Editorial

3 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines

by Anouar Belahcen, Armando Pires and Vitor Fernão Pires

Energies 2023, 16(2), 654; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en16020654 - 05 Jan 2023

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As Guest Editors of this Special Issue, it was our responsibility to ensure that the contributions to the issue related to the extensive field of electromechanical energy conversion, with a special focus on the design, materials, and modeling of electrical machines [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

Research

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19 pages, 6040 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

PV Generator-Fed Water Pumping System Based on a SRM with a Multilevel Fault-Tolerant Converter

by Vitor Fernão Pires, Daniel Foito, Armando Cordeiro, Miguel Chaves and Armando J. Pires

Energies 2022, 15(3), 720; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15030720 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1444

Abstract

This paper presents a pumping system supplied by a PV generator that is based on a switched reluctance machine (SRM). Water pumping systems are fundamental in many applications. Most of them can be used only during the day; therefore, they are highly recommended [...] Read more.

This paper presents a pumping system supplied by a PV generator that is based on a switched reluctance machine (SRM). Water pumping systems are fundamental in many applications. Most of them can be used only during the day; therefore, they are highly recommended for use with PV generators. For the interface between the PV panels and the motor, a new multilevel converter is proposed. This converter is designed in order to ensure fault-tolerant capability for open switch faults. The converter is based on two three-level inverters, with some extra switches. Moreover, to reduce the number of switches, the converter is designed to provide inverse currents in the motor windings. Due to the characteristics of this motor, the inverse currents do not change the torque direction. In this way, it was possible to obtain an SRM drive with fault-tolerant capability for transistor faults; it is also a low-cost solution, due to the reduced number of switches and drives. These characteristics of fault-tolerant capability and low cost are important in applications such as water pumping systems supplied by PV generators. The proposed system was verified by several tests that were carried out by a simulation program. The experimental results, obtained from a laboratory prototype, are also presented, with the purpose of validating the simulation tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

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19 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Surrogate Optimization Routine with Clustering Technique for Optimal Design of an Induction Motor

by Aswin Balasubramanian, Floran Martin, Md Masum Billah, Osaruyi Osemwinyen and Anouar Belahcen

Energies 2021, 14(16), 5042; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14165042 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1452

Abstract

This paper proposes a new surrogate optimization routine for optimal design of a direct on line (DOL) squirrel cage induction motor. The geometry of the motor is optimized to maximize its electromagnetic efficiency while respecting the constraints, such as output power and power [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a new surrogate optimization routine for optimal design of a direct on line (DOL) squirrel cage induction motor. The geometry of the motor is optimized to maximize its electromagnetic efficiency while respecting the constraints, such as output power and power factor. The routine uses the methodologies of Latin-hypercube sampling, a clustering technique and a Box–Behnken design for improving the accuracy of the surrogate model while efficiently utilizing the computational resources. The global search-based particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for optimizing the surrogate model and the pattern search algorithm is used for fine-tuning the surrogate optimal solution. The proposed surrogate optimization routine achieved an optimal design with an electromagnetic efficiency of

93.90 %

, for a 7.5 kW motor. To benchmark the performance of the surrogate optimization routine, a comparative analysis was carried out with a direct optimization routine that uses a finite element method (FEM)-based machine model as a cost function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

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14 pages, 4243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Additive Manufacturing and Performance of E-Type Transformer Core

by Hans Tiismus, Ants Kallaste, Anouar Belahcen, Anton Rassolkin, Toomas Vaimann and Payam Shams Ghahfarokhi

Energies 2021, 14(11), 3278; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14113278 - 03 Jun 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4374

Abstract

Additive manufacturing of ferromagnetic materials for electrical machine applications is maturing. In this work, a full E-type transformer core is printed, characterized, and compared in terms of performance with a conventional Goss textured core. For facilitating a modular winding and eddy current loss [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing of ferromagnetic materials for electrical machine applications is maturing. In this work, a full E-type transformer core is printed, characterized, and compared in terms of performance with a conventional Goss textured core. For facilitating a modular winding and eddy current loss reduction, the 3D printed core is assembled from four novel interlocking components, which structurally imitate the E-type core laminations. Both cores are compared at approximately their respective optimal working conditions, at identical magnetizing currents. Due to the superior magnetic properties of the Goss sheet conventional transformer core, 10% reduced efficiency (from 80.5% to 70.1%) and 34% lower power density (from 59 VA/kg to 39 VA/kg) of the printed transformer are identified at operating temperature. The first prototype transformer core demonstrates the state of the art and initial optimization step for further development of additively manufactured soft ferromagnetic components. Further optimization of both the 3D printed material and core design are proposed for obtaining higher electrical performance for AC applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

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10 pages, 22227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sliding Mean Value Subtraction-Based DC Drift Correction of B-H Curve for 3D-Printed Magnetic Materials

by Bilal Asad, Hans Tiismus, Toomas Vaimann, Anouar Belahcen, Ants Kallaste, Anton Rassõlkin and Payam Shams Ghafarokhi

Energies 2021, 14(2), 284; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14020284 - 06 Jan 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2814

Abstract

This paper presents an algorithm to remove the DC drift from the B-H curve of an additively manufactured soft ferromagnetic material. The removal of DC drift from the magnetization curve is crucial for the accurate estimation of iron losses. The algorithm is based [...] Read more.

This paper presents an algorithm to remove the DC drift from the B-H curve of an additively manufactured soft ferromagnetic material. The removal of DC drift from the magnetization curve is crucial for the accurate estimation of iron losses. The algorithm is based on the sliding mean value subtraction from each cycle of calculated magnetic flux density (B) signal. The sliding mean values (SMVs) are calculated using the convolution theorem, where a DC kernel with a length equal to the size of one cycle is convolved with B to recover the drifting signal. The results are based on the toroid measurements made by selective laser melting (SLM)-based 3D printing mechanism. The measurements taken at different flux density values show the effectiveness of the method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

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15 pages, 5467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing Rotor Temperature Rise in Concentrated Winding Motor by Using Magnetic Powder Mixed Resin Ring

by Mitsuhide Sato, Keigo Takazawa, Manabu Horiuchi, Ryoken Masuda, Ryo Yoshida, Masami Nirei, Yinggang Bu and Tsutomu Mizuno

Energies 2020, 13(24), 6721; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13246721 - 20 Dec 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2456

Abstract

The demand for high-speed servomotors is increasing, and minimal losses in both high-speed and high-torque regions are required. Copper loss reduction in permanent magnet motors can be achieved by configuring concentrated winding, but there are more spatial harmonics compared with distributed winding. At [...] Read more.

The demand for high-speed servomotors is increasing, and minimal losses in both high-speed and high-torque regions are required. Copper loss reduction in permanent magnet motors can be achieved by configuring concentrated winding, but there are more spatial harmonics compared with distributed winding. At high-speed rotation, the eddy current loss of the rotor increases, and efficiency tends to decrease. Therefore, we propose a motor in which a composite ring made from resin material mixed with magnetic powder is mounted on the stator to suppress spatial harmonics. This paper describes three characteristic motor types, namely, open-slot motors, composite-ring motors, and closed-slot motors. Spatial harmonics are reduced significantly in composite-ring motors, and rotor eddy current loss is reduced by more than 50% compared with open-slot motors. Thermal analysis suggests that the saturation temperature rise value is reduced by more than 30 K. The use of a composite ring is effective in reducing magnet eddy current loss during high-speed rotation. Conversely, the torque characteristics in the closed-slot motor are greatly reduced as well as the efficiency. Magnetic circuits and simulations show that on electrical steel sheets with high relative permeability, the ring significantly reduces the torque flux passing through the stator, thus reducing the torque constant. To achieve reduced eddy current loss during high-speed rotation while ensuring torque characteristics with the composite ring, it is necessary to set the relative permeability and thickness of the composite ring according to motor specifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

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9 pages, 2882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method to Improve Torque Density in a Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine

by Junshuai Cao, Xinhua Guo, Weinong Fu, Rongkun Wang, Yulong Liu and Liaoyuan Lin

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13205308 - 13 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2072

Abstract

With the continuous development of machines, various structures emerge endlessly. In this paper, a novel 6-stator-coils/17-rotor-teeth (6/17) E-shaped stator tooth flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine is introduced, which has magnets added in the dummy slots of the stator teeth. This proposed machine [...] Read more.

With the continuous development of machines, various structures emerge endlessly. In this paper, a novel 6-stator-coils/17-rotor-teeth (6/17) E-shaped stator tooth flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine is introduced, which has magnets added in the dummy slots of the stator teeth. This proposed machine is parametrically designed and then compared with the conventional 6/17 E-shaped stator tooth FSPM machine through finite element method (FEM) analysis. Then, combined with the results of FEM, the performance of two machines is evaluated, such as electromagnetic torque, efficiency, back electromotive force (back-EMF). The final results show that this novel 6/17 FSPM machine has greater output torque and smaller torque ripple. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

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16 pages, 9108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Phase Linear Hybrid Reluctance Actuator with Low Detent Force

by Jordi Garcia-Amorós, Marc Marín-Genescà, Pere Andrada and Eusebi Martínez-Piera

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5162; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13195162 - 03 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

In this paper, a novel two-phase linear hybrid reluctance actuator with the double-sided segmented stator, made of laminated U cores, and an interior mover with permanent magnets is proposed. The permanent magnets are disposed of in a way that increases the thrust force [...] Read more.

In this paper, a novel two-phase linear hybrid reluctance actuator with the double-sided segmented stator, made of laminated U cores, and an interior mover with permanent magnets is proposed. The permanent magnets are disposed of in a way that increases the thrust force of a double-sided linear switched reluctance actuator of the same size. To achieve this objective, each phase of the actuator is powered by a single H-bridge inverter. To reduce the detent force, the upper and the lower stator were shifted. Finite element analysis was used to demonstrate that the proposed actuator has a high force density with low detent force. In addition, a comparative study between the proposed linear hybrid reluctance actuator, linear switched reluctance, and linear permanent magnet actuators of the same size was performed. Finally, experimental tests carried out in a prototype confirmed the goals of the proposed actuator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

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12 pages, 5612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accounting for Magnetic Saturation Effects in Complex Multi-harmonic Model of Induction Machine

by Tomasz Garbiec and Mariusz Jagiela

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4670; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13184670 - 08 Sep 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1620

Abstract

Computations of quasi-dynamic electromagnetic field of induction machines using the complex magnetic vector potential require the use of the so-called effective magnetization curves, i.e., such in which the magnetic permeability is proportional to the amplitudes of magnetic flux density B or magnetic field [...] Read more.

Computations of quasi-dynamic electromagnetic field of induction machines using the complex magnetic vector potential require the use of the so-called effective magnetization curves, i.e., such in which the magnetic permeability is proportional to the amplitudes of magnetic flux density B or magnetic field strength H, not their instantaneous values. There are several definitions of that parameter mentioned in the literature provided for the case when B or H are monoharmonic. In this paper, seven different methods of determining the effective magnetization curves are compared in relation to the use of a field-circuit multi-harmonic model of an induction machine. The accuracy of each method was assessed by computing the performance characteristics of a solid-rotor induction machine. One new definition of the effective permeability was also introduced, being a function of multiple variables dependent on amplitudes of all the harmonics considered. The analyses demonstrated that the best practical approach, even for the multi-harmonic case, is to express the effective magnetic permeability as the ratio of the amplitudes of the fundamental harmonics of the magnetic flux density and the magnetic field strength, and assuming the sinusoidal variation of the latter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

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Review

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14 pages, 3660 KiB

Open AccessReview

Continuous Control Set Model Predictive Control of a Switch Reluctance Drive Using Lookup Tables

by Alecksey Anuchin, Galina L. Demidova, Chen Hao, Alexandr Zharkov, Andrei Bogdanov and Václav Šmídl

Energies 2020, 13(13), 3317; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13133317 - 29 Jun 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2231

Abstract

A problem of the switched reluctance drive is its natural torque pulsations, which are partially solved with finite control set model predictive control strategies. However, the continuous control set model predictive control, required for precise torque stabilization and predictable power converter behavior, needs [...] Read more.

A problem of the switched reluctance drive is its natural torque pulsations, which are partially solved with finite control set model predictive control strategies. However, the continuous control set model predictive control, required for precise torque stabilization and predictable power converter behavior, needs sufficient computation resources, thus limiting its practical implementation. The proposed model predictive control strategy utilizes offline processing of the magnetization surface of the switched reluctance motor. This helps to obtain precalculated current references for each torque command and rotor angular position in the offline mode. In online mode, the model predictive control strategy implements the current commands using the magnetization surface for fast evaluation of the required voltage command for the power converter. The proposed strategy needs only two lookup table operations requiring very small computation time, making instant execution of the whole control system possible and thereby minimizing the control delay. The proposed solution was examined using a simulation model, which showed precise and rapid torque stabilization below rated speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Material Modelling of Electrical Machines)

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