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Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 43947

Special Issue Editors

Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 5, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: PEM fuel cells; PEM water electrolysis; methanol reforming; energy technology; hydrogen
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 5, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: energy systems modeling; fuel cells; hydrogen; methanol
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen energy research and development has attracted growing attention as one of the key solutions for a clean future energy system. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, national governments across the world are developing ambitious policies to support hydrogen technology, and an increasing level of funding has been allocated for projects of research, development, and demonstration of this technology. At the same time, the private sector is capitalizing on the opportunity with larger investments in hydrogen technology solutions.

While intense research activities have been dedicated to this field, several issues require further research prior to achieving a full commercialization of hydrogen technology solutions. This Special Issue seeks to contribute to disseminating the most recent advancements in the field with respect to both modeling and experimental analysis. The focus is placed on research covering all aspects of the hydrogen energy route, including fuel production, storage, transportation, and final usage. This also includes the development of hydrogen-based fuels, such as ammonia, alcohols, and methane.

We look forward to considering your submissions.

Dr. Samuel Simon Araya
Dr. Vincenzo Liso
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fuel cell materials and systems
  • electrolysis materials and systems
  • catalysis
  • hydrogen storage and transportation
  • hydrogen based electro-fuels (e.g., methanol, ammonia, enriched methane)
  • control and diagnostics

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1311 KiB  
Article
Functional Model of Power Grid Stabilization in the Green Hydrogen Supply Chain System—Conceptual Assumptions
by Marzena Frankowska, Andrzej Rzeczycki, Mariusz Sowa and Wojciech Drożdż
Energies 2023, 16(1), 154; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16010154 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1535
Abstract
Green hydrogen supply chain includes supply sources, production, and distribution of hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources (RES). It is a promising scientific and application area, as it is related to the problem of instability of power grids supplied with RES. The article [...] Read more.
Green hydrogen supply chain includes supply sources, production, and distribution of hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources (RES). It is a promising scientific and application area, as it is related to the problem of instability of power grids supplied with RES. The article presents the conceptual assumptions of the research on the design of a functional multi-criteria model of the stabilization model architecture of energy distribution networks based on a hydrogen energy buffer, taking into account the applicable use of hydrogen. The aim of the research was to identify the variables contributing to the stabilization of the operation of distribution networks. The method used to obtain this result was a systematic review of the literature using the technique of in-depth analysis of full-text articles and expert consultations. The concept of a functional model was described as a matrix in two dimensions in which the identified variables were embedded. The first dimension covers the phases of the supply chain: procurement and production along with storage and distribution. The second dimension divides the separate factors into technical, economic, and logistic. The research was conducted in the context of system optimization from the point of view of the operator of the energy distribution system. As a result of the research, several benefits resulting from stabilization using a hydrogen buffer were identified. Furthermore, the model may be used in designing solutions stabilizing the operation of power grids in which there are surpluses of electricity produced from RES. Due to the applied multidimensional approach, the developed model is recommended for use, as it enables the design of solutions in a systemic manner. Due to the growing level of energy obtained from renewable energy sources, the issue of stabilizing the energy network is becoming increasingly important for energy network distributors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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25 pages, 5170 KiB  
Article
Design of a Hydrogen Production System Considering Energy Consumption, Water Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Cost
by Juan C. González Palencia, Yuta Itoi and Mikiya Araki
Energies 2022, 15(21), 7938; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15217938 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2708
Abstract
CO2 emissions associated with hydrogen production can be reduced replacing steam methane reforming with electrolysis using renewable electricity with a trade-off of increasing energy consumption, water consumption and cost. In this research, a linear programming optimization model of a hydrogen production system [...] Read more.
CO2 emissions associated with hydrogen production can be reduced replacing steam methane reforming with electrolysis using renewable electricity with a trade-off of increasing energy consumption, water consumption and cost. In this research, a linear programming optimization model of a hydrogen production system that considers simultaneously energy consumption, water consumption, CO2 emissions and cost on a cradle-to-gate basis was developed. The model was used to evaluate the impact of CO2 intensity on the optimum design of a hydrogen production system for Japan considering different stakeholders’ priorities. Hydrogen is produced using steam methane reforming and electrolysis. Electricity sources include grid, wind, solar photovoltaic, geothermal and hydro. Independent of the stakeholders’ priorities, steam methane reforming dominates hydrogen production for cradle-to-gate CO2 intensities larger than 9 kg CO2/kg H2, while electrolysis using renewable electricity dominates for lower cradle-to-gate CO2 intensities. Reducing the cradle-to-gate CO2 intensity increases energy consumption, water consumption and specific cost of hydrogen production. For a cradle-to-gate CO2 intensity of 0 kg CO2/kg H2, the specific cost of hydrogen production varies between 8.81 and 13.6 USD/kg H2; higher than the specific cost of hydrogen production targeted by the Japanese government in 2030 of 30 JPY/Nm3, 3.19 USD/kg H2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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21 pages, 8583 KiB  
Article
Safety Issues of a Hydrogen Refueling Station and a Prediction for an Overpressure Reduction by a Barrier Using OpenFOAM Software for an SRI Explosion Test in an Open Space
by Hyung-Seok Kang, Sang-Min Kim and Jongtae Kim
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7556; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15207556 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1665
Abstract
Safety issues arising from a hydrogen explosion accident in Korea are discussed herein. In order to increase the safety of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs), the Korea Gas Safety Corporation (KGS) decided to install a damage-mitigation wall, also referred to as a barrier, around [...] Read more.
Safety issues arising from a hydrogen explosion accident in Korea are discussed herein. In order to increase the safety of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs), the Korea Gas Safety Corporation (KGS) decided to install a damage-mitigation wall, also referred to as a barrier, around the storage tanks at the HRSs after evaluating the consequences of hypothetical hydrogen explosion accidents based on the characteristics of each HRS. To propose a new regulation related to the barrier installation at the HRSs, which can ensure a proper separation distance between the HRS and its surrounding protected facilities in a complex city, KGS planned to test various barrier models under hypothetical hydrogen explosion accidents to develop a standard model of the barrier. A numerical simulation to investigate the effect of the recommended barrier during hypothetical hydrogen explosion accidents in the HRS will be performed before installing the barrier at the HRSs. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code based on the open-source software OpenFOAM will be developed for the numerical simulation of various accident scenarios. As the first step in the development of the CFD code, we conducted a hydrogen vapor cloud explosion test with a barrier in an open space, which was conducted by the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), using the modified XiFoam solver in OpenFOAM-v1912. A vapor cloud explosion (VCE) accident may occur due to the leakage of gaseous hydrogen or liquefied hydrogen owing to a failure of piping connected to the storage tank in an HRS. The analysis results using the modified XiFoam predicted the peak overpressure variation from the near field to the far field of the explosion site through the barrier with an error range of approximately ±30% if a proper analysis methodology including the proper mesh distribution in the grid model is chosen. In addition, we applied the proposed analysis methodology using the modified XiFoam to barrier shapes that varied from that used in the test to investigate its applicability to predict peak overpressure variations with various barrier shapes. Through the application analysis, we concluded that the proposed analysis methodology is sufficient for evaluating the safety effect of the barrier, which will be recommended through experimental research, during VCE accidents at the HRSs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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16 pages, 1742 KiB  
Article
Techno-Economic Model for Scaling Up of Hydrogen Refueling Stations
by Roberta Caponi, Enrico Bocci and Luca Del Zotto
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7518; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15207518 - 12 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2633
Abstract
In a recent publication, the Hydrogen Council states that scaling up to greater production volumes leads to significant cost savings as a consequence of the industrialization of equipment manufacturing, increased utilization, standardization, and improvements in system efficiency and flexibility. In this study, a [...] Read more.
In a recent publication, the Hydrogen Council states that scaling up to greater production volumes leads to significant cost savings as a consequence of the industrialization of equipment manufacturing, increased utilization, standardization, and improvements in system efficiency and flexibility. In this study, a component-oriented techno-economic model is applied to five different European hydrogen refueling stations within the 3Emotion project, which is planned to ensure capacities sufficient for increasing a fleet to 100 fuel cell buses. The investigation of the various cases shows that the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) for large-scale applications will be in the range of about 4 €/kg to 7 €/kg within the boundaries analyzed. On-site production facilities were found to be the lower-cost design, benefiting from the high volumes at stake and the economy of scale with respect to decentralized production due to the significant costs associated with retail hydrogen and transport. This study also illustrates the effects on the LCOH of varying the hydrogen delivery and production prices using a sensitivity analysis. The results show that, by utilizing high-capacity trailers, the costs associated with delivery could be reduced by 30%. Furthermore, green hydrogen production could be a competitive solution if coupled with low electricity prices, resulting in an LCOH between 4.21 €/kg and 6.80 €/kg. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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18 pages, 3185 KiB  
Article
Livestock’s Urine-Based Plant Microbial Fuel Cells Improve Plant Growth and Power Generation
by Wilgince Apollon, Juan Antonio Vidales-Contreras, Humberto Rodríguez-Fuentes, Juan Florencio Gómez-Leyva, Emilio Olivares-Sáenz, Víctor Arturo Maldonado-Ruelas, Raúl Arturo Ortiz-Medina, Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj and Alejandro Isabel Luna-Maldonado
Energies 2022, 15(19), 6985; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15196985 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2538
Abstract
Plant microbial fuel cells (P-MFCs) are sustainable and eco-friendly technologies, which use plant root exudates to directly nourish the electrochemically active bacteria (EABs) to generate sustainable electricity. However, their use in evaluating plant growth has been insufficiently studied. In this study, interconnection between [...] Read more.
Plant microbial fuel cells (P-MFCs) are sustainable and eco-friendly technologies, which use plant root exudates to directly nourish the electrochemically active bacteria (EABs) to generate sustainable electricity. However, their use in evaluating plant growth has been insufficiently studied. In this study, interconnection between plant growth and the production of bioelectricity was evaluated by using P-MFCs inoculated with 642.865 mL ≅ 643 mL of livestock’s urine such as cow urine, goat urine, and sheep urine. The greatest mean stem diameter of 0.52 ± 0.01 cm was found in P-MFC-3 inoculated with goat urine, while the P-MFC-2 treated with cow urine reached a higher average number of roots with a value of 86 ± 2.50 (95% improvement) (p < 0.05). Besides, P-MFC-4 presented greater height of 50.08 ± 0.67 cm. For polarization curve experiment a higher maximum power density of 132 ± 11.6 mW m−2 (931 mA m−2) was reached with cow urine; in turn, with regard to the long-term operation, the same reactor indicated a higher maximum average power density of 43.68 ± 3.05 mW m−2. The study’s findings indicated that Stevia P-MFC inoculated with urine was a good option to increase the biomass amount for the agricultural plants along with power generation. Further, this study opens the way for more investigation of evaluating the impact of P-MFC on plant growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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15 pages, 420 KiB  
Article
Strategies for the Adoption of Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage Systems: An Exploratory Study in Australia
by Cameron Wells, Roberto Minunno, Heap-Yih Chong and Gregory M. Morrison
Energies 2022, 15(16), 6015; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15166015 - 19 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1894
Abstract
A significant contribution to the reduction of carbon emissions will be enabled through the transition from a centralised fossil fuel system to a decentralised, renewable electricity system. However, due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy, storage is required to provide a suitable [...] Read more.
A significant contribution to the reduction of carbon emissions will be enabled through the transition from a centralised fossil fuel system to a decentralised, renewable electricity system. However, due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy, storage is required to provide a suitable response to dynamic loads and manage the excess generated electricity with utilisation during periods of low generation. This paper investigates the use of stationary hydrogen-based energy storage systems for microgrids and distributed energy resource systems. An exploratory study was conducted in Australia based on a mixed methodology. Ten Australian industry experts were interviewed to determine use cases for hydrogen-based energy storage systems’ requirements, barriers, methods, and recommendations. This study suggests that the current cost of the electrolyser, fuel cell, and storage medium, and the current low round-trip efficiency, are the main elements inhibiting hydrogen-based energy storage systems. Limited industry and practical experience are barriers to the implementation of hydrogen storage systems. Government support could help scale hydrogen-based energy storage systems among early adopters and enablers. Furthermore, collaboration and knowledge sharing could reduce risks, allowing the involvement of more stakeholders. Competition and innovation could ultimately reduce the costs, increasing the uptake of hydrogen storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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21 pages, 980 KiB  
Article
Modeling the Performance Degradation of a High-Temperature PEM Fuel Cell
by Mengfan Zhou, Steffen Frensch, Vincenzo Liso, Na Li, Simon Lennart Sahlin, Giovanni Cinti and Samuel Simon Araya
Energies 2022, 15(15), 5651; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15155651 - 04 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1851
Abstract
In this paper, the performance of a high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) was modeled using literature data. The paper attempted to combine different sources from the literature to find trends in the degradation mechanisms of HT-PEMFCs. The model focused on the [...] Read more.
In this paper, the performance of a high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) was modeled using literature data. The paper attempted to combine different sources from the literature to find trends in the degradation mechanisms of HT-PEMFCs. The model focused on the activation and ohmic losses. The activation losses were defined as a function of both Pt agglomeration and loss of catalyst material. The simulations revealed that the loss of electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) was a major contributor to the total voltage loss. The ohmic losses were defined as a function of changes of acid doping level in time. The loss of conductivity increased significantly on a percentage basis over time, but its impact on the overall voltage degradation was fairly low. It was found that the evaporation of phosphoric acid caused the ohmic overpotential to increase, especially at temperatures above 180 °C. Therefore, higher temperatures can lead to shorter lifetimes but increase the average power output over the lifetime of the fuel cell owing to a higher performance at higher temperatures. The lifetime prognosis was also made at different operating temperatures. It was shown that while the fuel cell performance increased linearly with increasing temperature at the beginning of its life, the voltage decay rate increased exponentially with an increasing temperature. Based on an analysis of the voltage decay rate and lifetime prognosis, the operating temperature range between 160 °C and 170 °C could be said to be optimal, as there was a significant increase in performance compared to lower operating temperatures without too much penalty in terms of lifetime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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18 pages, 13139 KiB  
Article
Modeling a Hybrid Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell–Battery System for Telecom Backup Applications
by Diogo Loureiro Martinho, Samuel Simon Araya, Simon Lennart Sahlin, Vincenzo Liso, Na Li and Thomas Leopold Berg
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3218; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15093218 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1916
Abstract
In this paper, a hybrid reformed methanol fuel cell–battery system for telecom backup applications was modeled in MATLAB Simulink. The modeling was performed to optimize the operating strategy of the hybrid system using an energy management system with a focus on a longer [...] Read more.
In this paper, a hybrid reformed methanol fuel cell–battery system for telecom backup applications was modeled in MATLAB Simulink. The modeling was performed to optimize the operating strategy of the hybrid system using an energy management system with a focus on a longer lifetime and higher fuel efficiency for the fuel cell, while also keeping the state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery within a reasonable range. A 5 kW reformed methanol fuel cell stack and a 6.5 kWh Li-ion battery were considered for the hybrid model. Moreover, to account for the effects of degradation, the model evaluated the performance of the fuel cell both in the beginning of life (BOL) and after 1000 h and 250 start–stop cycling tests (EOT). The energy management system (EMS) was characterized by 12 operating conditions that used the battery SOC, load requirements and the presence or absence of grid power as the inputs to optimize the operating strategy for the system. Additionally, the integration of a 400 W photovoltaic (PV) system was investigated and was able to supplement the battery SOC, thereby increasing the stability and reliability of the system. However, extensive power outages during the night could lead to low battery SOC and, therefore, critical operating conditions and the extended use of the fuel cell. The model also predicted the methanol consumption for different scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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Review

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19 pages, 1275 KiB  
Review
The Potential of Collaboration between India and Japan in the Hydrogen Sector
by Takuma Otaki and Rajib Shaw
Energies 2023, 16(8), 3596; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16083596 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2367
Abstract
With growing concern about risks related to energy security around the world, the development of hydrogen cooperation between India and Japan has become very important to ensure the economic security of the two countries and to deepen economic cooperation. This report covers both [...] Read more.
With growing concern about risks related to energy security around the world, the development of hydrogen cooperation between India and Japan has become very important to ensure the economic security of the two countries and to deepen economic cooperation. This report covers both public and private initiatives in the hydrogen area in both countries and visualizes the high potential and potential areas where both countries could cooperate in the hydrogen area, as well as the challenges that are necessary for cooperation. The following four factors are strong incentives for India and Japan to deepen cooperation in the hydrogen field: (1) India has a high potential hydrogen supply capacity, (2) India is very active in implementing hydrogen in society, (3) Japan is already conducting R&D in areas of high interest to India and (4) Japan will need to import hydrogen from other countries in the future. The issues of (1) cost visualization, including transportation costs, (2) harmonization of regulations, (3) harmonization of promotion measures between the two countries, (4) definition of “green hydrogen,” and (5) protection of intellectual property are main challenges to be overcome. Thus, disclosures of necessary data for cost visualization of hydrogen transportation, further inter-governmental cooperations between India and Japan, and facilitation of the discussions on hydrogen among various stakes are key actions for materializing various joint hydrogen projects between both countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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31 pages, 8173 KiB  
Review
Hydrogen Refueling Process: Theory, Modeling, and In-Force Applications
by Matteo Genovese, Viviana Cigolotti, Elio Jannelli and Petronilla Fragiacomo
Energies 2023, 16(6), 2890; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16062890 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4973
Abstract
Among the alternative fuels enabling the energy transition, hydrogen-based transportation is a sustainable and efficient choice. It finds application both in light-duty and heavy-duty mobility. However, hydrogen gas has unique qualities that must be taken into account when employed in such vehicles: high-pressure [...] Read more.
Among the alternative fuels enabling the energy transition, hydrogen-based transportation is a sustainable and efficient choice. It finds application both in light-duty and heavy-duty mobility. However, hydrogen gas has unique qualities that must be taken into account when employed in such vehicles: high-pressure levels up to 900 bar, storage in composite tanks with a temperature limit of 85 °C, and a negative Joule–Thomson coefficient throughout a wide range of operational parameters. Moreover, to perform a refueling procedure that is closer to the driver’s expectations, a fast process that requires pre-cooling the gas to −40 °C is necessary. The purpose of this work is to examine the major phenomena that occur during the hydrogen refueling process by analyzing the relevant theory and existing modeling methodologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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34 pages, 3786 KiB  
Review
Hybrid PEM Fuel Cell Power Plants Fuelled by Hydrogen for Improving Sustainability in Shipping: State of the Art and Review on Active Projects
by Chiara Dall’Armi, Davide Pivetta and Rodolfo Taccani
Energies 2023, 16(4), 2022; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16042022 - 17 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3546
Abstract
The interest in hybrid polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) fuelled by hydrogen in shipping has seen an unprecedented growth in the last years, as it could allow zero-emission navigation. However, technical, safety, and regulatory barriers in PEMFC ship design and operation are [...] Read more.
The interest in hybrid polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) fuelled by hydrogen in shipping has seen an unprecedented growth in the last years, as it could allow zero-emission navigation. However, technical, safety, and regulatory barriers in PEMFC ship design and operation are hampering the use of such systems on a large scale. While several studies analyse these aspects, a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on hydrogen PEMFCs for shipping is missing. Starting from the survey of past/ongoing projects on FCs in shipping, this paper presents an extensive review on maritime hydrogen PEMFCs, outlining the state of the art and future trends for hydrogen storage and bunkering, powertrain, and regulations. In addition to the need for a clear regulatory framework, future studies should investigate the development of an efficient fuel supply chain and bunkering facilities ashore. As for the onboard power system, health-conscious energy management, low-temperature heat recovery, and advancements in fuel processing have emerged as hot research topics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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22 pages, 1627 KiB  
Review
A Global Review of the Hydrogen Energy Eco-System
by Omer Faruk Noyan, Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan and Nezih Pala
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1484; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16031484 - 02 Feb 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7040
Abstract
Climate change primarily caused by the greenhouse gases emitted as a result of the consumption of carbon-based fossil fuels is considered one of the biggest challenges that humanity has ever faced. Moreover, the Ukrainian crisis in 2022 has complicated the global energy and [...] Read more.
Climate change primarily caused by the greenhouse gases emitted as a result of the consumption of carbon-based fossil fuels is considered one of the biggest challenges that humanity has ever faced. Moreover, the Ukrainian crisis in 2022 has complicated the global energy and food status quo more than ever. The permanency of this multifaceted fragility implies the need for increased efforts to have energy independence and requires long-term solutions without fossil fuels through the use of clean, zero-carbon renewables energies. Hydrogen technologies have a strong potential to emerge as an energy eco-system in its production-storage-distribution-utilization stages, with its synergistic integration with solar-wind-hydraulic-nuclear and other zero-carbon, clean renewable energy resources, and with the existing energy infrastructure. In this paper, we provide a global review of hydrogen energy need, related policies, practices, and state of the art for hydrogen production, transportation, storage, and utilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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25 pages, 8507 KiB  
Review
Analysis of the Implementation of Functional Hydrogen Assumptions in Poland and Germany
by Tomasz Jałowiec, Dariusz Grala, Piotr Maśloch, Henryk Wojtaszek, Grzegorz Maśloch and Agnieszka Wójcik-Czerniawska
Energies 2022, 15(22), 8383; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15228383 - 09 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1603
Abstract
The use of hydrogen exists in various sectors in Poland and Germany. Hydrogen can be used in industry, transport, decarbonisation of the Polish steel industry and as one of the low-emission alternatives to the existing coal applications in this sector. Limiting climate change [...] Read more.
The use of hydrogen exists in various sectors in Poland and Germany. Hydrogen can be used in industry, transport, decarbonisation of the Polish steel industry and as one of the low-emission alternatives to the existing coal applications in this sector. Limiting climate change requires efforts on a global scale from all countries of the world. Significant economic benefits will be realized by stimulating the development of new technologies to deal with climate change. The scenarios show an increasing demand for industrial hydrogen in the future. The key is to replace gray hydrogen with green, and to convert industrial processes, which will create additional hydrogen demand. The condition for the development of a green hydrogen economy is access to adequate installed capacity in renewable energy. Germany will become the leading market in the era of energy transformation in the coming years. The implementation of the hydrogen assumptions in Poland is possible, to a greater extent, by the efforts of entrepreneurs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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23 pages, 2526 KiB  
Review
Solar Hydrogen Fuel Generation from Wastewater—Beyond Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: A Perspective
by Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu, Kishore Sridharan, Sanjay Nagarajan, Sengeni Ananthraj, Peter Robertson, Moritz F. Kuehnel, Ángel Irabien and Mercedes Maroto-Valer
Energies 2022, 15(19), 7399; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15197399 - 09 Oct 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3877
Abstract
Green hydrogen—a carbon-free renewable fuel—has the capability to decarbonise a variety of sectors. The generation of green hydrogen is currently restricted to water electrolysers. The use of freshwater resources and critical raw materials, however, limits their use. Alternative water splitting methods for green [...] Read more.
Green hydrogen—a carbon-free renewable fuel—has the capability to decarbonise a variety of sectors. The generation of green hydrogen is currently restricted to water electrolysers. The use of freshwater resources and critical raw materials, however, limits their use. Alternative water splitting methods for green hydrogen generation via photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) have been explored in the past few decades; however, their commercial potential still remains unexploited due to the high hydrogen generation costs. Novel PEC-based simultaneous generation of green hydrogen and wastewater treatment/high-value product production is therefore seen as an alternative to conventional water splitting. Interestingly, the organic/inorganic pollutants in wastewater and biomass favourably act as electron donors and facilitate the dual-functional process of recovering green hydrogen while oxidising the organic matter. The generation of green hydrogen through the dual-functional PEC process opens up opportunities for a “circular economy”. It further enables the end-of-life commodities to be reused, recycled and resourced for a better life-cycle design while being economically viable for commercialisation. This review brings together and critically analyses the recent trends towards simultaneous wastewater treatment/biomass reforming while generating hydrogen gas by employing the PEC technology. We have briefly discussed the technical challenges associated with the tandem PEC process, new avenues, techno-economic feasibility and future directions towards achieving net neutrality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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18 pages, 6212 KiB  
Review
New Liquid Chemical Hydrogen Storage Technology
by Xinchun Yang, Dmitri A. Bulushev, Jun Yang and Quan Zhang
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6360; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15176360 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2518
Abstract
The liquid chemical hydrogen storage technology has great potentials for high-density hydrogen storage and transportation at ambient temperature and pressure. However, its commercial applications highly rely on the high-performance heterogeneous dehydrogenation catalysts, owing to the dehydrogenation difficulty of chemical hydrogen storage materials. In [...] Read more.
The liquid chemical hydrogen storage technology has great potentials for high-density hydrogen storage and transportation at ambient temperature and pressure. However, its commercial applications highly rely on the high-performance heterogeneous dehydrogenation catalysts, owing to the dehydrogenation difficulty of chemical hydrogen storage materials. In recent years, the chemists and materials scientists found that the supported metal nanoparticles (MNPs) can exhibit high catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability for the dehydrogenation of chemical hydrogen storage materials, which will clear the way for the commercial application of liquid chemical hydrogen storage technology. This review has summarized the recent important research progress in the MNP-catalyzed liquid chemical hydrogen storage technology, including formic acid dehydrogenation, hydrazine hydrate dehydrogenation and ammonia borane dehydrogenation, discussed the urgent challenges in the key field, and pointed out the future research trends. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Ⅱ)
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