini Jayasinghe

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7005, Australia
Interests: power electronics; electric ship propulsion; renewable energy systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The penetration rate of electric vehicles (EVs) into the transport sector of future societies will be high. This will result some excellent outcomes, but will also bring one of the greatest challenges to the electric power industry that it has ever faced. Multiple solutions must be developed to address a range of issues at various levels. One potential solution of high promise is vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology.

Conventionally, energy is transferred from grid to vehicle and stored in EV batteries for later use for EV motor drive. However, and instead, this energy could be retrieved and used to provide electricity to a house (V2H), building (V2B), neighbourhood, or back to the grid (V2G). Through V2G, a range of power system services can be provided, including support for intermittent renewable energy power sources, frequency and voltage stabilization, and peak shaving. In addition, for power systems that are heavily dependent on fossil fuelled generation, carefully planned V2G implementation can generate revenue for utility companies while saving money for consumers through energy time shifting.

We propose a Special Issue on leading edge power electronic and power system issues related to high EV penetration rates, as well as the bi-directional transfer of energy between EVs and other systems (this encompasses not only V2G but all V2X system types). We welcome and encourage submissions in this area. Topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

  • Power electronic V2G, and other V2X, interface technology challenges and solutions;
  • V2G, and other V2X, electricity network planning and integration requirements;
  • Charge/discharge scheduling and optimization, and issues related to high EV penetration rates;
  • Energy-related opportunities and challenges V2G and other V2X will present to EV owners, property owners, and utilities.

Prof. Dr. Udaya K Madawala
Dr. Craig Baguley
Dr. Shantha Gamini Jayasinghe
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Plug-in electric vehicle
  • Vehicle-to-grid, V2G
  • V2X
  • Bi-directional energy transfer
  • Battery charger
  • Charge scheduling, discharge scheduling
  • Distribution networks.

Published Papers (10 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

15 pages, 3558 KiB  
Article
The Coordinated Operation of Vertically Structured Power Systems for Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling
by Yuana Adianto, Craig Baguley, Udaya Madawala, Nanang Hariyanto, Suwarno Suwarno and Teguh Kurniawan
Energies 2022, 15(1), 27; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15010027 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2734
Abstract
Charge scheduling can mitigate against issues arising from excessive electric vehicle (EV) charging loads and is commonly implemented using time-of-use pricing. A charge scheduling strategy to suit vertically structured power systems without relying on time-of-use pricing has not yet been reported, despite being [...] Read more.
Charge scheduling can mitigate against issues arising from excessive electric vehicle (EV) charging loads and is commonly implemented using time-of-use pricing. A charge scheduling strategy to suit vertically structured power systems without relying on time-of-use pricing has not yet been reported, despite being needed by industry. Therefore, a novel charge scheduling strategy to meet this need is proposed in this paper. Key aspects include the provision of a decision-making framework that accommodates for the considerations of transmission and distribution network operators, and the allowance for dynamically changing charging loads through timely forecast updates with reduced communication requirements. A case study based on the Indonesian Java-Bali power system is undertaken to demonstrate the strategy’s effectiveness. Different and realistic EV uptake scenarios are considered, using probabilistic modeling, survey work, and a Monte Carlo modeling approach. Even under slow EV charging conditions case study results show assets are overloaded and high electricity production costs are incurred. These are alleviated through adopting the proposed strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2992 KiB  
Article
Marginal Value of Vehicle-to-Grid Ancillary Service in a Power System with Variable Renewable Energy Penetration and Grid Side Flexibility
by Ryosuke Kataoka, Kazuhiko Ogimoto and Yumiko Iwafune
Energies 2021, 14(22), 7577; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14227577 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1720
Abstract
Regulating the frequencies of power grids by controlling electric vehicle charging and discharging, known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) ancillary services, is a promising and profitable means of providing flexibility that integrates variable renewable energy (VRE) into traditional power systems. However, the ancillary services market [...] Read more.
Regulating the frequencies of power grids by controlling electric vehicle charging and discharging, known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) ancillary services, is a promising and profitable means of providing flexibility that integrates variable renewable energy (VRE) into traditional power systems. However, the ancillary services market is a niche, and the scale, saturation, and time-dependency are unclear when assuming future changes in the power system structure. We studied the marginal value of V2G ancillary services as a balancing capacity of the power system operation on the load-frequency control (LFC) timescale and evaluated the reasonable maximum capacity of the LFC provided by V2G. As a case study, we assumed that the Japanese power system would be used under various VRE penetration scenarios and considered the limited availability time of V2G, based on the daily commuter cycle. The power system operation was modeled by considering pumped storage, interconnection lines, and thermal power–partial load operations. The results show that the marginal value of V2G was greater during the daytime than overnight, and the maximum cost saving (USD 705.6/EV/year) occurred during the daytime under the high-VRE scenario. Improving the value and size of V2G ancillary services required coordination with energy storage and excess VRE generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4367 KiB  
Article
Economic Impacts of the Demand Response of Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Degradation
by Yumiko Iwafune and Kazuhiko Ogimoto
Energies 2020, 13(21), 5771; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13215771 - 04 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1920
Abstract
The increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to increased global expectations that the application of this technology may result in the reduction of CO2 emissions through the replacement of conventional petrol vehicles and ensure the flexibility of power [...] Read more.
The increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to increased global expectations that the application of this technology may result in the reduction of CO2 emissions through the replacement of conventional petrol vehicles and ensure the flexibility of power systems such as batteries. In this paper, we propose a residential demand response (DR) evaluation model that considers the degradation mechanism of the EV battery and examines the effective battery operation. We adopted the already-proposed NiMnCo battery degradation model to develop an EV DR evaluation model. In this model, the battery operation is optimized to minimize the electricity and degradation costs affected by ambient temperature, battery state of charge (SOC), and depth of discharge. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the relevant parameters on the economics of the DR of EV batteries for 10 all-electric detached houses with photovoltaic system assuming multiple EV driving patterns and battery (dis)charging constraints. The results indicated that the degradation costs are greatly affected by the SOC condition. If a low SOC can be managed with a DR strategy, the total cost can be reduced. This is because the sum of the reduction of purchased cost from the utility and calendar degradation costs are higher than the increase of the cycle degradation cost. In addition, an analysis was conducted considering different driving patterns. The results showed that the cost reduction was highest when a driving pattern was employed in which the mileage was low and the staying at home time was large. When degradation costs are included, the value of optimized charging and discharging operations is more apparent than when degradation costs are not considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2721 KiB  
Article
Game-Theory Based V2G Coordination Strategy for Providing Ramping Flexibility in Power Systems
by Jin Zhang, Liang Che, Lei Wang and Udaya K. Madawala
Energies 2020, 13(19), 5008; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13195008 - 23 Sep 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2453
Abstract
Large-scale integration of renewable generation into power systems invariably affects the system ramping capability. However, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept that allows for using electric vehicles (EVs) as energy storages with the capability of bidirectional energy transfer between the EVs and the grid, can [...] Read more.
Large-scale integration of renewable generation into power systems invariably affects the system ramping capability. However, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept that allows for using electric vehicles (EVs) as energy storages with the capability of bidirectional energy transfer between the EVs and the grid, can be employed to mitigate the above adverse effect. This paper proposes a game-theory-based V2G coordination strategy that uses EV clusters to improve ramping flexibility in power systems. In the proposed strategy, the V2G concept, representing the interactions between the distribution system operator (DSO) and EV clusters, is formulated as a Stackelberg game. The DSO acts as a leader who decides the charging prices for the buses to which the EV clusters are connected, while the EV clusters simply serve as followers, scheduling their own charging and discharging. This bi-level model is further reduced to a single-level, mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, the strong duality theorem and second-order cone (SOC) relaxation. The performance of the proposed V2G coordination strategy on a modified IEEE 33-bus system connecting EV clusters and PV generations is investigated through simulations, and the results demonstrate that the largest ramp of the system can be reduced by up to 39% when EV clusters are providing flexibility, while the EV clusters can also have greatly reduced charging costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4136 KiB  
Article
An Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Approach Suited to Local and Supplying Distribution Transformers
by Teguh Kurniawan, Craig A. Baguley, Udaya K. Madawala, Suwarno, Nanang Hariyanto and Yuana Adianto
Energies 2020, 13(13), 3486; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13133486 - 06 Jul 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2990
Abstract
Distribution networks with high electric vehicle (EV) penetration levels can experience transformer overloading and voltage instability issues. A charge scheduling approach is proposed to mitigate against these issues that suits smart home settings in residential areas. It comprises measurement systems located at distribution [...] Read more.
Distribution networks with high electric vehicle (EV) penetration levels can experience transformer overloading and voltage instability issues. A charge scheduling approach is proposed to mitigate against these issues that suits smart home settings in residential areas. It comprises measurement systems located at distribution transformers that communicate directly with fuzzy logic controller (FLC) systems embedded within EV supply equipment (EVSE). This realizes a reduction in data processing requirements compared to more centralized control approaches, which is advantageous for distribution networks with large numbers of transformers and EV scheduling requests. A case study employing the proposed approach is presented. Realistic driver behavior patterns, EV types, and multivariate probabilistic modeling were used to estimate EV charging demands, daily travel mileage, and plug-in times. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was developed to obtain EV charging loads. The effectiveness of mitigation in terms of reducing distribution transformer peak load levels and losses, as well as improving voltage stability is demonstrated for a distribution network in Jakarta, Indonesia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4386 KiB  
Article
Plug-In Electric Bus Depot Charging with PV and ESS and Their Impact on LV Feeder
by Syed Muhammad Arif, Tek Tjing Lie, Boon Chong Seet, Syed Muhammad Ahsan and Hassan Abbas Khan
Energies 2020, 13(9), 2139; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13092139 - 29 Apr 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4266
Abstract
Plug-in electric buses (PEBs) are a promising alternative to conventional buses to provide a sustainable, economical, and efficient mode of transportation. However, electrification of public transportation leads to a phenomenon of peak load that impacts the stability of low voltage (LV) feeders. In [...] Read more.
Plug-in electric buses (PEBs) are a promising alternative to conventional buses to provide a sustainable, economical, and efficient mode of transportation. However, electrification of public transportation leads to a phenomenon of peak load that impacts the stability of low voltage (LV) feeders. In this context, the effective integration of an energy storage system (ESS) and photovoltaic (PV) in a bus depot charging ecosystem can lead to i) peak load reduction and ii) charging cost reduction with low carbon emission. Therefore, a limited PEB charge scheduling algorithm is proposed for: i) bus depot operator (BDO) profit maximization and ii) grid stability enhancement considering the constraints of PEB charging and grids. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for BDO profit maximization has been formulated and analyzed using IBM ILOG studio with CPLEX solver. Simulation has been performed for SkyBus electric fleet using real-world data such as actual bus arrival and departure schedules under diverse traffic, number of passengers, trip duration, daily load profile, solar radiation profile, and benchmark storage price. The charging impact of PEBs was tested on one of the distribution feeders in Auckland, New Zealand. The BDO generates revenue by performing energy trading among PV, ESS, PEBs, and buildings after incorporating capital investment, operation and maintenance, and depreciation costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 3733 KiB  
Article
Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach for Residential Microgrid Energy Scheduling
by Xiaohan Fang, Jinkuan Wang, Guanru Song, Yinghua Han, Qiang Zhao and Zhiao Cao
Energies 2020, 13(1), 123; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13010123 - 25 Dec 2019
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5606
Abstract
Residential microgrid is widely considered as a new paradigm of the home energy management system. The complexity of Microgrid Energy Scheduling (MES) is increasing with the integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Renewable Generations (RGs). Moreover, it is challenging to determine optimal scheduling [...] Read more.
Residential microgrid is widely considered as a new paradigm of the home energy management system. The complexity of Microgrid Energy Scheduling (MES) is increasing with the integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Renewable Generations (RGs). Moreover, it is challenging to determine optimal scheduling strategies to guarantee the efficiency of the microgrid market and to balance all market participants’ benefits. In this paper, a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) approach for residential MES is proposed to promote the autonomy and fairness of microgrid market operation. First, a multi-agent based residential microgrid model including Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and RGs is constructed and an auction-based microgrid market is built. Then, distinguish from Single-Agent Reinforcement Learning (SARL), MARL can achieve distributed autonomous learning for each agent and realize the equilibrium of all agents’ benefits, therefore, we formulate an equilibrium-based MARL framework according to each participant’ market orientation. Finally, to guarantee the fairness and privacy of the MARL process, we proposed an improved optimal Equilibrium Selection-MARL (ES-MARL) algorithm based on two mechanisms, private negotiation and maximum average reward. Simulation results demonstrate the overall performance and efficiency of proposed MARL are superior to that of SARL. Besides, it is verified that the improved ES-MARL can get higher average profit to balance all agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 9630 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Impact of E-Mobility on the Electrical Power Grid Using a Simplified Grid Modelling Approach
by Julia Vopava, Christian Koczwara, Anna Traupmann and Thomas Kienberger
Energies 2020, 13(1), 39; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13010039 - 19 Dec 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2374
Abstract
To achieve climate goals, it is necessary to decarbonise the transport sector, which requires an immediate changeover to alternative power sources (e.g., battery powered vehicles). This change will lead to an increase in the demand for electrical energy, which will cause additional stress [...] Read more.
To achieve climate goals, it is necessary to decarbonise the transport sector, which requires an immediate changeover to alternative power sources (e.g., battery powered vehicles). This change will lead to an increase in the demand for electrical energy, which will cause additional stress on power grids. It is therefore necessary to evaluate energy and power requirements of a future society using e-mobility. Therefore, we present a new approach to investigate the influence of increasing e-mobility on a distribution grid level. This includes the development of a power grid model based on a cellular approach, reducing computation efforts, and allowing time and spatially resolved grid stress analysis based on different load and renewable energy source scenarios. The results show that by using the simplified grid model at least seven times, more scenarios can be calculated in the same time. In addition, we demonstrate the capability of this novel approach by analysing the influence of different penetrations of e-mobility on the grid load using a case study, which is calculated using synthetic charging load profiles based on a real-life mobility data. The results from this case study show an increase on line utilisations with increasing e-mobility and the influence of producers at the same connection point as e-mobility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1262 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Optimization-Based EV Charging Scheduling with Load Limit in a Realistic Scenario
by Steffen Limmer
Energies 2019, 12(24), 4730; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en12244730 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1825
Abstract
In the literature, optimization-based approaches are frequently proposed for the control of electric vehicle charging. However, they are usually evaluated under simplifying assumptions and are not compared to more simple approaches. The present work compares optimization-based approaches with rule-based ones in a simple [...] Read more.
In the literature, optimization-based approaches are frequently proposed for the control of electric vehicle charging. However, they are usually evaluated under simplifying assumptions and are not compared to more simple approaches. The present work compares optimization-based approaches with rule-based ones in a simple but realistic scenario, in which a certain limit for the total load has to be satisfied. The scenario is based on the situation at an office building in Germany. In simulation experiments, different control approaches are evaluated not only in terms of pure performance but also from an economic perspective. The results indicate that, although the optimization-based approaches outperform the rule-based approaches, they are not always the right choice from an economic point of view. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

13 pages, 1084 KiB  
Review
An Insight into Practical Solutions for Electric Vehicle Charging in Smart Grid
by Sara Deilami and S. M. Muyeen
Energies 2020, 13(7), 1545; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13071545 - 26 Mar 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4783
Abstract
The electrification of transportation has been developed to support energy efficiency and CO2 reduction. As a result, electric vehicles (EVs) have become more popular in the current transport system to create more efficient energy. In recent years, this increase in EVs as [...] Read more.
The electrification of transportation has been developed to support energy efficiency and CO2 reduction. As a result, electric vehicles (EVs) have become more popular in the current transport system to create more efficient energy. In recent years, this increase in EVs as well as renewable energy resources (RERs) has led to a major issue for power system networks. This paper studies electrical vehicles (EVs) and their applications in the smart grid and provides practical solutions for EV charging strategies in a smart power system to overcome the issues associated with large-scale EV penetrations. The research first reviews the EV battery infrastructure and charging strategies and introduces the main impacts of uncontrolled charging on the power grid. Then, it provides a practical overview of the existing and future solutions to manage the large-scale integration of EVs into the network. The simulation results for two controlled strategies of maximum sensitivity selection (MSS) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization are presented and reviewed. A comparative analysis was performed to prove the application and validity of the solution approaches. This also helps researchers with the application of the optimization approaches on EV charging strategies. These two algorithms were implemented on a modified IEEE 23 kV medium voltage distribution system with switched shunt capacitors (SSCs) and a low voltage residential network, including EVs and nonlinear EV battery chargers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Energy Transfer Technologies for Vehicle-to-Grid and Other Vehicle-to-X Applications, and Solutions to Issues Caused by High Electric Vehicle Penetration Rates)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-10
Back to TopTop