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Sustainable Energy Concepts for Energy Transition
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Sustainable Energy Concepts for Energy Transition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 23706

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Stefan Krauter

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Electrical Energy Technology—Sustainable Energy Concepts (EET-NEK), Paderborn University, 33095 Paderborn, Germany
Interests: photovoltaics; demand-side management (DSM); energy storage; flexibility; energy transition

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To accomplish energy transition effectively, the necessary measures must go beyond the substitution of fossil generation units by renewable ones, due to their fundamentally different operation characteristics. Seasonal and daily energy consumption patterns do not presently correspond to the availability of fluctuating renewables such as wind and solar power.

We address this challenge in four ways: 1. Better predictability of the availability of wind and solar power to prepare load, storage, and back-up units. 2. Modification of wind and solar generation units to better adapt to consumption needs. 3. Adaptation of consumption to the availability of renewables statically (e.g. via adapted architecture) and dynamically (via controllable loads and demand side management). 4. Reduction of storage and back-up needs, by increasing the flexibility of the back-up and implementing adaptable, multi-stage storage.

Prof. Dr. Stefan Krauter
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • power prediction
  • renewables
  • solar energy
  • photovoltaics
  • wind energy
  • demand-side management (DSM)
  • energy storage
  • P2G
  • flexibility

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 8238 KiB  
Article
Neural Network-Based Demand-Side Management in a Stand-Alone Solar PV-Battery Microgrid Using Load-Shifting and Peak-Clipping
by Godiana Hagile Philipo, Josephine Nakato Kakande and Stefan Krauter
Energies 2022, 15(14), 5215; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15145215 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2445
Abstract
Due to failures or even the absence of an electricity grid, microgrid systems are becoming popular solutions for electrifying African rural communities. However, they are heavily stressed and complex to control due to their intermittency and demand growth. Demand side management (DSM) serves [...] Read more.
Due to failures or even the absence of an electricity grid, microgrid systems are becoming popular solutions for electrifying African rural communities. However, they are heavily stressed and complex to control due to their intermittency and demand growth. Demand side management (DSM) serves as an option to increase the level of flexibility on the demand side by scheduling users’ consumption patterns profiles in response to supply. This paper proposes a demand-side management strategy based on load shifting and peak clipping. The proposed approach was modelled in a MATLAB/Simulink R2021a environment and was optimized using the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. Simulations were carried out to test the model’s efficacy in a stand-alone PV-battery microgrid in East Africa. The proposed algorithm reduces the peak demand, smoothing the load profile to the desired level, and improves the system’s peak to average ratio (PAR). The presence of deferrable loads has been considered to bring more flexible demand-side management. Results promise decreases in peak demand and peak to average ratio of about 31.2% and 7.5% through peak clipping. In addition, load shifting promises more flexibility to customers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Concepts for Energy Transition)
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15 pages, 4100 KiB  
Article
Decentral Hydrogen
by Paul Grunow
Energies 2022, 15(8), 2820; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15082820 - 12 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2646
Abstract
This concept study extends the power-to-gas approach to small combined heat and power devices in buildings that alternately operate fuel cells and electrolysis. While the heat is used to replace existing fossil heaters on-site, the power is either fed into the grid or [...] Read more.
This concept study extends the power-to-gas approach to small combined heat and power devices in buildings that alternately operate fuel cells and electrolysis. While the heat is used to replace existing fossil heaters on-site, the power is either fed into the grid or consumed via heat-coupled electrolysis to balance the grid power at the nearest grid node. In detail, the power demand of Germany is simulated as a snapshot for 2030 with 100% renewable sourcing. The standard load profile is supplemented with additional loads from 100% electric heat pumps, 100% electric cars, and a fully electrified industry. The renewable power is then scaled up to match this demand with historic hourly yield data from 2018/2019. An optimal mix of photovoltaics, wind, biomass and hydropower is calculated in respect to estimated costs in 2030. Hydrogen has recently entered a large number of national energy roadmaps worldwide. However, most of them address the demands of heavy industry and heavy transport, which are more difficult to electrify. Hydrogen is understood to be a substitute for fossil fuels, which would be continuously imported from non-industrialized countries. This paper focuses on hydrogen as a storage technology in an all-electric system. The target is to model the most cost-effective end-to-end use of local renewable energies, including excess hydrogen for the industry. The on-site heat coupling will be the principal argument for decentralisation. Essentially, it flattens the future peak from massive usage of electric heat pumps during cold periods. However, transition speed will either push the industry or the prosumer approach in front. Batteries are tried out as supplementary components for short-term storage, due to their higher round trip efficiencies. Switching the gas net to hydrogen is considered as an alternative to overcome the slow power grid expansions. Further decentral measures are examined in respect to system costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Concepts for Energy Transition)
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23 pages, 8445 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Energy System Model in Matlab/Simulink Based on Solar Energy, Lithium-Ion Battery and Hydrogen
by Marius C. Möller and Stefan Krauter
Energies 2022, 15(6), 2201; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15062201 - 17 Mar 2022
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 14199
Abstract
In this work, a model of an energy system based on photovoltaics as the main energy source and a hybrid energy storage consisting of a short-term lithium-ion battery and hydrogen as the long-term storage facility is presented. The electrical and the heat energy [...] Read more.
In this work, a model of an energy system based on photovoltaics as the main energy source and a hybrid energy storage consisting of a short-term lithium-ion battery and hydrogen as the long-term storage facility is presented. The electrical and the heat energy circuits and resulting flows have been modelled. Therefore, the waste heat produced by the electrolyser and the fuel cell have been considered and a heat pump was considered to cover the residual heat demand. The model is designed for the analysis of a whole year energy flow by using a time series of loads, weather and heat profile as input. This paper provides the main set of equations to derive the component properties and describes the implementation into MATLAB/Simulink. The novel model was created for an energy flow simulation over one year. The results of the simulation have been verified by comparing them with well-established simulation results from HOMER Energy. It turns out that the novel model is well suited for the analysis of the dynamic system behaviour. Moreover, different characteristics to achieve an energy balance, an ideal dimensioning for the particular use case and further research possibilities of hydrogen use in the residential sector are covered by the novel model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Concepts for Energy Transition)
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17 pages, 3747 KiB  
Article
Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications
by Arash Khatibi and Stefan Krauter
Energies 2021, 14(4), 882; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14040882 - 08 Feb 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3469
Abstract
Fast-growing energy demand of the world makes the researchers focus on finding new energy sources or optimizing already-developed approaches. For an efficient use of solar and wind energy in an energy system, correct design and sizing of a power system is of high [...] Read more.
Fast-growing energy demand of the world makes the researchers focus on finding new energy sources or optimizing already-developed approaches. For an efficient use of solar and wind energy in an energy system, correct design and sizing of a power system is of high importance and improving or optimizing the process of data obtaining for this purpose leads to higher performance and lower cost per unit of energy. It is essential to have the most precise possible estimation of solar and wind energy potential and other local weather parameters in order to fully feed the demand and avoid extra costs. There are various methods for obtaining local data, such as local measurements, official organizational data, satellite obtained, and reanalysis data. In this paper, the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications dataset version 2 (MERRA-2) dataset provided by NASA is introduced and its performance is evaluated by comparison to various locally measured datasets offered by meteorological institutions such as Meteonorm and Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, or Germany’s National Meteorological Service) around the world. After comparison, correlation coefficients from 0.95 to 0.99 are observed for monthly global horizontal irradiance values. In the case of air temperature, correlation coefficients of 0.99 and for wind speed from 0.81 to 0.99 are observed. High correlation with ground measurements and relatively low errors are confirmed, especially for irradiance and temperature values, that makes MERRA-2 a valuable dataset, considering its world coverage and availability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Concepts for Energy Transition)
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