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The Development of Renewable Energies in Poland

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "C: Energy Economics and Policy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 16021

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Prof. Dr. Jan L. Bednarczyk

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Guest Editor

Department of Economic Policy and Banking, Faculty of Economics and Finance, Kazimierz Pułaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 31, 26-600 Radom, Poland
Interests: monetary policy; non-decreasing economic growth rate of inflation (NDEGRI); macroeconomic policy; energy policy

Dr. Sławomir Luściński

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Guest Editor

Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Management and Computer Modelling, Kielce University of Technology, Aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: Industry 4.0; production management; computer modeling and simulation; renewables
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Dr. Katarzyna Brzozowska-Rup

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Guest Editor

Department of Economics and Finance, Faculty of Management and Computer Modelling, Kielce University of Technology, Aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: applied statistics; econometrics; stochastic models; structural equation modelling with latent variables; shadow economy; renewable energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editors are inviting submissions to the Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Development of Renewable Energy in Poland”.

There is growing economic pressure to work out effective methods of obtaining energy from renewable resources and building low-emission economies globally. This is caused, among others, by changing economic and geopolitical conditions, growing demand for energy with a simultaneous record increase in energy prices and a decrease in mine resources, as well as a combination of a decrease in the prices of “green” technologies and an increase in the prices of CO2 emission permits in Europe.

The increasingly restrictive legal conditions mean that the transformation of the energy market in Poland is no longer a matter of choice but of an economic calculation. Recent months have shown that continuing the status quo may cost much more than the energy sector's transformation. The implementation of the current objectives requires breaking down the main barriers to development, including problems with the functioning of transmission networks, legal regulations of support, administrative and procedural difficulties, as well as limited possibilities of financing investments by entrepreneurs. Thus, Poland's energy transition is a substantial technological and financial challenge as well as a political and social issue.

This Special Issue aims to highlight the challenges of the development of renewable energy in Poland. Therefore, it focuses on research areas concerning renewable energy in Poland and other EU countries. The subjects of analyses and evaluations proposed by invited researchers concern macroeconomic and technological problems regarding the state of law and scientific research, implementation of innovations, and the use of renewable energy sources in selected sectors of the economy. Preliminary research results indicate the importance of energy supply obtained from renewable sources in the formation of the total production volume (a sample covering 133 countries, including Poland). Its inclusion in this aggregate changes the relationship between the key input factors, i.e., labor and capital. As a result, their overall flexibility and observed economies of scale are changing. In turn, investigations conducted in response to the recent views expressed in Poland about the possible negative impact of the development of renewable energy sources on the competitiveness of the Polish economy indicate the opposite effects. The implementation of reforms in the energy sector leads, among others, to a decrease in the economy's energy intensity and, thus, to an increase in the country's energy security.

A significant direction for improving the energy security of Poland (in the sense of becoming independent of external energy sources) may be the implementation of the hydrogen strategy adopted by the government. Poland is already one of the largest users of hydrogen energy in Europe. It is also, for example, the largest producer of hydrogen-powered buses in Europe. However, there are many barriers to implementing this strategy: infrastructural, legal, capital, technological, which must be removed if Poland is to keep pace with Europe in its implementation. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an in-depth analysis of its implementation costs and develop ways to change preferences for hydrogen energy in the Polish industry and transport.

An inseparable element of the development of RES in Poland is the introduction of new solutions and technological innovations, in particular intelligent energy management systems from RES. One of the prospective solutions is the introduction of self-balancing energy areas—microgrids—into the structure of distribution networks. A representative example of research on microgrids is the issue of the use of the battery energy storage system (BESS) to perform adaptive control of the demand profile to reduce the total costs of supplied energy from the public grid. Another promising research area represented in this Special Issue is the automation of renewable energy management systems on the example of heat pumps.

The development of renewable energy sources in Poland and the world is associated with developing scientific research and innovation processes in this economic segment. A growing set of scientific works on this subject require its systematization and classification. As a result, it is possible to diagnose differences, for example, between Poland and European Union countries and evaluate the paths and directions of development of energy systems. An example of detailed research on RES may be the issue of the impact of the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy in selected industries on the competitiveness of entities operating within these industries.

The presented examples of preliminary research results of the authors who have already submitted their propositions for the Special Issue of Energies, devoted to the development of renewable energy in Poland, of course, do not exhaust all the issues that are worth scientific discussion; hence, we kindly ask everyone interested in this subject to join in.

Prof. Dr. Jan L. Bednarczyk
Dr. Sławomir Luściński
Dr. Katarzyna Brzozowska-Rup
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union in the Light of the European Green Deal

by Dorota Miłek, Paulina Nowak and Jolanta Latosińska

Energies 2022, 15(15), 5576; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155576 - 01 Aug 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

Climate and energy policies are the key areas of the European Union’s development aspirations in the international arena. The European Green Deal sets ambitious new goals in this respect, emphasizing clean energy. The development of the energy sector, relying chiefly on renewable sources, is one of the conditions for the EU to transition to energies that do not produce waste that pollutes or is otherwise harmful to the Earth and human health. This paper assesses the development of renewable sources of energy in the EU and identifies challenges to the realization of the EU’s energy priorities. An analysis of renewable sources of energy in the EU in 2012 and 2020 is the prime method. The generation of primary energy from renewable sources, the share of energy from renewable sources in the final energy consumption, the structure of energy generation from renewable sources, and the share of energy from renewable sources in the energy used by the transport sector are discussed. Secondary data are employed, made available by Eurostat and Statistics Poland. To reach the objective of the study, Z. Hellwig’s taxonomic method is applied to assess the development of renewable energy sources (RES). Cluster analysis (Ward’s agglomerative clustering method) is additionally used for separation of objects and member states that are similar with regard to the phenomenon reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the challenges that societies and economies face in view of the assumptions of the EU’s new Green Deal, which envisages a balancing of CO₂ emissions and absorption. This analysis discovers varied progress on the development of RES in the member states, posing a threat to the European community’s aspirations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Renewable Energies in Poland)

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23 pages, 1859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Opportunities and Limitations of Hydrogen Energy in Poland against the Background of the European Union Energy Policy

by Jan L. Bednarczyk, Katarzyna Brzozowska-Rup and Sławomir Luściński

Energies 2022, 15(15), 5503; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155503 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1640

Abstract

One of the strategic goals of developed countries is to significantly increase the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation. However, the process may be hindered by, e.g., the storage and transport of energy from renewable sources. The European Union countries see the development of the hydrogen economy as an opportunity to overcome this barrier. Therefore, since 2020, the European Union has been implementing a hydrogen strategy that will increase the share of hydrogen in the European energy mix from the current 2 percent to up to 13–14 percent by 2050. In 2021, following the example of other European countries, the Polish government adopted the Polish Hydrogen Strategy until 2030 with an outlook until 2040 (PHS). However, the implementation of the strategy requires significant capital expenditure and infrastructure modernisation, which gives rise to question as to whether Poland is likely to achieve the goals set out in the Polish Hydrogen Strategy and European Green Deal. The subject of the research is an analysis of the sources of financing for the PHS against the background of solutions implemented by the EU countries and a SWOT/TOWS analysis on the hydrogen economy in Poland. The overall result of the SWOT/TOWS analysis shows the advantage of strengths and related opportunities. This allows for a positive assessment of the prospects for the hydrogen economy in Poland. Poland should continue its efforts to take advantage of the external factors (O/S), such as EU support, an increased price competitiveness of hydrogen, and the emergence of a competitive cross-border hydrogen market in Europe. At the same time, the Polish authorities should not forget about the weaknesses and threats that may inhibit the development of the domestic hydrogen market. It is necessary to modernise the infrastructure; increase the share of renewable energy sources in hydrogen production; increase R&D expenditure, and, in particular, to complete the negotiations related to the adoption of the Fit for 55 package. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Renewable Energies in Poland)

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13 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Renewable Energy Supply on Economic Growth and Productivity

by Kamil Makieła, Błażej Mazur and Jakub Głowacki

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4808; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15134808 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2578

Abstract

The threat of the negative consequences of global warming makes the discussion about the relationship between economic growth, productivity, and increasing renewable energy involvement an important topic. Hence, the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of renewable energy and energy supply on economic growth and productivity at the national level using stochastic frontier analysis and the aggregate production function framework. In doing so, we analyzed a panel of annual data from 133 countries from 2008 to 2014. We apply a generalized stochastic frontier model, which allows us to differentiate between persistent and transient inefficiency, as well as individual effects. Our results indicate a threshold level in terms of a country’s development that needs to be obtained to benefit from increasing renewable energy involvement over time. However, if this threshold level is obtained, productivity gains are evident. We also found that the role of the energy supply in aggregate production is nontrivial. That is, its inclusion changes the relationship between key input factors (capital and labor) by decreasing their overall elasticities and increasing the observed economies of scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Renewable Energies in Poland)

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20 pages, 3094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Electricity Storage Power and Capacity for Cooperation with the Microgrid Implementing the Peak Shaving Strategy in Selected Industrial Enterprises

by Rafał Kuźniak, Artur Pawelec, Artur Bartosik and Marek Pawełczyk

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4793; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15134793 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1691

Abstract

The capacity limitations of distribution networks, the increasing demands for electricity installation in terms of electricity quality parameters, and the development of electromobility all increase the need to implement systems in order to stabilize and regulate loads for end users. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), that operate in internal microgrids of enterprises, allow smoothing of electrical power consumption profiles by actively reducing peak demand power. By using BESSs to implement a peak shaving strategy to reduce the peak power consumption of a company in an external network, energy efficiency can be improved by reducing contractual capacity. The aim of this study is to determine the conditions for the use of energy storage, in order to implement a peak shaving strategy for which the installation of the enterprise microgrid is economically efficient. The analysis of the operating conditions of the BESS should take into account the size of the energy storage, the characteristics of the demand profile for the demand systems, the charges related to electricity, and the costs of electricity storage. In the study, the size of the energy storage was related to the power and electrical capacity of the BESS that was used to implement the peak shaving strategy. The article presents the results of research on the method for determining an effective capacity and power of BESSs for enterprise microgrid systems. The technical and cost limitations of the actual microgrid system, which affected the decrease in economic efficiency of the peak shaving strategy in the company research, were taken into account. The simulations of the operation of the electricity storage system, based on real data of the demand of production companies, were based on the rules and market conditions in Poland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Renewable Energies in Poland)

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12 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Renewable Energy Sources in the Processes of Thermal Modernization of Buildings—Selected Aspects in Poland

by Daria Moskwa-Bęczkowska and Andrzej Moskwa

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4613; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15134613 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1273

Abstract

The article presents selected aspects of the energy modernization process of a single-family building, carried out in accordance with the legal regulations of Poland. One of the elements of this process is the use of renewable energy sources in the selection of heat sources. Two variants of thermo-modernization solutions for the tested facility were generated using the CERTO and the Aterm computer program. One was a heat pump, and the second was hybrid, in which the heat pump is supplied with electricity from photovoltaic panels. The key point of considerations was to conduct a comparative analysis of the operating costs of applied solutions. All variants were based on the same output data including the same building materials from which the thermal modernization process was carried out. The only difference was in the use of different types of thermal energy sources. The aim of the article was, therefore, to carry out a comparative analysis of variants of heat sources used in a single-family residential building—heating in a traditional way and through the use of photovoltaic panels and a heat pump. The results of the analysis in the context of benefits obtained from using renewable energy sources for heating residential buildings are discussed. The analysis showed that the simultaneous application of a heat pump and solar collectors in the analyzed building effectively influenced the values of indicators of annual demand for usable, primary, and final energy. The main conclusion of this research is that the amount of final energy demand in the analyzed case decreased from 86.04 kWh/(m²/year) with natural gas to 40.46 kWh/(m²/year) with a heat pump and a solar collector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Renewable Energies in Poland)

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20 pages, 3997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bibliometric Studies on Renewable Energy—Poland Compared to Other EU Countries

by Katarzyna Brzozowska-Rup and Marzena Nowakowska

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4577; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15134577 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1221

Abstract

The necessity to use renewable energy sources (RES), especially in EU countries, is becoming more and more urgent in the face of environmental degradation. It is reflected not only in technological solutions for obtaining energy from renewable sources, but also in scientific research supporting RES technology development. There are an increasing number of papers on renewable energy. The aim of the study was to compare research areas concerning renewable energy in Poland and other EU countries by analyzing scientific works. A selected collection of publications available in the Scopus scientific databases was selected as the subject of the study. After cleaning the data and elaborating the thesaurus, the analysis of the article content was conducted applying text processing methods. Conceptual maps of keywords and keyword co-occurrences were created, which enables arranging and classifying knowledge from the subject area. Research hotspots and the directions of science development in the field of renewable energy were identified. The computer program VOSviewer was used in the investigation. Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients were used to identify quite a strong concentration of RES articles in leading journals on the publication market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Renewable Energies in Poland)

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12 pages, 4298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Permanent Magnet Generator for a Gearless Backyard Wind Turbine

by Sebastian Różowicz, Zbigniew Goryca and Antoni Różowicz

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3826; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15103826 - 23 May 2022

Viewed by 2184

Abstract

This paper presents the design of a permanent magnet generator for a gearless backyard wind turbine. The magnetisation characteristics of the rotor steel and the stator at different field strength ranges were considered at the design stage and mathematically described using a model in Matlab. The detailed calculations and the design of the planar model were carried out using FEMM software. The high-quality results obtained from the calculations shown in the paper made it possible to make a real model of the generator. This paper presents views of the stator package, the rotor, the entire generator and selected test results. The parameter of this turbine that distinguishes it from a wide range of manufactured generators is its low, non-standard rotational speed and low breakaway torque, which allows the power plant to start in winds of approximately 2 m/s. Other advantages of this generator is its low weight resulting from the use of a light rotor and light alloys for the generator housing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Renewable Energies in Poland)

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21 pages, 4337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Implementation of the European Green Deal Strategy as a Challenge for Energy Management in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Małgorzata Sztorc

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2662; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072662 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2073

Abstract

This article aims to present changes in the use of electricity by service companies, resulting from regulations within the framework of increasing energy efficiency from the perspective of the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy. To achieve the above goal, the following research question was formulated: to what extent did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the implementation of energy transformation and electricity consumption among the surveyed group of recipients? It should be noted that, so far in the global environment, more and more electricity has been used every year, and this tendency is still continuous and growing. Therefore, in European Union countries, measures have been taken to balance demand and its rational use, resulting from the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy. According to the strategic goal of the indicated policy, EU countries are obliged to implement a sequence of actions enabling their transformation into a modern, resource-efficient, and competitive economy. In particular, the strategy aims to achieve three main goals: 1. Achieving climate neutrality by reducing net greenhouse gas emissions to zero in 2050; 2. Decoupling economic growth from the consumption of natural resources; and 3. Striving for an equal standard of living in all countries. Therefore, the behavior of individual countries should focus on providing the required amount of energy to ensure socioeconomic growth while reducing pollution and environmental devastation caused by traditional methods of energy production and use. There are numerous talks and debates about the defined tasks and mechanisms leading to the achievement of the indicated goals, in which hardly any mention is made of the methods of monitoring the progress and evaluation of individual projects at the stage of building a new green deal. This study aims to fill the research gap observed in the current state of knowledge on energy management in EU countries from the perspective of the European Green Deal strategy and changes in its management resulting from the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, in line with the aim of the article: 1. Factors influencing electricity consumption in service enterprises operating in EU countries were indicated; 2. Energy consumption variability in these entities was determined; and 3. The correlation between electricity consumption and GDP growth in the service sector located in EU countries was indicated. Therefore, a hybrid research method was used to analyze the data obtained from the databases of Eurostat and Statistics Poland, which consisted of the following analyses: diagnostic-descriptive, main components, and wavelet transform. Based on the conducted research, it should be concluded that energy consumption among service companies operating in the EU market is conditioned by three sources of causes along with the relevant consumption factors. The first group includes energy and technical premises, along with technological determinants. The second is shaped by financial and economic motives, which include socioeconomic factors. The third group is related to environmental sources represented by the natural environment and geographic and meteorological factors. The increase in electricity consumption in service enterprises is related to the average GDP growth of EU countries following a two-way cause-and-effect relationship implemented until 2019. Nevertheless, since 2020, there has been a noticeable decrease in energy consumption by 14.01% by service entities, which results from the limitations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy. Meanwhile, the structure of electricity consumption growth was dominated by industrial enterprises (increased by 37.7%) and individual consumers (increased by 7.8%). The results of the research may motivate the managers of EU countries and enterprises to analyze the factors of energy consumption, its variability, and dependence on economic growth, which contribute to determining the forecast of future energy demand, in connection with the ongoing energy transformation resulting from the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy, and economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The issues presented in this article are an attempt to fill the gap indicating practical experience related to the process of electricity management and management in the political, economic, and technological dimensions from the perspective of implementing the European Green Deal strategy and the conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Renewable Energies in Poland)

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