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Energies
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Distribution Grids Modernization II
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Distribution Grids Modernization II

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 12160

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Pedro M. S. Carvalho

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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: power systems planning and operation; power delivery and integration of distributed energy resources; risk assessment and grid design for reliability; data analytics and smart grids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hugo Morais

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
INESC-ID, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: smart grids; electricity markets; energy resource management; distributed power generation; smart power grids; battery-powered vehicles; distribution networks; electric vehicle charging; power distribution economics; power distribution operational planning; power system management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The modernization of power distribution systems is key to facilitate the take-up of low carbon and energy-saving initiatives being fostered around the world. Modernization will encompass new planning and operational concepts, tools, and technologies needed to monitor, analyze, control, and protect the grid of the future. The distribution grid of the future will need to deal with the new electric vehicles and heat pump loads, a massive distributed generation in-feed, and the active response from prosumers with storage capabilities, among other possible interactions.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to bring together contributions from researchers and professionals involved in various grid modernization initiatives around the world, focusing on contributions that seize the opportunities provided by smart meters and future ICT deployment and make use of the new technologies available for automatic grid reconfiguration, active power-flow, and voltage control, self-healing, and advanced protections. Advances in new operational concepts and tools that make use of such technologies are also welcome contributions to this issue. Contributions may be both of fundamental and applied nature, including industrial case studies.

Prof. Dr. Pedro M. S. Carvalho
Dr. Hugo Morais
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • automatic reconfiguration
  • active power flow control
  • decentralized voltage control
  • reactive power management
  • control of back-to-back VSC
  • DC distribution networks

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 1070 KiB  
Article
Wind Forecast at Medium Voltage Distribution Networks
by Herbert Amezquita, Pedro M. S. Carvalho and Hugo Morais
Energies 2023, 16(6), 2887; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16062887 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1063
Abstract
Due to the intermittent and variable nature of wind, Wind Power Generation Forecast (WPGF) has become an essential task for power system operators who are looking for reliable wind penetration into the electric grid. Since there is a need to forecast wind power [...] Read more.
Due to the intermittent and variable nature of wind, Wind Power Generation Forecast (WPGF) has become an essential task for power system operators who are looking for reliable wind penetration into the electric grid. Since there is a need to forecast wind power generation accurately, the main contribution of this paper is the development, implementation, and comparison of WPGF methods in a framework to be used by distribution system operators (DSOs). The methodology applied comprised five stages: pre-processing, feature selection, forecasting models, post-processing, and validation, using the historical wind power generation data (measured at secondary substations) of 20 wind farms connected to the medium voltage (MV) distribution network in Portugal. After comparing the accuracy of eight different models in terms of their relative root mean square error (RRMSE), extreme gradient boosting (XGBOOST) appeared as the best-suited forecasting method for wind power generation. The best average RRMSE achieved by the proposed XGBOOST model for 1-year training (January–December of 2020) and 6 months forecast (January–June of 2021) corresponds to 13.48%, outperforming the predictions of the Portuguese DSO by 20%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution Grids Modernization II)
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9 pages, 423 KiB  
Article
Data Analytics for Admittance Matrix Estimation of Poorly Monitored Distribution Grids
by Pedro C. Leal, Diogo M. V. P. Ferreira and Pedro M. S. Carvalho
Energies 2022, 15(23), 8961; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15238961 - 27 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1155
Abstract
Smart grid operations require accurate information on network topology and electrical equipment parameters. This paper proposes estimating such information with data from the smart grid. Assuming that the availability of bus voltage data is restricted to their magnitude, a linear model of the [...] Read more.
Smart grid operations require accurate information on network topology and electrical equipment parameters. This paper proposes estimating such information with data from the smart grid. Assuming that the availability of bus voltage data is restricted to their magnitude, a linear model of the relationship between these data and the parameters of the admittance matrix is derived in a way that does not involve bus voltage angles. A regression optimizer is then proposed to minimize the deviation between data and values estimated by the linear model. Results on the IEEE 33 bus system are presented to illustrate the model accuracy and efficiency when used to estimate parameters of medium-voltage, three-phase balanced grids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution Grids Modernization II)
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15 pages, 3136 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Underground MV Network Failure Types by Applying Machine Learning Methods to Indirect Observations
by Miguel Louro and Luís Ferreira
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6298; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15176298 - 29 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1011
Abstract
Electrical utilities performance is measured by various indicators, of which the most important are very dependent on the interruption time after a failure in the network has occurred, such as SAIDI. Therefore, they are constantly looking for new techniques to decrease the fault [...] Read more.
Electrical utilities performance is measured by various indicators, of which the most important are very dependent on the interruption time after a failure in the network has occurred, such as SAIDI. Therefore, they are constantly looking for new techniques to decrease the fault location and repair times. A possibility to innovate in this field is to estimate the failed network component when a fault occurs. This paper presents the conclusion of an analysis carried out by the authors with the aim to estimate failure types of underground MV networks based on observable indirect variables. The variables needed to carry out the analysis must be available shortly after the failure occurrence, which is facilitated by a smart-grid infrastructure, to allow for a quick estimation. This paper uses the groundwork already carried out by the authors on ambient variables, historical variables, and disturbance recordings to design an estimator to predict between four MV cable network failure types. The paper presents relevant analyses on the design and performance of various machine learning classification algorithms for estimation of the types of MV cable network failures using real-world data. Optimization of performance was carried out, resulting in an estimator with an overall 68% accuracy rate. Accuracy rates of 94% for cable failure, 63% for excavations, and 79% secondary busbar failures were achieved; as for cable joints, the accuracy was poor due to the difficulty to identify a feature that can be used to separate this failure type from cable failures. Future work to improve that accuracy is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution Grids Modernization II)
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14 pages, 6287 KiB  
Article
Implementation of Dynamic Controls for Grid-Tied-Inverters through Next-Generation Smart Meters and Its Application in Modernized Grid
by Navonita Sharma and Ajoy Kumar Chakraborty
Energies 2022, 15(3), 988; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15030988 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2171
Abstract
In this paper, an introduction and comprehensive analysis have been presented for the implementation and application of modern smart meters which include Unbundled Smart Meters (USM) and Next-Generation Open Real-Time Smart Meters (NORM). This article also [...] Read more.
In this paper, an introduction and comprehensive analysis have been presented for the implementation and application of modern smart meters which include Unbundled Smart Meters (USM) and Next-Generation Open Real-Time Smart Meters (NORM). This article also contributes to methods through which USM and NORM could provide a better perspective to the already available technologies for grid-tied-inverter controlled feeding renewables to the grid. The research proposes a next-generation smart meter model with the feature of a phasor measurement unit. The meter is further integrated with a controller board that controls the power injection from the inverter to the grid based on the real-time data obtained from the smart meter. The inverter is simulated with an open-circuit fault and is controlled to provide non-oscillatory power to the grid based on an instantaneous grid power factor or phase requirement. The proposed meter has the flexibility to add additional features to control the inverter based on other grid requirements such as active and reactive power control, tariff implementation, etc. This manuscript provides the analytical aspects of the use of smart meters in efficient energy management and also addresses the need for smart technologies for grid modernization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution Grids Modernization II)
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21 pages, 5238 KiB  
Article
Linear Sensitivity Modelling Useful for Voltage Control Analysis Using Power Injections from DER
by Ulises D. Lubo-Matallana, Miguel Ángel Zorrozua and José Félix Miñambres
Energies 2021, 14(16), 4749; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14164749 - 04 Aug 2021
Viewed by 1697
Abstract
The injection of apparent power to self-consumption buses generates voltage variations during network operation, which, when properly monitored, could support voltage regulation and control. In this paper, we propose a linear sensitivity modelling, quite useful for studies of voltage regulation with distributed energy [...] Read more.
The injection of apparent power to self-consumption buses generates voltage variations during network operation, which, when properly monitored, could support voltage regulation and control. In this paper, we propose a linear sensitivity modelling, quite useful for studies of voltage regulation with distributed energy resources (DER). This modelling consists of two analytical improvement steps: first, a full formulation for the voltage deviations, and second, the influence of line capacitance as Q-injections at the points of common couplings (PCCs). Our proposal is based on the linear topological sensitivity of an existing network (as a function of the line parameters X, R, and Bc), branch power flow (active–reactive power (P-Q)), and power injections at the PCCs. Here, the linear sensitivity algorithm is applied to a modified IEEE 33-bus distribution system to demonstrate its extended effectiveness to voltage monitoring and control scenarios. Its application estimates and compensates in a better way the voltage deviations with regard to the operating desired voltage (|V|op) constraints, using distributed power injections at the PCCs. Numerical results always showed a curtailment of the relative error against common simplifications of the electrical modelling in steady-state, thus simulating two critical scenarios of operation production–consumption for the existing system response. The proposed algorithm was validated considering as reference the voltage profile outputs of the load flow analysis, using the Newton–Raphson method via DIgSILENT, in terms of its accuracy, silhouette shape along the feeder and with regard to the application of reactive compensation as an analytical case study for voltage improvement in active distribution networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution Grids Modernization II)
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Review

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27 pages, 1363 KiB  
Review
Towards Software-Defined Protection, Automation, and Control in Power Systems: Concepts, State of the Art, and Future Challenges
by Nadine Kabbara, Mohand Ouamer Nait Belaid, Madeleine Gibescu, Luis Ramirez Camargo, Jerome Cantenot, Thierry Coste, Vincent Audebert and Hugo Morais
Energies 2022, 15(24), 9362; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15249362 - 10 Dec 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2591
Abstract
Nowadays, power systems’ Protection, Automation, and Control (PAC) functionalities are often deployed in different constrained devices (Intelligent Electronic Devices) following a coupled hardware/software design. However, with the increase in distributed energy resources, more customized controllers will be required. These devices have high operational [...] Read more.
Nowadays, power systems’ Protection, Automation, and Control (PAC) functionalities are often deployed in different constrained devices (Intelligent Electronic Devices) following a coupled hardware/software design. However, with the increase in distributed energy resources, more customized controllers will be required. These devices have high operational and deployment costs with long development, testing, and complex upgrade cycles. Addressing these challenges requires that a ’revolution’ in power system PAC design takes place. Decoupling from hardware-dependent implementations by virtualizing the functionalities facilitates the transition from a traditional power grid into a software-defined smart grid. This article presents a survey of recent literature on software-defined PAC for power systems, covering the concepts, main academic works, industrial proof of concepts, and the latest standardization efforts in this rising area. Finally, we summarize the expected future technical, industrial, and standardization challenges and open research problems. It was observed that software-defined PAC systems have a promising potential that can be leveraged for future PAC and smart grid developments. Moreover, standardizations in virtual IED software development and deployments, configuration tools, performance benchmarking, and compliance testing using a dynamic, agile approach assuring interoperability are critical enablers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution Grids Modernization II)
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Other

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8 pages, 714 KiB  
Perspective
DC Communities: Transformative Building Blocks of the Emerging Energy Infrastructure
by Maximiliano Lainfiesta Herrera, Hassan S. Hayajneh and Xuewei Zhang
Energies 2021, 14(22), 7730; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14227730 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1300
Abstract
Serious environmental concerns call for revolutionary solutions to cope with the harmful effects of the conventional energy landscape. Therefore, residential and commercial customers require cleaner and more reliable energy sources as they become more dependent on energy for daily and critical needs. In [...] Read more.
Serious environmental concerns call for revolutionary solutions to cope with the harmful effects of the conventional energy landscape. Therefore, residential and commercial customers require cleaner and more reliable energy sources as they become more dependent on energy for daily and critical needs. In this case, transitioning to a cleaner energy economy is of paramount importance for both the environment and the utilities as well as the end-users. The desired transformation will require the deployment of massive amounts of clean energy sources. Many of these resources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), provide electricity in the form of direct current (DC) that enables the return of DC grids to the electric power arena. The electric system has slowly transitioned to DC, mainly on the demand side. In recent years, modern electronic devices, lighting systems, and an increased number of appliances (≈22% of the residential and commercial loads) have adopted DC systems. Studies suggest that DC loads would account for more than 50% of the available loads in the next few years. Furthermore, the growing proliferation of electric vehicles influx is another example of a successful DC application. From this perspective, the viability of returning to the DC distribution system in the form of DC community grids is explored. We start by defining the DC community grid, which is followed by introducing the benefits of adopting DC at the distribution level. Finally, a summarizing outlook of successful pilot cases, projections of DC community deployment, barriers and concerns, strategies to address barriers and concerns, and suggestions for future research directions are presented. This perspective could shed new light on the building blocks of the transformed energy landscape for various stakeholders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution Grids Modernization II)
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