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Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles
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Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 September 2022) | Viewed by 15115

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Valery Vodovozov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 19086, Estonia
Interests: electric vehicles; electrical drives; electrical braking systems; MATLAB simulation; engineering education

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric vehicles and their varieties as hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles have attracted a global interest in science and industry. This applies to road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, and aircraft and spacecraft powered from batteries, solar panels, fuel cells or electric generators that convert fuel to electricity. In the design and control of electric vehicles, many novel energy-saving and performance trends have recently been discovered.

This Special Issue aims to consolidate various new generation solutions from electric vehicle developers that contribute to the green energy revolution and the fourth industrial revolution, “Industry 4.0”. Original contributions are invited, including research articles and review papers from academic scientists, researchers, students, and professional communities that touch upon not only recent advances in electric vehicles, but also clean and energy-efficient technologies, climate change, and urban air quality. All the solutions where the presence of the electric powertrain provides an ability to achieve either better fuel economy or better performance than a conventional vehicle has are welcome, whether from bikes, scooters, cars, buses, trucks, boats, drones, planes, robots, etc.

Prof. Valery Vodovozov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electric vehicle
  • Hybrid vehicle
  • Fuel cell vehicle
  • Electric propulsion
  • Electric braking

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 3881 KiB  
Article
Comparison of “Zero Emission” Vehicles with Petrol and Hybrid Cars in Terms of Total CO2 Release—A Case Study for Romania, Poland, Norway and Germany
by Klaus Lieutenant, Ana Vassileva Borissova, Mohamad Mustafa, Nick McCarthy and Ioan Iordache
Energies 2022, 15(21), 7988; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15217988 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2719
Abstract
The authors compare the energy consumption and CO2 emissions from vehicles using internal combustion engines (ICE), battery electric vehicles (BEV), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), and two types of hybrid vehicles, BEV-ICE hybrid and BEV-FCEV hybrid. This paper considers several scenarios for [...] Read more.
The authors compare the energy consumption and CO2 emissions from vehicles using internal combustion engines (ICE), battery electric vehicles (BEV), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), and two types of hybrid vehicles, BEV-ICE hybrid and BEV-FCEV hybrid. This paper considers several scenarios for four countries’ electricity production from primary energy sources to estimate total CO2 release. Energy consumption of the vehicle per 100 km, emissions during manufacturing, battery production, and lifecycle of the vehicle are considered in the total amount evaluation of CO2 released. The results show that with current technologies for battery manufacturing, and a significant proportion of national grid electricity delivered by fossil fuels, BEV is the best choice to reduce carbon emissions for shorter driving ranges. In the case of electricity generation mainly by low-carbon sources, FCEV and BEV-FCEV hybrid vehicles end up with lower carbon dioxide emissions. In contrast, with electricity mainly generated from fossil fuels, electric vehicles do not reduce CO2 emissions compared to combustion cars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles)
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18 pages, 30653 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Mode Selection Strategy for Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Variable Power Reserve
by Jingzheng Fan, Bingfeng Zu, Jianwei Zhou, Zhen Wang and Haopeng Wang
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3171; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14113171 - 28 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1979
Abstract
When the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle exits the pure electric mode, the battery provides power for the drive motor and integrated starter generator (ISG) to drive the vehicle and start the engine. If the battery discharge power is insufficient, the driving [...] Read more.
When the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle exits the pure electric mode, the battery provides power for the drive motor and integrated starter generator (ISG) to drive the vehicle and start the engine. If the battery discharge power is insufficient, the driving power will drop, which will inhibit the vehicle from accelerating and impair drivability. Considering that the mode selection strategy determines the timing of mode switching, this paper proposes an adaptive mode selection strategy based on variable power reserve to allow the vehicle to switch mode considering the battery power limitation. The effectiveness of this strategy is verified by simulation, and its influence on fuel consumption and battery utilization is analyzed. Compared with the mode selection strategy based on logic thresholds at the same initial battery state of charge (SOC), under the high-speed and aggressive US06 cycle, the total driving power drop is reduced by 74.2%, and the over-discharge power of the battery is fully restrained while keep almost the same fuel consumption; under the city FTP cycle, the total driving power drop is reduced 65%, and fuel consumption is reduced while maintaining SOC at a reasonable level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles)
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22 pages, 5922 KiB  
Article
Neural Network-Based Model Reference Control of Braking Electric Vehicles
by Valery Vodovozov, Andrei Aksjonov, Eduard Petlenkov and Zoja Raud
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2373; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14092373 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1824
Abstract
The problem of energy recovery in braking of an electric vehicle is solved here, which ensures high quality blended deceleration using electrical and friction brakes. A model reference controller is offered, capable to meet the conflicting requirements of intensive and gradual braking scenarios [...] Read more.
The problem of energy recovery in braking of an electric vehicle is solved here, which ensures high quality blended deceleration using electrical and friction brakes. A model reference controller is offered, capable to meet the conflicting requirements of intensive and gradual braking scenarios at changing road surfaces. In this study, the neural network controller provides torque gradient control without a tire model, resulting in the return of maximal energy to the hybrid energy storage during braking. The torque allocation algorithm determines how to share the driver’s request between the friction and electrical brakes in such a way as to enable regeneration for all braking modes, except when the battery state of charge and voltage levels are saturated, and a solo friction brake has to be used. The simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed coupled two-layer neural network capable of capturing various dynamic behaviors that could not be included in the simplified physics-based model. A comparison of the simulation and experimental results demonstrates that the velocity, slip, and torque responses confirm the proper car performance, while the system successfully copes with the strong nonlinearity and instability of the vehicle dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles)
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Review

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27 pages, 3001 KiB  
Review
Review of Energy Challenges and Horizons of Hydrogen City Buses
by Valery Vodovozov, Zoja Raud and Eduard Petlenkov
Energies 2022, 15(19), 6945; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15196945 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2831
Abstract
This paper discusses fuel cell electric vehicles and, more specifically, the challenges and development of hydrogen-fueled buses for people accessing this transportation in cities and urban environments. The study reveals the main innovations and challenges in the field of hydrogen bus deployment, and [...] Read more.
This paper discusses fuel cell electric vehicles and, more specifically, the challenges and development of hydrogen-fueled buses for people accessing this transportation in cities and urban environments. The study reveals the main innovations and challenges in the field of hydrogen bus deployment, and identifies the most common approaches and errors in this area by extracting and critically appraising data from sources important to the energy perspective. Three aspects of the development and horizons of fuel cell electric buses are reviewed, namely energy consumption, energy efficiency, and energy production. The first is associated with the need to ensure a useful and sustainable climate-neutral public transport. Herewith, the properties of the hydrogen supply of electric buses and their benefits over gasoline, gas, and battery vehicles are discussed. The efficiency issue is related to the ratio of consumed and produced fuel in view of energy losses. Four types of engines–gasoline, diesel, gas, and electrical–are evaluated in terms of well-to-wheel, tank-to-wheel, delivery, and storage losses. The third problem arises from the production, operating, and disposal constraints of the society at the present juncture. Several future-oriented initiatives of the European Commission, separate countries, and companies are described. The study shows that the effectiveness of the FCEBs depends strongly on the energy generation used to produce hydrogen. In the countries where the renewables are the main energy sources, the FCEBs are effective. In other regions they are not effective enough yet, although the future horizons are quite broad. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles)
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26 pages, 2615 KiB  
Review
Review on Braking Energy Management in Electric Vehicles
by Valery Vodovozov, Zoja Raud and Eduard Petlenkov
Energies 2021, 14(15), 4477; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14154477 - 24 Jul 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4272
Abstract
The adoption of electric vehicles promises numerous benefits for modern society. At the same time, there remain significant hurdles to their wide distribution, primarily related to battery-based energy sources. This review concerns the systematization of knowledge in one of the areas of the [...] Read more.
The adoption of electric vehicles promises numerous benefits for modern society. At the same time, there remain significant hurdles to their wide distribution, primarily related to battery-based energy sources. This review concerns the systematization of knowledge in one of the areas of the electric vehicle control, namely, the energy management issues when using braking controllers. The braking process optimization is summarized from two aspects. First, the advantageous solutions are presented that were identified in the field of gradual and urgent braking. Second, several findings discovered in adjacent fields of automation are debated as prospects for their possible application in braking control. Following the specific classification of braking methods, a generalized braking system composition is offered, and all publications are evaluated primarily in terms of their energy recovery abilities as a global target. Then, conventional and intelligent classes of braking controllers are compared. In the first category, classic PID, threshold, and sliding-mode controllers are reviewed in terms of their energy management restrictions. The second group relates to the issues of the tire friction-slip identification and braking torque allocation between the hydraulic and electrical brakes. From this perspective, several intelligent systems are analyzed in detail, especially fuzzy logic, neural network, and their numerous associations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles)
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