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Energies
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Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulic Machines
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Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulic Machines

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 11427

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Cécile Münch-Alligné

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Switzerland
Interests: hydraulic machines; numerical simulations; performance measurements; turbulence and fluid-structure interactions
Dr. Vlad Hasmatuchi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland - Valais, 3960 Sierre, Switzerland
Interests: hydrodynamics of turbines; pumps and pump-turbines; including design and evaluation of hydraulic performance
Dr. Jean Decaix

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Switzerland
Interests: numerical simulation of hydraulic machines

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Facing the new challenges of a massive integration of volatile renewable energy sources in electrical power systems (EPS), hydroelectricity must play a major role to provide new solutions to enable participation in EPS regulation capability. For hydraulic machines, it means an increase of the reactivity and the flexibility while ensuring robustness and safety.

This Special Issue targets recent experimental and numerical investigations demonstrating the ability of hydroelectricity to address new challenges by pushing the limits of hydraulic machines.

Prof. Dr. Cécile Münch-Alligné
Dr. Vlad Hasmatuchi
Dr. Jean Decaix
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Hydraulic machines
  • Experimental measurements
  • Numerical simulations
  • Flexibility

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 4509 KiB  
Article
Geometry, Mesh and Numerical Scheme Influencing the Simulation of a Pelton Jet with the OpenFOAM Toolbox
by Jean Decaix and Cécile Münch-Alligné
Energies 2022, 15(19), 7451; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15197451 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1566
Abstract
Hydropower is a key source of electricity production for allowing the integration of intermittent renewable energy resources. Among the various hydraulic power plants around the world, the ones equipped with Pelton turbines already provide large flexibility that is still enhanced with the development, [...] Read more.
Hydropower is a key source of electricity production for allowing the integration of intermittent renewable energy resources. Among the various hydraulic power plants around the world, the ones equipped with Pelton turbines already provide large flexibility that is still enhanced with the development, for instance, of the hydraulic short circuit operating mode. However, the knowledge of the flow inside Pelton turbines is still a challenging task, both numerically and experimentally, despite progress in the last two decades. One key feature of the Pelton efficiency is the jet quality, i.e., the jet velocity needs to be uniform, not perturbed by secondary flows and compact. The compactness of the jet is mainly dependent o nthe location of the jet detachment at the nozzle outlet, which is challenging for computational fluid dynamics simulations mainly due to numerical diffusion. Even if this point has already been mentioned in previous papers, the present paper focuses on all the parameters that can influence the jet detachment: the nozzle geometry, the mesh and the numerical scheme used to discretize the convective fluxes. The simulations of an existing Pelton injector are performed using the OpenFOAM toolbox. It is noticed that, in addition to the nozzle geometry and the mesh resolution at the nozzle outlet, the choice of the numerical schemes influences the jet detachment and, consequently, the jet diameter and discharge. The use of an anti-diffusive scheme such as the “SUPERBEE” limiter improves the prediction of the jet in accordance with the on-site measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulic Machines)
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20 pages, 18082 KiB  
Article
Analytical, Experimental, and Numerical Investigation of Energy in Hydraulic Cylinder Dynamics of Agriculture Scale Excavators
by Ryo Arai, Satoru Sakai, Akihiro Tatsuoka and Qin Zhang
Energies 2021, 14(19), 6210; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14196210 - 29 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1568
Abstract
This paper discusses energy behaviors in hydraulic cylinder dynamics, which are important for model-based control of agriculture scale excavators. First, we review hydraulic cylinder dynamics and update our physical parameter identification method to agriculture scale experimental excavators in order to construct a nominal [...] Read more.
This paper discusses energy behaviors in hydraulic cylinder dynamics, which are important for model-based control of agriculture scale excavators. First, we review hydraulic cylinder dynamics and update our physical parameter identification method to agriculture scale experimental excavators in order to construct a nominal numerical simulator. Second, we analyze the energy behaviors from the port-Hamiltonian point of view which provides many links to model-based control at laboratory scale at least. At agriculture scale, even though the nominal numerical simulator is much simpler than an experimental excavator, the analytical, experimental, and numerical energy behaviors are very close to each other. This implies that the port-Hamiltonian point of view will be applicable in agriculture scale against modeling errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulic Machines)
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19 pages, 5681 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Influence of Wake Cavitation on the Dynamic Response of Hydraulic Profiles under Lock-In Conditions
by Rafel Roig, Jian Chen, Oscar de la Torre and Xavier Escaler
Energies 2021, 14(19), 6033; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14196033 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1748
Abstract
To accelerate the integration of fluctuating renewable energy technologies in the power systems, it is necessary to increase the flexibility of hydropower by operating turbines at off-design conditions. Unfortunately, this strategy causes deleterious flow phenomena such as von Kármán’s vortices at the wake [...] Read more.
To accelerate the integration of fluctuating renewable energy technologies in the power systems, it is necessary to increase the flexibility of hydropower by operating turbines at off-design conditions. Unfortunately, this strategy causes deleterious flow phenomena such as von Kármán’s vortices at the wake of the vanes and/or blades. When their shedding frequency lies in the vicinity of a structure’s natural frequency, lock-in occurs and vibration amplitudes increase significantly. Moreover, if cavitation occurs at the centers of these vortices, the structure’s dynamic response will be modified. In order to understand this interaction and to avoid its negative consequences, the vibration behavior of a NACA 0009 hydrofoil under a torsional lock-in condition was numerically simulated for cavitation-free and cavitating-flow conditions. The results showed that the presence of vortex cavitation modified the formation and growth process of shed von Kármán vortices in the near-wake region which, in turn, caused an increase of the work performed by the hydrofoil deformation on the surrounding flow and a sharp decrease of the maximum vibration amplitude under resonance conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulic Machines)
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25 pages, 2032 KiB  
Article
Design of Experiments Applied to Francis Turbine Draft Tube to Minimize Pressure Pulsations and Energy Losses in Off-Design Conditions
by Arthur Favrel, Nak-joong Lee, Tatsuya Irie and Kazuyoshi Miyagawa
Energies 2021, 14(13), 3894; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14133894 - 28 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2660
Abstract
This paper proposes an original approach to investigate the influence of the geometry of Francis turbines draft tube on pressure fluctuations and energy losses in off-design conditions. It is based on Design of Experiments (DOE) of the draft tube geometry and steady/unsteady Computational [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an original approach to investigate the influence of the geometry of Francis turbines draft tube on pressure fluctuations and energy losses in off-design conditions. It is based on Design of Experiments (DOE) of the draft tube geometry and steady/unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the draft tube internal flow. The test case is a Francis turbine unit of specific speed Ns=120 m-kW which is required to operate continuously in off-design conditions, either with 45% (part-load) or 110% (full-load) of the design flow rate. Nine different draft tube geometries featuring a different set of geometrical parameters are first defined by an orthogonal array-based DOE approach. For each of them, unsteady and steady CFD simulations of the internal flow from guide vane to draft tube outlet are performed at part-load and full-load conditions, respectively. The influence of each geometrical parameter on both the flow instability and resulting pressure pulsations, as well as on energy losses in the draft tube, are investigated by applying an Analysis of Means (ANOM) to the numerical results. The whole methodology enables the identification of a set of geometrical parameters minimizing the pressure fluctuations occurring in part-load conditions as well as the energy losses in both full-load and part-load conditions while maintaining the requested pressure recovery. Finally, the results of the CFD simulations with the final draft tube geometry are compared with the results estimated by the ANOM, which demonstrates that the proposed methodology also enables a rough preliminary estimation of the draft tube losses and pressure fluctuations amplitude. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulic Machines)
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13 pages, 6701 KiB  
Article
Constraints of Parametrically Defined Guide Vanes for a High-Head Francis Turbine
by Filip Stojkovski, Marija Lazarevikj, Zoran Markov, Igor Iliev and Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2667; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14092667 - 06 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2674
Abstract
This paper is focused on the guide vane cascade as one of the most crucial stationary sub-systems of the hydraulic turbine, which needs to provide efficient inflow hydraulic conditions to the runner. The guide vanes direct the flow from the spiral casing and [...] Read more.
This paper is focused on the guide vane cascade as one of the most crucial stationary sub-systems of the hydraulic turbine, which needs to provide efficient inflow hydraulic conditions to the runner. The guide vanes direct the flow from the spiral casing and the stay vanes towards the runner, regulating the desired discharge. A parametric design tool with normalized geometrical constraints was created in MATLAB, suitable for generating guide vane cascade geometries for Francis turbines. The goal is to determine the limits of these constraints, which will lead to future faster prediction of initial guide vane configurations in the turbine optimal operating region. Several geometries are developed using preliminary design data of the turbine and are investigated using CFD simulations close to the best efficiency point (BEP) of the turbine. This research is part of the Horizon-2020—HydroFlex project led by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), focusing on the development of a flexible hydropower generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulic Machines)
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