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Design and Control of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D: Energy Storage and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2023) | Viewed by 8710

Special Issue Editor

School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Interests: design and control of flywheel energy storage systems; magnetic suspension technology; motor optimization design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) break through the limitation of chemical batteries and realize energy storage through physical methods. They have the characteristics of pollution-free activity, high energy conversion efficiency and power density, long cycle life, insensitivity to temperature, etc. They are one of the most important ways to reduce carbon emissions and deal with the current global climate change and energy crisis. The design and efficient control of new flywheel energy storage systems are two key problems to be solved urgently. This Special Issue will deal with novel optimization and control techniques for flywheel energy storage systems. Topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to:

  • Overview of flywheel energy storage systems;
  • Structure design of flywheel energy storage systems;
  • Optimization design and control of magnetic bearings for FESS;
  • Optimization design and control of flywheel motors;
  • Modeling of flywheel motors for FESS;
  • Modeling of magnetic suspension systems for FESS;
  • Optimization of operation of power systems for FESS;
  • Security reliability design and control method for FESS.

Prof. Dr. Weiyu Zhang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • flywheel energy storage system
  • magnetic bearings for FESS
  • flywheel motor
  • structural design
  • model
  • control method
  • power electronics for FESS
  • security reliability design for FESS

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 10166 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Performance Analysis and Control Parameter Adjustment Algorithm for Flywheel Batteries Considering Vehicle Direct Action
by Weiyu Zhang and Junjie Cui
Energies 2023, 16(16), 5882; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16165882 - 09 Aug 2023
Viewed by 664
Abstract
Traditional methods often ignore the direct influences of vehicle vibration on the flywheel battery system, which leads to an inaccurate analysis of the dynamic performance of the flywheel battery system and its control effect. Therefore, to make up for the deficiencies of existing [...] Read more.
Traditional methods often ignore the direct influences of vehicle vibration on the flywheel battery system, which leads to an inaccurate analysis of the dynamic performance of the flywheel battery system and its control effect. Therefore, to make up for the deficiencies of existing studies, a more accurate dynamic performance analysis method and efficient control parameter adjustment algorithm for flywheel batteries based on automotive direct action are proposed in this study. First, the influence of road conditions and vehicle driving conditions on the stability of a vehicle is analyzed primarily. Then, the vibration signal generated by the vehicle is transmitted to the vehicle’s magnetic flywheel battery system for analysis, and the accuracy of the analysis process is realized. Then, according to the stability analysis results for the direct action of the vehicle and the actual PID controller, the control parameter adjustment algorithm is summarized using the curve-fitting method. Finally, a performance test is carried out on the mobile experimental platform. Good experimental results show that the flywheel can quickly return to its equilibrium position and effectively reduce the influence of interference from road conditions and different working conditions and improve the robustness. Therefore, the correctness of the theoretical analysis and parameter adjustment method proposed in this paper was effectively verified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems)
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14 pages, 2350 KiB  
Article
Design and Optimization Method with Independent Radial and Axial Capacity for 3-DOF Magnetic Bearings in Flywheel
by Jintao Ju, Peng Xu, Shuqing Li, Tong Xu, Fangming Ju and Jiahui Du
Energies 2023, 16(1), 483; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16010483 - 01 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345
Abstract
The six-pole radial–axial hybrid magnetic bearing (RAHMB) has the advantages of small space and low power consumption, making it suitable for flywheel batteries. The bearing capacity and the volume are the main specifications of magnetic bearings that should be considered comprehensively. In this [...] Read more.
The six-pole radial–axial hybrid magnetic bearing (RAHMB) has the advantages of small space and low power consumption, making it suitable for flywheel batteries. The bearing capacity and the volume are the main specifications of magnetic bearings that should be considered comprehensively. In this work, the six-pole RAHMB was used in a horizontal flywheel battery. As the axial bearing capacity is relatively smaller than the radial bearing capacity, a design method with independent radial and axial bearing capacity is proposed, and the parameters are optimized to minimize the volume. The mathematical model of six-pole RAHMB was derived from the equivalent magnetic circuit method. The relationships between bearing capacity, biased flux density, saturation flux density and the section area of magnetic poles were analyzed. The basic principle of the design method with independent radial and axial bearing capacity is to determine which five of the variables are preferred. According to the design method, one radial or axial biased flux density should be optimized to minimize the volume, and the genetic algorithm (GA) was adopted to search for the optimal value. The structural parameters were designed based on the optimized value of biased flux density. The total volume of the six-pole RAHMB was reduced by 24%. A 3D finite element (FE) model was built. The analysis results and experimental results show that the proposed design and the optimization method are feasible and valid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems)
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19 pages, 10899 KiB  
Article
Low–Harmonic Control Strategy of a Dual Three–Phase Synchronous Reluctance Motor Based on Three–Vector Synthesis
by Yonghong Huang, Yihang Liu, Qicuan Wang and Fan Yang
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6350; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15176350 - 31 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1017
Abstract
Dual three–phase synchronous reluctance motors (DTP–SynRM) have the advantages of simple structure, high power density, fast dynamic response, and small torque ripple, and have broad application prospects in flywheel batteries. However, the synchronous reluctance motor has no permanent magnet, and the inductance value [...] Read more.
Dual three–phase synchronous reluctance motors (DTP–SynRM) have the advantages of simple structure, high power density, fast dynamic response, and small torque ripple, and have broad application prospects in flywheel batteries. However, the synchronous reluctance motor has no permanent magnet, and the inductance value will change with the current change in actual operation. Direct torque control (DTC) is more suitable for the control strategy of dual three–phase synchronous reluctance motors because of its low dependence on motor parameters. However, traditional direct torque control uses a large vector control motor within one control period, which can not suppress the inherent 5th and 7th current harmonics in the motor. A new harmonic suppression method is proposed in this paper: that is, using a low harmonic vector to replace a large vector in traditional direct torque control, which can be synthesized by adjusting the action time and order of three adjacent large vectors within one control period. Through this improvement, torque control can have a harmonic suppression effect. The three vector synthesis method can make full use of the existing space voltage vector, and to adapt to different working conditions, two synthesis methods of switching frequency reduction and constant torque response are proposed. An improved direct torque control strategy is obtained by optimizing the design of the switch table using a new vector synthesis method. Finally, the suppression effect of traditional DTC and improved DTC on current harmonics is compared and analyzed. The results show that the direct torque control with low harmonic vector can suppress the harmonic current in xy subspace, and the current harmonic content is greatly reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems)
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8 pages, 3697 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Circuit Design and Experiment of Novel Lorentz Magnetic Bearing with Double Air Gap
by Shinan Cao, Pingjuan Niu, Wei Wang, Qiang Liu, Jing Li and Sha Sheng
Energies 2022, 15(13), 4830; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15134830 - 01 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
A uniform magnetic density distribution in the air gap is key for the Lorentz magnetic bearing to achieve high precision control and large torque output. To overcome the small magnetic field strength in an explicit magnetic bearing and a high magnetic density fluctuation [...] Read more.
A uniform magnetic density distribution in the air gap is key for the Lorentz magnetic bearing to achieve high precision control and large torque output. To overcome the small magnetic field strength in an explicit magnetic bearing and a high magnetic density fluctuation rate in an implicit Lorentz magnetic bearing, a second air gap design method is proposed based on the maximum magnetic density distribution in the winding area. A novel Lorentz bearing with a double second air gap is designed. The maximum magnetic field strength in the winding area is calculated by the finite element method, and the structure of the double second air gap is designed. To reduce the calculation error of the magnetic field strength, the division of the reluctance by the magnetic induction line is proposed. The reluctance calculation formula is given. Based on Ohm’s law, the calculation of the magnetic field strength is obtained. Finally, a prototype of the novel Lorentz magnetic bearing is made. The magnetic field strength in the winding area and the magnetic density fluctuation rate are measured with a magnetic density measurement instrument. The maximum magnetic flux density in the winding area is 0.631 T, and the magnetic field strength is 0.58%. Less difference is found between the measurement result and the finite element result. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems)
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20 pages, 8759 KiB  
Article
Loss Estimation and Thermal Analysis of a Magnetic Levitation Reaction Flywheel with PMB and AMB for Satellite Application
by Zan He, Tong Wen, Xu Liu and Yuchen Suo
Energies 2022, 15(4), 1584; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15041584 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1670
Abstract
The magnetic levitation reaction flywheel (MLRW) is a novel actuator of spacecraft attitude control because of its significant advantages, including lack of friction and active suppression of vibration. However, in a vacuum environment, the poor heat dissipation conditions make it more sensitive to [...] Read more.
The magnetic levitation reaction flywheel (MLRW) is a novel actuator of spacecraft attitude control because of its significant advantages, including lack of friction and active suppression of vibration. However, in a vacuum environment, the poor heat dissipation conditions make it more sensitive to various losses and rises in temperature. Therefore, increasing temperature is the key issue for components used in space. In this study, the losses of the three kinds of heat-generating areas in the MLRW, namely, the passive magnetic bearing (PMB), the active magnetic bearing (AMB) and brushless DC motor (BLDCM), were analyzed and calculated. Based on the electromagnetic field theory, the loss model of PMB was proposed. Based on the finite element method (FEM) and Bertotti model, the loss power of the AMB and the BLDCM was obtained. The calculated loss values were brought into the FEM to calculate the temperature field distribution of the MLRW system. Then, the key factors affecting the heat dissipation of the flywheel were obtained by combining thermal network analysis with the temperature field distribution. Finally, a prototype was fabricated. The maximum estimated and experimental temperatures were 34.8 °C and 36.8 °C, respectively, both at the BLDCM stator. The maximum error was 5.4%, which validates the calculated model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems)
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Review

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18 pages, 10871 KiB  
Review
Review on Self-Decoupling Topology of Bearingless Switched Reluctance Motor
by Qianwen Xiang, Yu Ou, Zhende Peng and Yukun Sun
Energies 2023, 16(8), 3492; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16083492 - 17 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 933
Abstract
Bearingless switched reluctance motor (BSRM) adopts a doubly salient structure without windings on the rotor. BSRMs have the advantages of high rate of fault tolerance and simple structure, high power, super high speed and strong adaptability. They have broad application prospects in aerospace, [...] Read more.
Bearingless switched reluctance motor (BSRM) adopts a doubly salient structure without windings on the rotor. BSRMs have the advantages of high rate of fault tolerance and simple structure, high power, super high speed and strong adaptability. They have broad application prospects in aerospace, flywheel energy storage, new energy and biomedical fields. Firstly, the suspension operation mechanism of a conventional double winding BSRM is described in this paper. The coupling between torque and suspension force is analyzed with a finite element method. On this basis, from the perspective of magnetic circuit optimization of the torque system and suspension system, the magnetic circuit design, decoupling mechanism and performance characteristics of self-decoupled BSRMs with different topological structures are described centering on the self-decoupled topology form of the BSRM. Finally, the study and development of BSRMs in the future are prospected based on the research status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems)
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