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Energies
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Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology
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Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 November 2022) | Viewed by 19553

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Eric Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
Interests: solar thermal applications; refrigeration and air conditioning systems; ground-sourced air-conditioning systems and heat pumps; solar thermal power generation; solar thermal cooling; engineering thermodynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hamed Sadighi Dizaji

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Interests: indirect evaporative coolers; innovative hybrid absorption chillers and M-cycle coolers; thermoelectric coolers; heat exchangers

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editors (Drs Eric Hu and Hamed SadighiDizaji) are inviting your contributions to the Special Issue of Energies (IF: 3.004) on the subject area of “Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology”. Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle)-based indirect evaporative coolers (M-cycle IEC) are able to provide sub-wet-bulb air temperature without further energy consumption compared to direct evaporative coolers. In addition to the air conditioning industry, the M-cycle IEC may have other promising potential applications such as electronic cooling, gas turbine inlet air cooling, and so on. Moreover, hybrid M-cycle IEC coolers with other cooling technologies can provide novel cooling solutions for different cooling aims.  Topics of interest for the special issue of Energies include, but are not limited to:

  • Novel potential applications for M-cycle cooling technology;
  • Case studies of M-cycle IEC, eg. in data centres;
  • Integration of indirect evaporative cooler with other cooling technologies;
  • Analysis of indirect evaporative cooler from novel viewpoints;
  • Mini-scale indirect evaporative cooling for specific applications;
  • Efficiency improvement of indirect evaporative coolers by novel techniques;
  • Hybrid direct/indirect evaporative cooling technology.

To contribute your works to the special issue, you need to register and log into Energies at: https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/journal/energies and select the Special Issue: Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology, after uploading your manuscript.

Thanks in Advance and looking forward to receive your contributions.

Dr. Hamed Sadighi Dizaji

Prof. Dr. Eric Hu

Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • air-conditioning systems
  • HVAC
  • indirect evaporative cooling
  • maisotsenko-cycle cooling
  • hybrid cooling systems
  • dew-point cooler

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3032 KiB  
Article
Analysis of an Evaporative Condensation System Coupled to a Microchannel-Separated Heat Pipe for Data Centers
by Ying Wang, Xiang Huang, Junjie Chu, Yan Du, Xing Tang, Cong Dai and Gang Ma
Energies 2022, 15(23), 9056; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15239056 - 30 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1148
Abstract
In the age of the digital economy, the data center is the most crucial piece of infrastructure. The issue of the excessive power consumption of a data center’s cooling system needs to be addressed as the national objective of “peak carbon and carbon [...] Read more.
In the age of the digital economy, the data center is the most crucial piece of infrastructure. The issue of the excessive power consumption of a data center’s cooling system needs to be addressed as the national objective of “peak carbon and carbon neutrality” is increasingly promoted. In this study, a microchannel-separated heat pipe-cooling system with evaporative condensation is introduced. The system may switch between three modes of operation in response to changes in outdoor air quality parameters, thereby maximizing the utilization of natural cooling sources while lowering data centers’ cooling costs. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the energy-saving potential of the hybrid system through experimental tests. The results show that 114.4% is the ideal liquid-loading rate for the heat pipe system. Under working conditions in Xi’an, the annual operating hours of the three modes accounted for 47.2%, 6.1%, and 46.7%. The hybrid cooling system may save 62.04% of the energy used annually compared to the standard cooling system and the cooling system in the server room thanks to its yearly average COP of 9.43. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology)
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17 pages, 4984 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Performance of a Dew-Point Evaporative Cooling System with a Nanoporous Membrane
by Jing Lv, Bo Zhou, Mengya Zhu, Wenhao Xi and Eric Hu
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2592; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15072592 - 02 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1939
Abstract
In this paper, a plate counter-flow dew-point evaporative cooling system was designed with a nanoporous membrane covered on the surface of the wet channel for enhancement of heat and mass transfer. First, the operating principle of this device and theoretical analysis of nanoporous [...] Read more.
In this paper, a plate counter-flow dew-point evaporative cooling system was designed with a nanoporous membrane covered on the surface of the wet channel for enhancement of heat and mass transfer. First, the operating principle of this device and theoretical analysis of nanoporous membrane evaporation were discussed in detail. Then, the impacts of several operating parameters on cooling performance, mainly including inlet air temperature, humidity, velocity, and the effect of utilizing the membrane, were investigated in trials. It was found that the cooling performance can be improved by using membrane significantly. In the dry channel, the maximum temperature decrease can reach 12.5 °C. At a high inlet air temperature, the product air can be dropped to a lower temperature, contributing to a more significant heat transfer process. Lower humidity, on the other hand, resulted in a reduced product air temperature and a lower cooling efficiency. Under the condition of 50% humidity, the wet-bulb efficiency and dew-point efficiency were 1.09 and 0.79, respectively. With the inlet air velocity increasing from 1.5 m/s to 2 m/s, the outlet air temperature would rise, and the wet-bulb efficiency and dew-point efficiency would decrease. To achieve better cooling performance, inlet air velocity ought to be limited to a low speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology)
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15 pages, 5397 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of a Maisotsenko Cycle Cooling Tower with Uneven Length of Dry and Wet Channels in Hot and Humid Conditions
by Xuchen Fan, Xiaofeng Lu, Jiping Wang, Zilong Li, Quanhai Wang, Zhonghao Dong and Rongdi Zhang
Energies 2021, 14(24), 8249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14248249 - 08 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2135
Abstract
The use of the Maisotsenko cycle (M-Cycle) in traditional wet cooling towers (TWCTs) has the potential to reduce the costs of electricity generation by cooling water below the inlet air’s wet-bulb temperature. TWCTs cannot provide sufficient cooling capacity for the increasing demand for [...] Read more.
The use of the Maisotsenko cycle (M-Cycle) in traditional wet cooling towers (TWCTs) has the potential to reduce the costs of electricity generation by cooling water below the inlet air’s wet-bulb temperature. TWCTs cannot provide sufficient cooling capacity for the increasing demand for cooling energy in the power and industrial sectors—especially in hot and wet climates. Due to this fact, an experimental system of an M-Cycle cooling tower (MCT) with parallel counter-flow arrangement fills was constructed in order to provide perspective on the optimal length of dry channels (ldry), thermal performance under different conditions, and pressure drops of the MCT. Results showed that the optimal value of ldry was 2.4 m, and the maximum wet-bulb effectiveness was up to 180%. In addition, the impact of air velocity in wet channels on the pressure drops of the novel fills was also summarized. This study confirms the great potential of using the M-Cycle in TWCTs, and provides a guideline for the industrial application and performance improvement of MCTs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology)
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Review

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17 pages, 7607 KiB  
Review
Hybrid Indirect Evaporative Cooling-Mechanical Vapor Compression System: A Mini-Review
by Qian Chen, Muhammad Burhan, M Kum Ja, Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Doskhan Ybyraiymkul, Hongfei Zheng, Xin Cui and Kim Choon Ng
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7810; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15207810 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1847
Abstract
The hybrid indirect evaporative cooling-mechanical vapor compression (IEC-MVC) process is deemed a promising cooling system for hot and humid areas. It possesses the merits of high energy efficiency and strong capability of temperature and humidity control. Herein, we provide an overview of the [...] Read more.
The hybrid indirect evaporative cooling-mechanical vapor compression (IEC-MVC) process is deemed a promising cooling system for hot and humid areas. It possesses the merits of high energy efficiency and strong capability of temperature and humidity control. Herein, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art investigations over different aspects of the hybrid IEC-MVC process. Firstly, we evaluate the potential of IEC as a pre-cooler and heat-recovery device. Then, we compare the energy efficiency of IEC-MVC with standalone MVC and summarize its long-term energy-saving potential under specific weather conditions. Subsequently, we discuss the economic viability and water consumption of the hybrid process. These studies form a solid foundation for the future installation of the IEC-MVC system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology)
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19 pages, 5465 KiB  
Review
Overview of the M-Cycle Technology for Air Conditioning and Cooling Applications
by Jan Taler, Bartosz Jagieła and Magdalena Jaremkiewicz
Energies 2022, 15(5), 1814; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15051814 - 01 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5499
Abstract
The indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) has excellent potential to replace or improve conventional vapor compression equipment in HVAC and refrigeration applications. This could be achieved by using the M-cycle (dew-point evaporative cooling technology). This thermodynamic concept makes it possible to derive a large [...] Read more.
The indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) has excellent potential to replace or improve conventional vapor compression equipment in HVAC and refrigeration applications. This could be achieved by using the M-cycle (dew-point evaporative cooling technology). This thermodynamic concept makes it possible to derive a large amount of energy from the air stream (as latent heat released during water evaporation into the working air stream) and use it for another air stream (product). Its application has also spread to other sectors, such as water desalination and distillation, power plants, or NOx reduction. This paper provides an overview of the M-cycle mainly in air conditioning (MAC, D-MAC, H-MAC) and refrigeration (MCT, M-condenser). Various integrated solutions are described, showing improved effectiveness in terms of the wet-bulb temperature and the dew point. The design features of consolidated solutions are better In terms of the flow distribution, geometry, or volume. Most of the improvements confirm the great potential of the M-cycle to increase the unit or the system efficiency due to lower energy and water consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology)
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23 pages, 3741 KiB  
Review
Evaporative Cooling Integrated with Solid Desiccant Systems: A Review
by Lanbo Lai, Xiaolin Wang, Gholamreza Kefayati and Eric Hu
Energies 2021, 14(18), 5982; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14185982 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5396
Abstract
Evaporative cooling technology (ECT) has been deemed as an alternative to the conventional vapor-compression air conditioning system for dry climates in recent years due to its simple structure and low operating cost. Generally speaking, the ECT includes two types of different technologies, direct [...] Read more.
Evaporative cooling technology (ECT) has been deemed as an alternative to the conventional vapor-compression air conditioning system for dry climates in recent years due to its simple structure and low operating cost. Generally speaking, the ECT includes two types of different technologies, direct evaporative cooling (DEC) and indirect evaporative cooling (IEC). Both technologies can theoretically reduce the air temperature to the wet-bulb temperature of outdoor air. The major difference between these two technologies is that DEC will introduce extra moisture to the supply air while IEC will not. The enhanced IEC, Maisotsenko-cycle (M-cyle) IEC, can even bring down the air temperature to the dew point temperature. The ECT integrated with solid desiccant systems, i.e., solid desiccant-assisted evaporative cooling technologies (SDECT), could make the technology applicable to a wider range of weather conditions, e.g., weather with high humidity. In this paper, the recent development of various evaporative cooling technologies (ECT), solid desiccant material and the integration of these two technologies, the SDECT, were thoroughly reviewed with respect to their configuration, optimization and desiccant unit improvement. Furthermore, modeling techniques for simulating SDECT with their pros and cons were also reviewed. Potential opportunities and research recommendations were indicated, which include improving the structure and material of M-cycle IEC, developing novel desiccant material and optimizing configuration, water consumption rate and operation strategy of SDECT system. This review paper indicated that the SDECT system could be a potential replacement for the conventional vapor-compressed cooling system and could be applied in hot and humid environments with proper arrangements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development on Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technology)
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