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Electrical Design, Operation and Control of Onshore and Offshore Wind Power Plants

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 July 2021) | Viewed by 14255

Special Issue Editors

Centre d’Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments (CITCEA-UPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya UPC, Av. Diagonal, 647, Pl. 2, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: Grid integration of renewable energy; wind and PV power; power electronics-dominated power systems; High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) converters and grids; control of power converters
Centre d’Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments (CITCEA-UPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya UPC, Av. Diagonal, 647, Pl. 2, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: HVDC; wind power; PV power; power electronics; power systems stability
Centre d’Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments (CITCEA-UPC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya UPC, Av. Diagonal, 647, Pl. 2, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: HVDC; power electronics; power systems; renewable generation; microgrids

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wind power is playing a key role in the energetic transition due to the massive installation of onshore and offshore power plants. The current industrial trend is to build larger wind turbines that are installed in large scale wind power plants reaching several hundreds of MW. This change in the generation mix, together with the installation of new high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices in the grid, is transforming the power system into a power electronics-dominated network. In order to ensure the stability in such a renewable generation-based power system, novel operation and control solutions will be required to be implemented at the wind turbine, power plant and network level.

The objective of this Special Issue is to address the future challenges that both the wind power-related industry and network operators will face in the coming years, anticipating solutions to accelerate the massive proliferation of renewable power. The main topics that are covered in the Special Issue are detailed below:

Wind turbine aspects

  • Control and operation of alternative wind turbine generator concepts
  • Control of new topologies of wind turbine converters
  • Grid-forming operation of wind turbines

Onshore, offshore and hybrid power plants

  • Power plant control design of renewable power plants
  • Operation and control of hybrid wind and PV power plants
  • Operation and control of hybrid wind and ocean power plants
  • Alternative collection grid topologies for offshore wind power plants
  • Control of offshore wind power plants during faults
  • Interoperability issues between offshore wind turbines and HVDC converters
  • Grid forming operation and control of wind power plants

Transmission systems for offshore wind

  • Optimization of transmission systems for offshore wind
  • Operation and control of AC-connected offshore wind power plants
  • Multiple infeed offshore HVDC networks
  • Operation and control of HVDC grids for offshore wind power integration
  • Operation and control of modular multilevel converters for offshore wind applications

Power system issues

  • Operation and control of low inertia power systems
  • Protection issues in power electronics-dominated power systems
  • Wind turbines connected to weak AC networks
  • Ancillary service provision
  • Interactions between wind power plants and other power system elements (subsynchronous resonances, harmonic interactions, etc.)

Dr. Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
Dr. Marc Cheah Mañé
Prof. Dr. Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • onshore wind
  • offshore wind
  • wind turbines
  • wind power plants
  • hybrid power plants
  • power plant controllers
  • HVDC transmission
  • modular multilevel converter
  • grid-forming converters
  • power electronics-dominated power systems
  • power systems interactions
  • low-inertia networks
  • weak networks

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1394 KiB  
Article
Grid Forming Stator Flux Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
by Norbert Klaes, Florian Pöschke and Horst Schulte
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6766; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206766 - 17 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2000
Abstract
The doubly fed induction generator is widely used in wind power applications. For stand-alone operation of this machine, the control of the stator flux with fixed voltage and frequency has been proposed. This paper extends the stator flux control of the doubly fed [...] Read more.
The doubly fed induction generator is widely used in wind power applications. For stand-alone operation of this machine, the control of the stator flux with fixed voltage and frequency has been proposed. This paper extends the stator flux control of the doubly fed induction machine by droop mechanisms, which vary the setpoint of flux magnitude and frequency depending on active and reactive power. This gives the doubly fed induction generator system unknown grid supporting and grid forming performance. The validation of the proposed control scheme has been conducted on a 10kVA testbed system. The closed-loop behavior of the system has been proven to enable grid-tied and islanded operation with the same control structure. The system response to load changes and islanding events show no disruptive transients in both conditions. Full article
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17 pages, 26399 KiB  
Article
Stability Domain Analysis and Enhancement of Squirrel Cage Induction Generator Wind Turbines in Weak Grids
by Jonathan Devadason, Paul S. Moses and Mohammad A. S. Masoum
Energies 2021, 14(16), 4786; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14164786 - 06 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1439
Abstract
There are significant concerns regarding the stability of increased wind power generation in weak power grids. This paper investigates and improves the stability of Wind Turbine Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (WT-SCIGs) with series compensation and weak interconnections to the power grid. Detailed time-domain [...] Read more.
There are significant concerns regarding the stability of increased wind power generation in weak power grids. This paper investigates and improves the stability of Wind Turbine Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (WT-SCIGs) with series compensation and weak interconnections to the power grid. Detailed time-domain and state-space modeling have revealed new bifurcations and oscillatory modes for a WT-SCIG connected radially to a weak grid through a series compensated line. The stability domain analyses are carried out by computing bifurcations in the system by analyzing eigenvalues of the linearized system. The analyses demonstrate for the first time how the degree of compensation at which the Hopf bifurcation occurs depends on the X/R ratio of the line, operating slip of the induction generator, and voltage regulator parameters as well as the time delays in measurements. A new damping controller is proposed, which greatly improves the dynamic stability of the WT-SCIG and eliminates destructive Hopf bifurcations in weak grids for a wide range of series compensation. This allows for a much larger percentage of series compensation than what is usually possible, while avoiding instabilities, thereby maximizing the power transfer capability. Full article
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19 pages, 9611 KiB  
Article
Interaction Assessment and Stability Analysis of the MMC-Based VSC-HVDC Link
by Saman Dadjo Tavakoli, Eduardo Prieto-Araujo, Enric Sánchez-Sánchez and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
Energies 2020, 13(8), 2075; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13082075 - 21 Apr 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3041
Abstract
This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of a modular multi-level converter (MMC)-based HVDC link. An overall state-space model is developed to identify the system critical modes, considering the dynamics of the master MMC and slave MMC, their control systems, and the HVDC cable. [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of a modular multi-level converter (MMC)-based HVDC link. An overall state-space model is developed to identify the system critical modes, considering the dynamics of the master MMC and slave MMC, their control systems, and the HVDC cable. Complementary to the state-space model, an impedance-based model is also derived to obtain the minimum phase margin (PM) of the system. In addition, a relative gain array (RGA) analysis is conducted to quantify the level of interactions among the control systems of master and slave MMCs and their impacts on stability. Finally, with the help of the results obtained from the system analysis (eigenvalue, phase margin, sensitivity, and RGA), the system dynamic performance is improved. Full article
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28 pages, 10666 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Grid-Connected Wind Turbines with an Inertia Response by Considering Internal Dynamics
by Callum Henderson, Dimitrios Vozikis, Derrick Holliday, Xiaoyan Bian and Agustí Egea-Àlvarez
Energies 2020, 13(5), 1038; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13051038 - 26 Feb 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2747
Abstract
This paper presents a small-signal analysis of different grid side controllers for full power converter wind turbines with inertia response capability. In real wind turbines, the DC link controller, the drivetrain damping controller and the inertial response might present contradictory control actions in [...] Read more.
This paper presents a small-signal analysis of different grid side controllers for full power converter wind turbines with inertia response capability. In real wind turbines, the DC link controller, the drivetrain damping controller and the inertial response might present contradictory control actions in a close bandwidth range. This situation might lead to reduced control performance, increased component stress and non-compliance of connection agreements. The paper presents an analysis of the internal wind turbine dynamics by considering different grid-side converter control topologies: standard current control used in the wind industry, standard current control with inertia emulation capabilities and virtual synchronous machines. Comments are made on the similarities between each topology and the negative effects and limits, and possible remedies are discussed. Finally, the conclusion poses that the inclusion of a DC link voltage controller reduces the ability of a converter to respond to external frequency events without energy storage. The degradation increases with the DC link voltage control speed. Full article
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17 pages, 1679 KiB  
Article
Combined Control of DFIG-Based Wind Turbine and Battery Energy Storage System for Frequency Response in Microgrids
by Luis. A. G. Gomez, Ahda P. Grilo, M. B. C. Salles and A. J. Sguarezi Filho
Energies 2020, 13(4), 894; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13040894 - 18 Feb 2020
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3788
Abstract
This paper presents a novel methodology for frequency control of a microgrid through doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) employing battery energy storage system (BESS) and droop control. The proposed microgrid frequency control is the result of the active power injection from the droop [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel methodology for frequency control of a microgrid through doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) employing battery energy storage system (BESS) and droop control. The proposed microgrid frequency control is the result of the active power injection from the droop control implemented in the grid side converter (GSC) of the DFIG, and the BESS implemented in the DC link of the back-to-back converter also in the DFIG. This methodology guarantees the battery system charge during operation of the connected DFIG in the network, and the frequency control in microgrid operation after an intentional disturbance. In order for the DFIG to provide frequency support to the microgrid, the best-performing droop gain value is selected. Afterwards its performance is evaluated individually and together with the power injected by the battery. The power used for both battery charging and frequency support is managed and processed by the GSC without affecting the normal operation of the wind system. The simulation tests are performed using Matlab/Simulink toolbox. Full article
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