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Design, Diagnosis and Control and Social Acceptance of Battery, Solar Cell and Fuel Cell System

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 38943

Special Issue Editors

University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, 32 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 25000 Besançon, France
Interests: estimation; prognostic; control of fuel cell hybrid system and drives; hardware-in-the-loop
GeePs—Group of electrical engineering – Paris, UMR CNRS 8507 CentraleSupélec, Univ Paris-Sud, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 3, 11 rue Joliot-Curie, Plateau de Moulon, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
Interests: multiphysics modeling; state of health estimation; robust control; fault tolerant control; control allocation; energy management system; long-term planning and power electronics interfaces for hybrid systems based on hydrogen energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The growing increase of non-programmable renewable sources combined with new demanding environmental standards are strongly driving the development of both stationary and mobility applications based on hydrogen energy, battery and photovoltaic. The 2021 Olympic Summer Games in Tokyo, Japan will illustrate this forthcoming trend using hydrogen fuel in many crucial functions. 

The objective of this special issue is to deliver an actual state of art of hydrogen energy technologies (fuel cells, electrolysers, H2 storage, batteries, supercapacitors, photovoltaic, etc), hybrid electrical systems (potentially combining different components sources), their control and management (including system monitoring) as well as social and economic challenges for a larger diffusion.

In particular, topics of interest include modeling, control, estimation, diagnosis, prognostic, fault tolerant control and long-term planning of hybrid systems based on aging components or environmental conditions, Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) and Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) for test validation, but are not limited to the foregoing aspects.

Prof. Dr. Mickael Hilairet
Prof. Dr. Olivier Béthoux
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Hybrid systems for stationary and transport applications
  • Fuel cell, electrolyser, hydrogen storage, batteries, supercapacitors, photovoltaic, etc for stationary applications
  • Long-term planning of hydrogen hybrid systems based on aging components or environmental conditions
  • Modeling, control, estimation, diagnosis, prognostic and fault tolerant control of components or systems
  • Modeling, design and control of electronic power converters dedicated to hybrid systems
  • Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) and Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) test bench to study conversion components or systems
  • Optimization of life time, costly materials, fuel consumption, etc
  • Social and economic challenges for a larger diffusion

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 6937 KiB  
Article
Power Management of a Hybrid Micro-Grid with Photovoltaic Production and Hydrogen Storage
by Fabrice K/bidi, Cédric Damour, Dominique Grondin, Mickaël Hilairet and Michel Benne
Energies 2021, 14(6), 1628; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14061628 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2438
Abstract
To deal with energy transition due to climate change and a rise in average global temperature, photovoltaic (PV) conversion appears to be a promising technology in sunny regions. However, PV production is directly linked with weather conditions and the day/night cycle, which makes [...] Read more.
To deal with energy transition due to climate change and a rise in average global temperature, photovoltaic (PV) conversion appears to be a promising technology in sunny regions. However, PV production is directly linked with weather conditions and the day/night cycle, which makes it intermittent and random. Therefore, it makes sense to combine it with Energy Storage Systems (ESS) to ensure long-term energy availability for non-interconnected micro-grids. Among all technological solutions, electrolytic hydrogen produced by renewable energies seems an interesting candidate. In this context, this paper proposes a control strategy dedicated to hydrogen storage integration in micro-grids for a better use of PV production. The objective is to optimize the management of the micro-grid with proton exchange membrane Fuel Cell (FC), alkaline Electrolyzer (El), lithium-ion Batteries Energy Storage System (BESS) and PV, according to the system state and PV production intermittency. First, a control strategy based on a Distributed explicit Model Predictive Control (DeMPC) is developed to define current references for FCs, Els and batteries. Secondly, the performance of the control strategy is validated in simulation and confirmed on a Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop test bench. Full article
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34 pages, 10156 KiB  
Article
Generic Dynamical Model of PEM Electrolyser under Intermittent Sources
by Sumit Sood, Om Prakash, Mahdi Boukerdja, Jean-Yves Dieulot, Belkacem Ould-Bouamama, Mathieu Bressel and Anne-Lise Gehin
Energies 2020, 13(24), 6556; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13246556 - 11 Dec 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 10524
Abstract
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) water electrolysis system is one of the promising technologies to produce green hydrogen from renewable energy sources (wind and solar). However, performance and dynamic analysis of PEM water electrolysis systems are challenging due to the intermittent nature of such [...] Read more.
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) water electrolysis system is one of the promising technologies to produce green hydrogen from renewable energy sources (wind and solar). However, performance and dynamic analysis of PEM water electrolysis systems are challenging due to the intermittent nature of such sources and involved multi-physical behaviour of the components and subsystems. This study proposes a generic dynamical model of the PEM electrolysis system represented in a modular fashion using Bond Graph (BG) as a unified modelling approach. Causal and functional properties of the BG facilitate the formal PEM electrolyser model to adapt and to fit the different configurations of the electrolyser ranging from laboratory scale to industrial scale. The system-specific key parameter values are identified optimally for a laboratory-scale electrolyser system running on a multi-source energy platform using experimental data. The mean absolute percentage error between simulation and experimental data is found to be less than 5%. The performance characteristic curves of the electrolyser are predicted at different operating temperatures using the identified key parameters. The predicted performance is in good agreement with the expected behaviour of the electrolyser found in the literature. The model also estimates the different energy losses and the real-time efficiency of the system under dynamic inputs. With these capabilities, the developed model provides an economical mean for design, control, and diagnosis development of such systems. Full article
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27 pages, 3867 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles and Their Infrastructure: An Option towards an Environmentally Friendly Energy Transition
by Olivier Bethoux
Energies 2020, 13(22), 6132; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13226132 - 23 Nov 2020
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 6196
Abstract
The latest pre-production vehicles on the market show that the major technical challenges posed by integrating a fuel cell system (FCS) within a vehicle—compactness, safety, autonomy, reliability, cold starting—have been met. Regarding the ongoing maturity of fuel cell systems dedicated to road transport, [...] Read more.
The latest pre-production vehicles on the market show that the major technical challenges posed by integrating a fuel cell system (FCS) within a vehicle—compactness, safety, autonomy, reliability, cold starting—have been met. Regarding the ongoing maturity of fuel cell systems dedicated to road transport, the present article examines the advances still needed to move from a functional but niche product to a mainstream consumer product. It seeks to address difficulties not covered by more traditional innovation approaches. At least in long-distance heavy-duty vehicles, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are going to play a key role in the path to zero-emissions in one or two decades. Hence the present study also addresses the structuring elements of the complete chain: the latter includes the production, storage and distribution of hydrogen. Green hydrogen appears to be one of the potential uses of renewable energies. The greener the electricity is, the greater the advantage for hydrogen since it permits to economically store large energy quantities on seasonal rhythms. Moreover, natural hydrogen might also become an economic reality pushing the fuel cell vehicle to be a competitive and environmentally friendly alternative to the battery electric vehicle. Based on its own functional benefits for on board systems, hydrogen in combination with the fuel cell will achieve a large-scale use of hydrogen in road transport, as soon as renewable energies become more widespread. Its market will expand from large driving range and heavy load vehicles. Full article
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28 pages, 14236 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles: State of the Art and Perspectives
by Olivier Bethoux
Energies 2020, 13(21), 5843; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13215843 - 09 Nov 2020
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 9944
Abstract
Driven by a small number of niche markets and several decades of application research, fuel cell systems (FCS) are gradually reaching maturity, to the point where many players are questioning the interest and intensity of its deployment in the transport sector in general. [...] Read more.
Driven by a small number of niche markets and several decades of application research, fuel cell systems (FCS) are gradually reaching maturity, to the point where many players are questioning the interest and intensity of its deployment in the transport sector in general. This article aims to shed light on this debate from the road transport perspective. It focuses on the description of the fuel cell vehicle (FCV) in order to understand its assets, limitations and current paths of progress. These vehicles are basically hybrid systems combining a fuel cell and a lithium-ion battery, and different architectures are emerging among manufacturers, who adopt very different levels of hybridization. The main opportunity of Fuel Cell Vehicles is clearly their design versatility based on the decoupling of the choice of the number of Fuel Cell modules and hydrogen tanks. This enables manufacturers to meet various specifications using standard products. Upcoming developments will be in line with the crucial advantage of Fuel Cell Vehicles: intensive use in terms of driving range and load capacity. Over the next few decades, long-distance heavy-duty vehicles and fleets of taxis or delivery vehicles will develop based on range extender or mild hybrid architectures and enable the hydrogen sector to mature the technology from niche markets to a large-scale market. Full article
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14 pages, 744 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Control Based on a CAN-Bus of Hybrid Electrical Systems
by Kréhi Serge Agbli, Mickaël Hilairet and Frédéric Gustin
Energies 2020, 13(17), 4502; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13174502 - 01 Sep 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1990
Abstract
Power management of a one-converter parallel structure with battery and supercapacitor is addressed in this paper. The controller is implemented on a DSP from a Microchip and uses a Controller Area Network (CAN) bus communication for data exchange. However, the low data transmission [...] Read more.
Power management of a one-converter parallel structure with battery and supercapacitor is addressed in this paper. The controller is implemented on a DSP from a Microchip and uses a Controller Area Network (CAN) bus communication for data exchange. However, the low data transmission rate of the CAN bus data impacts the performances of regular power management strategies. This paper details an initial strategy with a charge sustaining mode for an application coupling a battery with supercapacitors, in which low performances have been witnessed due to the high sampling time of the CAN bus data. Therefore, a new strategy is proposed to tackle the sample time issue based on a depleting mode. Simulation and experimental results with a dsPIC33EP512MU810 DSP based on a 10 kW hybrid system proves the feasibility of the proposed approach. Full article
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17 pages, 5619 KiB  
Article
Online Modeling of a Fuel Cell System for an Energy Management Strategy Design
by Mohsen Kandidayeni, Alvaro Macias, Loïc Boulon and João Pedro F. Trovão
Energies 2020, 13(14), 3713; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13143713 - 19 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2774
Abstract
An energy management strategy (EMS) efficiently splits the power among different sources in a hybrid fuel cell vehicle (HFCV). Most of the existing EMSs are based on static maps while a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has time-varying characteristics, which can cause [...] Read more.
An energy management strategy (EMS) efficiently splits the power among different sources in a hybrid fuel cell vehicle (HFCV). Most of the existing EMSs are based on static maps while a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has time-varying characteristics, which can cause mismanagement in the operation of a HFCV. This paper proposes a framework for the online parameters identification of a PMEFC model while the vehicle is under operation. This identification process can be conveniently integrated into an EMS loop, regardless of the EMS type. To do so, Kalman filter (KF) is utilized to extract the parameters of a PEMFC model online. Unlike the other similar papers, special attention is given to the initialization of KF in this work. In this regard, an optimization algorithm, shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA), is employed for the initialization of the KF. The SFLA is first used offline to find the right initial values for the PEMFC model parameters using the available polarization curve. Subsequently, it tunes the covariance matrices of the KF by utilizing the initial values obtained from the first step. Finally, the tuned KF is employed online to update the parameters. The ultimate results show good accuracy and convergence improvement in the PEMFC characteristics estimation. Full article
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18 pages, 4597 KiB  
Article
Optimal Sizing of Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Sources with Reliability Consideration
by Adriano Ceschia, Toufik Azib, Olivier Bethoux and Francisco Alves
Energies 2020, 13(13), 3510; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13133510 - 07 Jul 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2745
Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of optimal sizing reliability applied to a fuel cell/battery hybrid system. This specific problem raises the global problem of strong coupling between hardware and control parameters. To tackle this matter, the proposed methodology uses nested optimization loops. Furthermore, [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the issue of optimal sizing reliability applied to a fuel cell/battery hybrid system. This specific problem raises the global problem of strong coupling between hardware and control parameters. To tackle this matter, the proposed methodology uses nested optimization loops. Furthermore, to increase the optimal design relevance, a reliability assessment of the optimal sizing set is introduced. This new paradigm enables showing the early impact of the reliability criteria on design choices regarding energetic performance index. It leads to a smart design methodology permitting to avoid complexity and save computing time. It considerably helps design engineers set up the best hybridization rate and enables practicing tradeoffs, including reliability aspects in the early design stages. Full article
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19 pages, 1658 KiB  
Article
A Disturbance Rejection Control Strategy of a Single Converter Hybrid Electrical System Integrating Battery Degradation
by Yue Zhou, Hussein Obeid, Salah Laghrouche, Mickael Hilairet and Abdesslem Djerdir
Energies 2020, 13(11), 2781; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en13112781 - 01 Jun 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1508
Abstract
In order to improve the durability and economy of a hybrid power system composed of a battery and supercapacitors, a control strategy that can reduce fluctuations of the battery current is regarded as a significant tool to deal with this issue. This paper [...] Read more.
In order to improve the durability and economy of a hybrid power system composed of a battery and supercapacitors, a control strategy that can reduce fluctuations of the battery current is regarded as a significant tool to deal with this issue. This paper puts forwards a disturbance rejection control strategy for a hybrid power system taking into account the degradation of the battery. First, the degradation estimation of the battery is done by the model-driven method based on the degradation model and Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF). Considering the transient and sinusoidal disturbance from the load in such a hybrid system, it is indispensable to smooth the behavior of the battery current in order to ensure the lifespan of the battery. Moreover, the constraints for the hybrid system should be considered for safety purposes. In order to deal with these demands, a cascaded voltage control loop based on a super twisting controller and proportional integral controller with an anti-windup scheme is designed for regulating the DC bus voltage in an inner voltage loop and supercapacitors’ voltage in an outer voltage loop, respectively. The specific feature of the proposed control method is that it operates like a low-pass filter so as to reduce the oscillations on the DC bus. Full article
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