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Electromagnetic Transients in Large-Scale Renewable Energy System: Model, Method, Simulation, Measurement and Suppressing Techniques

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B2: Clean Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 7757

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Qiuqin Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Electrical & Information, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
Interests: electromagnetic transients in power system; high voltage engineering; renewable energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Renewable energy is increasingly integrated into modern power grids to meet the rising demand for electricity. Many countries have set goals to operate at 100% clean energy and zero-carbon emission by 2050. However, large-scale renewable energy systems are frequently subject to serious electromagnetic transients, such as lightning surge, fault and switching overvoltages, etc. For instance, wind turbines are often struck by lightning due to their height, distinctive shape, and exposed location; photovoltaic systems as equally vulnerable due to being installed in huge, wide open areas. High transients can decrease PV cell efficiency, threaten power converters, and even lead to the failure of the entire system. The mechanism of such transients needs to be thoroughly understood, validated, and evaluated.

This Special Issue provides an opportunity for researchers to share their latest discoveries and best practices in this field. The aim is to present selected contributions on advances in modeling, simulation, measurement, and suppressing techniques for electromagnetic transients in the system. Potential topics include but are not limited to:

• Wind power and photovoltaic systems;
• Modeling of power converters and associated equipment;
• Lightning surge and protection;
• Switching transient and mitigation;
• Fault transient and location;
• High-frequency transient mechanism;
• Smart sensors for electromagnetic transient measurement;
• Novel suppressing techniques for transients in renewable energy systems;
• Numerical simulation of electromagnetic transients in renewable energy systems;
• Transient in energy storage systems.

Dr. Qiuqin Sun
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable energy
  • electromagnetic transient
  • numerical simulation
  • power converter
  • smart sensor and measurement
  • high-frequency transient
  • energy storage

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2520 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Methods for Suppressing Circulating Current in Metal Sheath of Cables Connected in Parallel
by Rui Wu, Weilin Zou, Jie Yuan, Hua Bao, Shuaijie Wang, Yufeng Liu and Wentao Yang
Energies 2023, 16(11), 4265; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16114265 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1054
Abstract
The number of high-voltage parallel cables is rapidly increasing. The alternating magnetic field generated by the working current of power cable cores induces voltage in the adjacent metal sheath; if the sheath and earth form a circuit, the metal sheath will create a [...] Read more.
The number of high-voltage parallel cables is rapidly increasing. The alternating magnetic field generated by the working current of power cable cores induces voltage in the adjacent metal sheath; if the sheath and earth form a circuit, the metal sheath will create a circulating current, resulting in a reduction in the load capacity of power cable and the life of cable insulation. This paper uses MATLAB to construct a model for calculating the circulating current of cables connected in parallel in the same phase, and the effects of cable arrangement, phase sequence, and loop distance of cables connected in parallel on the sheath circulating current are investigated. The induced voltage in power cable sheaths is decomposed into two components, i.e., the component resulting from the core current and the component resulting from the metal sheath. Two new sheath connection methods are proposed to suppress the sheath circulating current. Compared with traditional cross-connection grounding, the proposed methods can reduce the coupling degree between loops, thus decreasing the induced voltage and circulating current. The different grounding methods of the sheath are modeled in the environment of an electromagnetic transient program (EMTP), and the sheath circulating current is simulated and compared with the conventional cross-connection grounding method. In the asymmetric arrangement, the proposed series connection method can reduce the sheath circulating current by at least 50%; however, its increases the sheath circulating current in the symmetric arrangement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Transients in Large-Scale Renewable Energy System: Model, Method, Simulation, Measurement and Suppressing Techniques)
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16 pages, 4952 KiB  
Article
Risk Analysis of HPEM Threats for Linear RF Channel with Pyramid Horn Antenna Based on System-Level SPICE Modeling
by Chuanbao Du, Zhitong Cui, Congguang Mao, Jin Tian, Wei Wu, Wei Chen and Yang Qiu
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6142; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15176142 - 24 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 995
Abstract
High power electromagnetics (HPEMs) pose a potential threatening risk to the wireless communication system, especially according to the main coupling path of the RF front-end channel. SPICE modeling of the responses coupled on the RF channel is crucial for the EM risk assessment, [...] Read more.
High power electromagnetics (HPEMs) pose a potential threatening risk to the wireless communication system, especially according to the main coupling path of the RF front-end channel. SPICE modeling of the responses coupled on the RF channel is crucial for the EM risk assessment, which helps us learn more about how the pulse conducts on the RF channel. A simplified linear RF channel with pyramid horn antenna is taken as an example by the selection of the key electronic modules of the actual wireless system. This paper proposes a system-level SPICE circuit model for the simplified RF channel according to the hybrid methods of the antenna electromagnetic simulation and SPICE modeling of the RF circuit. The equivalent circuits of the horn antenna illuminated by HPEMs are established with the Vector Fitting method based on Thevenin and Norton theorems. The short current response as the excitation files for the SPICE models are obtained by the commercial electromagnetic simulation of the horn antenna illuminated by Multiple HPEM environments. Equivalent circuits of a micro-strip bandpass filter are also derived with π type circuit structure based on the measured admittance data. Then we analyze the HPEM risk faced by the RF channel by considering multiple HPEM environments. The norm theory is utilized to analyze the waveform characteristics from electric fields of HPEMs to the responses of the RF channel. The ratios of the responses versus electric field for each norm are computed and the EM risk degree is ranked based on those results. The results demonstrate that high power microwave is the highest threatening risk for the linear RF channel compared to the other two HPEMs such as ultra-wide band, high altitude electromagnetic pulse. Finally, the flowchart of EM risk assessment is presented based on a previous analysis, which will benefit the EMC design in engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Transients in Large-Scale Renewable Energy System: Model, Method, Simulation, Measurement and Suppressing Techniques)
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9 pages, 1383 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning Based Prediction for the Response of Gas Discharge Tube to Damped Sinusoid Signal
by Jinjin Wang, Zhitong Cui, Zhiqiang Chen, Yayun Dong and Xin Nie
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2622; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072622 - 03 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1359
Abstract
In order to predict the circuit response of a Gas Discharge Tube (GDT) to an electromagnetic pulse, a “black box” model for a GDT based on a machine learning method is proposed and validated in this paper.Firstly, the machine learning model of the [...] Read more.
In order to predict the circuit response of a Gas Discharge Tube (GDT) to an electromagnetic pulse, a “black box” model for a GDT based on a machine learning method is proposed and validated in this paper.Firstly, the machine learning model of the Elman neural network is established by taking advantage of the existing measurement data to dampen the sinusoid signal, and then the established model is adopted to predict the response waveform of an unknown injection current grade and frequency.Without considering the complex physical parameters and dynamic behavior of GDTs, the Elman neural network modeling method is simpler than the existing physical or Pspice model.Validation experiments show a good agreement between the predicted and the measured waveforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Transients in Large-Scale Renewable Energy System: Model, Method, Simulation, Measurement and Suppressing Techniques)
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12 pages, 2841 KiB  
Article
Vibration Model of a Power Capacitor Core under Various Harmonic Electrical Excitations
by Jinyu Li, Xiaoyan Lei, Zhongqiu Zuo and Yi Xiong
Energies 2022, 15(5), 1848; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15051848 - 02 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1963
Abstract
Power capacitors are widely used in power transmission systems. During their operation, an electric force acting on the electrodes of the power capacitors actuates mechanical vibrations and radiates an audible noise. Considering a power capacitor as a general system, the frequency response with [...] Read more.
Power capacitors are widely used in power transmission systems. During their operation, an electric force acting on the electrodes of the power capacitors actuates mechanical vibrations and radiates an audible noise. Considering a power capacitor as a general system, the frequency response with the electric force as the input and mechanical vibration as the output have been measured by engineers in recent years and used to evaluate the acoustic and mechanical features of products. Accidentally, it was found that the frequency of the capacitor vibration was not consistent with its excitation due to electro-mechanical coupling. This electro-mechanical coupling had not been considered in previous vibration models of power capacitors. Therefore, a new vibration model of power capacitors was built up in this paper and a so-called multi-frequency vibration characteristic was revealed. A theoretical analysis showed that the electric force and mechanical vibration of the power capacitors were coupled, which resulted in the multi-frequency vibration. The vibration frequency response was measured and the result was consistent with the vibration model proposed in this paper. Once the frequency of the electric force was near half the natural frequency of the power capacitor, a predominant multi-frequency vibration was triggered and the power capacitor was in a superharmonic resonance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Transients in Large-Scale Renewable Energy System: Model, Method, Simulation, Measurement and Suppressing Techniques)
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13 pages, 64482 KiB  
Article
Research on Electromagnetic Susceptibility of Electronic Modules in Component-Level HEMP PCI Test
by Chuanbao Du, Dewei Xia, Quan Huang, Congguang Mao, Zhitong Cui, Wenxiao Fang and Xin Nie
Energies 2022, 15(4), 1409; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15041409 - 15 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1438
Abstract
The study of electromagnetic sensitivity of electronic modules is crucial for the selection of a component-level pulse current injection (PCI) waveform, which will determine whether a component-level PCI test is equivalent to a system-level pulse illumination test of the system to which the [...] Read more.
The study of electromagnetic sensitivity of electronic modules is crucial for the selection of a component-level pulse current injection (PCI) waveform, which will determine whether a component-level PCI test is equivalent to a system-level pulse illumination test of the system to which the electronic module belongs. For electromagnetic sensitivity analysis, the equivalence between the injection waveform and a typical high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) conducted disturbance waveform in a component-level PCI test is studied. Based on an RF low noise amplifier (LNA) test board, component-level PCI tests were performed using 20 ns/500 ns double exponential wave and square-wave pulse with multiple pulse-widths. The damage threshold was analyzed and determined by using vector norm and its internal damage was observed and validated by optical microscopic analysis. The conclusions are demonstrated as follows: first, during square-wave PCI tests of RF LNA, the electromagnetic sensitive parameter action is divided into three regions by pulse-width range, called ∞-norm, 2-norm and competitive failure-dominating regions; second, the electromagnetic damage effect of the RF LNA is mainly caused by the burning of its two cascaded transistors, forming a pulse energy transmission channel with short-circuit impedance from the input port to the ground; third, the 100 ns-width square waveform can be determined as the equivalent injection waveform of a HEMP conducted waveform, and the pulse peak value of injected current is determined as the electromagnetic sensitive parameter for square-wave PCI tests of the RF LNA. The conclusions verified the feasibility of establishing the equivalence between different pulse waveforms according to the electromagnetic sensitivity analysis based on the vector norm theory and effect mechanism analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Transients in Large-Scale Renewable Energy System: Model, Method, Simulation, Measurement and Suppressing Techniques)
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